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lS2
THE
THE ART OF
Management and
Ajyplicatidn.
INCLUDING AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING SEVERAL VALUABLE TABLES.
FIFTH EDITION,
CONSIDERABLY AUGMENTED BY THE ADDITION OF
SEVERAL NEW ARTICLES, RECEIPTS, &C.
By G.
a.
SIDDONS.
LONDON
ADVERTISEMENT
TIFTH EDITION.
Four Editions of
this
to offer to
many
will
sary
chest
and
:
useful
tool-
somewhat
IV
ADVERTISEMENT.
put
it
power
a book
present
to
avail himself
of
the benefits
like
of
is
general
reference
the
calculated to afford.
in the art of
to the
work-
to
fill
in a former,
by
yet will be
will materi-
found of great
ally assist
benefit,
and
him
in his operations.
For which
three entire
viz.
new ones
will
be introduced,
Lines or
dei-ing.
to the country
ADVERTISEMENT
to oe of
V
as they
will
some consequence,
to
enable
him
perform many
operations
many
As in
tion,
down with
ma-
nagement of
some further
or in
ones,
particularly
tha*
shall
be our study
to
avail ourselves of
VI
ADVERTISEMENT.
own
to
practica
being
is
careful
set
down
to
in practice
found
be
INTRODUCTION
Nothing
tlie
is
more
calculated to improve
men
in
therr
several
trades
many have
but in practice
fail,
not
man
and
also the
many
instances, is
VIU
INTRODUCTION.
knowledge,
in
many works
interspersed.
is;
is the expensive nature of which valuable receipts are The Cabinet Maker's Guide
may
is
pro-
perly be called a
met with,
it
a proof
held,
was
though even there, much room is left for improvement, particularly in the practical
application of the rules
and many
general plan
subjects
still
remain untouched
the
work
to
is
to
embody
what is on the a com-
that
is
Guide, and
there given
original
;
adapt
practice
as w^ell as to enlarge
plan,
so as to
make
it
pendium of general
various
trades
practical utility.
The
of
the
Cabinet Maker,
that
intimately connected,
handsome piece of
furni-
INTRODUCTION.
7jre
IX
their joint
and
so
this inconveis
;
nience,
if
it
may be
designated,
and
it is
workman
of the methods
by
another
is,
for
Maker
perhaps,
method
to
finishing
by varnishing or gilding
add to the beauty of the whole now a knowledge of how these different opeia:
it is
put
into other
hands to
finish, will
enable
him
whose hands
;
it is
the present
work
therefore under-
illustrations
was necessary.
X
cither to the
INTRODUCTION.
thorough understanding of or showing on what its
the receipt
itself,
the
trades to which
particularly
this publication
more
it
addressed;
and
first,
is
good me-
which
his labours
;
are
more
particularly
directed
and
in order to attain
by
down
as
he
fund of
;
knowledge necessary
in his labours
with
INTRODUCTION.
Xt
If careful in
he
will save
a deal of trouble
which must be
its
complelion
;
many
cases,
would
act in dia;
but nar-
rowly to observe the progress he makes, and if any accident should occur, it will
mostly be soon remedied
if
;
on the contrary,
many
cases, cost
and trouble
care
to
to
repair,
operation would do
;
these maxims will not only conduce make a good mechanic, but what is of
workman.
Wl
INTRODUCTION.
respect to choosing the tools used
Wkli
in the trades to
which
most necessary, and in which all may be comprehended, are planes, saws, and chisels, and we will consider them with respect to the
wood they
;
are manufactured
and
to
first,
beech
is
in
gene-
and ought
purpose of the stocks, handles, &c., as it is of a tough texture, and not liable to spUt
or
warp
so
much
as
any other
white beech
the former
is
by
in every respect,
by
its colour, and texture, which is darker and more hard in substance ; the white is also more apt to warp, and soon wears
with use;
rejected as
it
improper
again, if
you ex-
amine a piece of beech end- ways, you will perceive the grain runs in streaks, which
among workmen,
is
INTRODUCTION.
Xll
wood
and
is
which
wood, should run in a direction perpendicular to the face of the plane, which in that case appears full of little hard specks whereas, if the beat runs parallel to the
face,
it
will
again, in
saw blade, or
stock,
direction as the
side
;
when
it
same on its
in
moulding planes
very fre
that part
when
be
liable to cast
XIV
INTRODUCTION.
I
troduced,
mouth of
With
edge
to
soft, for
if at
any time
recommend
tool in
is,
its
surface, plunge
a few minutes,
to
melt a
candle, with
it
which
rub
a
it it
its
in again,
and keep
straw
turn
out,
let it
there
till
the steel
assumes
when
again
if it
that
is
rub
cool
it
:
with
and
should be too
wipe the
INTRODUCTION.
grease
off,
X/
plunge it into cold spring water, or water and vinegar mixed by a proper attention
;
to
these directions,
will
and a
have
it
little
practice,
every workman
in his
power
to give a proper
:
may use if a saw is too hard, it may be tempered by the same means, but as it
would be not only expensive, but, in many cases, impossible to do it at home, a plumber''s shop is mostly at hand, where you
may
repeat
the process
;
when they
is
are
the
is
temper that
give
more
elasticity,
and
at the
same time
it
sufficient hardness.
With
for varnishing,
})osse?s elasticity
combined with
sufficiently fixed, so
XVI
INTRODUCTIOK.
it
wih not
rest: the
made of bristles,
former
and the string well glued the latter are best put into a tin case, and after being used must
must be firmly
tied to the handle,
:
always be cleaned according to the directions given in the course of this work.
By
will
these
directions,
and a
little
care,
the
workman
tools in order,
and
purpose they
intended.
A.
S.
T2B
CABINET WORK.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
As
work depends on
a
which
it is
finished, I shall, as
proper introductory
article,
point
out
some
to
workman
The
usual method of
is
of cabinet furniture,
;
which
is
in
many
ways
grain
any
is
which
requisite for
witii
good
polish,
is,
either
it is
wax
or oil
another reason
that
2
difficult at all
CABINET WORK.
times to meet with gooa
is
g;]&^9
paper, which
always requisite.
To make
Glass-pa-per.
Take any
that
the edge
best,
pound
or
it
in
an iron mortar,
different
;
then
have two
three
sieves of
when wanted
is
tho
at
more water
go
it
than
is
uted
generally
for
wood-work,
then,
the
in
lightly, but
till
cover
let it
remain
the
glue
is set,
take
and hang
days
it
it
in
in
two or three
will be
for use.
CABINET WORK.
jSote.
This paper
will be
is
much
better than
frequently
mixed
tiie
coloured to deceive
jit
for Inlaying or
Veneering,
Take
is
known by
its
it
To
Mahogany, or
otkei
porous Woods.
After
scraping
and sand-papering
in
the
cut the
way
wood
it
in the
moist
with
B 2
CABINET WOR
water
:
K.
let
if
you wet
it
and
it
much
will
if
you now
the
re-
peat the
process,
you
find
surface
wood,
means,
much hardened
by
this
common
Note.
soft
satisfaction,
yoa may
still
the
same manner
you have
will be
this
may
then be
Another way
to
Mahogany
work
and
let
remain
all
night
powder
CABINET
WOllK.
tie
5
up
in
a cotton
slocking and
sift
it
work the
wrapped up
well the
in
way
or
of the
wards
till it
if you
think
it
not
sufficient,
the
ways
to
much
it
should not
after
smooth, you
may
clean your
work
oflf
with a
mahogany saw-
make
wear; indeed, by
will
Honduras mahogany
have
the appearance of
The am aware
that
it
according
to
that process
which
is
most calculated
of the
to
preis
serve
the
light
appearance
wood
s3
CABINET WORK.
is
tasfe,
long
it
may be
to
the fashion
light
to
admire dark
in
preference
polishing with
wax
To darken
light
Mahogany.
we
wood with
any new of
the
same colour,
therefore, in order
is
wash
the
soap-
lees, or for
want of which,
some quick;
but
here
we
let
either be
too strong, or
will
make
it
the
wood
too dark;
at first,
therefore
it is
best to use
rather
weak
and
if
we have
is
only to repeat
to
the process
the
wood
darkened
our
mind
CABINET WORK.
To
workman
to
is
frequently at a loss to
know
how
on the face,
in patches,
and as these
blisters
that,
withoiU separatit
is
is
to
as
it
adheres in
many
the
veneer into
this
show how
operation
may be
easily
performed without
any
difficulty,
fectly
the
same
new
piece.
First
wash
the surface
any
it
before the
fire,
or heat
with a caul,
oil its
8
mon Unseed
the
CABINET WORK.
oil,
place
it
again lo the
oil
fire,
and
heat
will
make
the
penetrate
quite
through the veneer and soften the glue underneath, then whilst
it is
edge gently
it
separate
from
the
to
ground
use too
;
hut
here
you
great force, or
if it
you will
spoil
your work
again,
should get
and heat
it
till
you
may
lay
it
again as a
;
new
or with a caul
but a caul
the better
method
Glueing up and
Veneering Card-table-tops
workmen
manner
veneer
it
this
that
will
stand,
almost every
the
piece
to get
warp
in
winding, or otherwise
is
work
finished,
on
its
upper-
CABINET WOEK.
side
in
;
ai>d
however careful
the
workman may be
;
indeed
wood
that
have not
timber
some workmen
not so apt
in that case to
its
disadvantages,
succeed so well as
laid
when
the veneer
is
is
carefully
by hand
mode
adopted,
The
method
of doing
it
is
as follows
freest
select that
is
having
slit
it
down
and place
warm
placing
together,
an outside edge
when
each
joint,
and joint
fresh
10
CABINET WORK.
and
if
in
making your
joints good,
be liable
Note.
to cast after
veneered.
instead of deal,
same
but I
It is also
your
top.
&c. by hand,
on the ground
is
much
less
To
saw
is
but as
into the
it
is
very hard
is
difficult to
be cut
very
it is
tedious
ihe
cut
it
with a
file
same time
the
most expeditious,
to
mark
you
CABINET WOER
the blade or steel plate in a vice
1*
whose chaps
the
a cold chisel or a
its
common
has
basil
broken
oflf,
holding
one end
hammer
it
will cut
it,
to to
shape required
grind
it
and rub
it
is
complete.
Saivs.
experienced
in
and many a
to
good saw
set
It
is
it
knowing how
general
as
ought to be
is
the
use
mode
adopted by workmen
to
an instrument
12
with notches
CABINET WORK.
in
it
to receive
;
the
saw blade,
is
this
method
very apt
break
oflf
saw
is
very hard
may not
therefore be unacceptable,
if
I describe
a method easy
to injure
in its
the saw.
therefore describe
the
whole process
workman,
but do
it
The
doWn
first
to
run a
file
till
by looking
in
a direc*
set
your saw
in the follow-
ing manner
lead, or for
want
punch
it
side,
your saw
CABINET WOEK.
begin with your
nearest the handle
to
it
18
the
file
;
at the part of
saw
to
sharpen or
file
the teeth
so that
file
the saw-blade of
for
every
of
your
file
very nearly
and horizontal
goes, without
'^-,
laijing
the
Cloth,
or
Leather, or Table-tops,
Sfc.
To
spoonfuls, of
powder, mix
them
all
cream, put
a clear
fire,
14
keeping
it
CABINET WORK.
constantly stirred that
it is
it
may
not ^et
lumpy
when
of a
stiff
consistence, so that
it, it
is
done
enough
to stir
it
well from
it
which
;
is
very apt to do
if
you have
now
it
only to empty
till
over
on She
top,
for use.
Note.
This
is
very adhesive.
it
To
use
it
for
evenly and
your cloth on
it,
it
with
flat
piece of wood
let it
remain
till
dry, then
;
as if
you cut
it
close at
first,
it
will in
drying shrink
all
it
is
must be
first
previously
it
;
it
level with
a linen
cioth.
CABINET WORK.
15
and
the banding.
Some
and perhaps
for cloth
it
it
is
;
not
and
using
it
must be taken
that
your glue
down
wood
;
made hot
you may
at the tire,
soon
chills
in this
method cut
To every pint of common glue take about the quantity of two table-spoonfuls of finely powdered rosin, and the like quantity of finely powdered brick-dust, and incorporate the whole well together it will hold the metal much faster than plain glue, which is generally used.
;
To
Wet
take
warm
water, then
brown paper
doubIe,well
16
DYING WOOD.
in water,
soaked
that a
lay
it till
hot
flat
if
iron
evapo-
rated,
and
the bruise
same
after
two or
or
if
small, soak
it
with
warm
water,
and apply
keeping
it
Mix
To
vinegar, with which wet a woollen rag, and rub the wood the way of the grain^ then polish
soft cloth.
DYING WOOD.
the quality,
DYING WOOD.
most
fit
It
my remarks
to in
dye black,
of
is
which will
it
been long
cut, or
to
much
stronger.
It should
fire,
or
in
a kiln of any
kind, as
clear
veneers
in
water, and
let
a purgative in
&c.;
let
by observing
this,
you
c 3
18
Will
iiiid
DYING WOOD.
the colour strike quicLer, and he of a
brighter hue.
Fi^e Black,
Have
which put
chair-maker's
six
copper fixed,
into
many
veneers as
it
then
up with vinegar as
boil gently
the
water evaporates;
till
let it
two
be
you
find
the
wood
to the
to
dyed through
will be in
which, according
less time.
kind,
more or
or
make
DYING WOOD.
above shewn, put the liquid
in
19
your copper and
;
make
it
quite
hot,
in
it
immerse
for
your veneers
hour, take
and
let
them remain
an
let
them be exposed to
the air
till
as often as
may
till
colour, or
you see
has penetrated
its
sub-
stance
to the
it,
solution,
let the
in
and
let
whole simmer
the
acquired a very
fine black.
Fine Blue,
Take a
one
which put
take four
pound of
of vitriol
then
phial (taking
a basin or earthen
it
glazed pan, as
it
is
wooden
will conveinently
20
hold
rather
the
DYING WOOD.
veneers you
mean
to
dye;
fill
it
into
and indigo
fine
about), as will
make a
it
blue
with a piece
wood
and
let
them remain
till
through.
Note.
The colour
it
;
will be
is
much
better
if
the
before using
also
made
common
inches,
stone, like a
by eight or nine
large
for
which will be
to
suflliciently
veneers
intended
be
stained;
ficial
or
of arti-
stone of
so
will not
cost
much
if,
also
you
will find
the colour
strike better
you
boil
them
in plain
let
water
them
remain
few hours
to
DYING WOOD.
fl
Another Blue,
Take any
settle
well
let
it
to
every gallon of
of the
whole
into
your
which should be of
water
let
till
you
find
them
boil in
it,
as
it
would injure
colour.
Fine Yellow.
Take
reduce
it,
by sawing,
;
to
dust,
which put
in
vvhich put
gallons of water,
then put in as
many
when
cool,
add two
22
DYING WOOD.
'
To
in
to
cover
which
boil
your veneers
;
till
penetrated through
liquid,
which add
French
berries,
and
let
or three hours,
find
the colour
very bright.
Liquid for
Brightening
Colours.
and
Setting
the
Take
and
to
by
to dissolve,
shaking the
to
time
in the course of
for use.
it
will
be
fit
N, B.
This
will
be
found an admirable
DYING WOOD.
liquid
to
23
it
add
it,
to
any colour, as
not only
brightens
but
makes
it
less
likely to fade
from exposure
to the air.
Bright Green.
Proceed as
in either of the
;
above receipts to
produce a yellow
fortis, or
lated indigo, as
much
sired colour.
Another Green.
Take
them
put in
the
colour
penetrated sufficiently.
the hue of the green
Note.
by
of the
ingredient,
and
is
apt to change, or
turn
to the air,
24
DYING WOOD.
Bright Red.
as
many
two ounces
luke-
warm
until
it
A?wther Red.
To
as in the last
to
warm
as
you can
suffi-
till
Note.
The logwood
&c. and
it is
fresh
cut,
which
may
be
known
by
its
DYING WOOD.
for if
it is
25
and will not
stale
it
yield so
much
colouring matter.
Purple,
of chip
logwood and
half
pearl-ash and
boil
them
you find
Note.
The
Brazil dust
it
in this receipt is
perhaps superfluous, as
only contributes tc
cast,
to
make
the purple of a
more red
it,
for the
it
change
from a red
to
a purple.
Another Purple,
and
boil
in four gallons
;
of water
till
well struck
till
add by degrees
is
some
vitriolated indigo
the purple
of the
256
DriNG WOOD.
may be known by
;
tryinfl;
let
it
hour,
till
in
a milk-warm
which
will
Orange,
Let
by either of the
methods given, of a
they are
transfer
still
you
equally through-
out.
Silver Grey,
Take
collect
to
;
weather
well for
ao hour
DYING WOOD.
must be air-wood (not too dry), put them
the copper
27
in
you use
to
;
them
Another Grey.
Expose any quantity of old
better, the
iron, or
what
in
is
any
spirits
;
of salts
till
they are
lay your
veneers
tlie
copper, and
it
this liquid
till
let
boil for
well
liquor a quarter of a
at
a moderate temperature
d2
28
STAINING.
STAINING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
Staining
inasmuch as
differs
it
substance throughout, as
the one the
is
is
it
does in dying
and
work
is
employed
in the
manufactured,
be used
for
years got
to
much
so
out of
principally
of,
owing
the
fault
much
complained
the
operation
which
it
required,
and
in not
adding anything
to set the
colour, in the
way
we
have recommended.
STAINING.
Staining
is
29
chair-makers,,
chiefly in use
among
^ess
and apply
hot to the
as
off,
and put
in about
half a
pound of
To
stain Beech a
Mahogany
Colour,
it
spirits of
warm
and when
disso^'i^
for use.
of logwood, boil
it
in four
D 3
80
STAINING.
chips,
will be
for use
apply
it
boiling hot.
Note.
it is
This
we
in
will be
much improved,
if,
aftci
dry,
dissolved
water,
in
the
it
proportion of an
hot to the above.
ounce
to
To
imitate Rose-wood,
it
Take
to
with
it is
half
an ounce of
stain
tartar,
yonr wood
it
is
then with a
stiff flat
such
as
is
used
by
the
painters
for
graining,
form
streaks
if
above-named, which,
Another Method.
Stalu your
wood
all
STAINING.
stain,
81
dipped
in imitation of the
will produce,
eflfect.
when
Note.
be
A handy
made by taking a
brush, such as
is
used
off
by
Take French
ihem
in
and
boil
you have a
two
let
it
be nearly
to
be used hot.
for variety, after giving
it
N.B,
You may,
liquor,
S2
STAINING.
A common
Red for
Chairs.
we
brush
in
it
over wiih
it
water,
will
Fa stain Horn
in imitation of Tortoise-shell.
Take an equal
red-lead,
it
mix
it
lay
in imitation
it is
vThen
dry,
repeat
it
Another Method,
litharge
with half an
of tartar,
in
imitation of
it
torioise-sheij,
and
wJlI
STAIKiNG.
have produced the desired
be washed
enough,
it
33
;
effect
it
may
then
off
if
not deep
may be
Another Method
still bntter.
Take a
it
a sufficient portion of
of a proper consistence,
gum
you
make
it
it
may
apply
with
a brush to your
horn, in
Note.
It
to
mix
with
it
or any other
if
powder,
applied,
a body.
the
This,
properly
will
stain
its
horn
quite
through
without hurting
careful
let it
when
the horn
stained, to
in plain
it.
water*
previous
and polishing
To
stain Ivory or
Bone Red.
till
the colour
is
m
extracted,
STAINING.
add a
little
through a liDen
out
and put
is
it
into
;
till
the colour
to let
to
your mind
your
try
it
first
with a
of ivory, and
if
just
caused a
trifling
it
surface,
it
warm, but
little
will enable
you
to succeed
according to your
spots or
wishes
to
if
marks
wish
ivory of
its
natural colour.
To
Make
STAINI>JG.
ivory or bone
in
it,
35
take
it
it
to the sun-shine to
dry,
days
in
bruised in water
extracted,
;
add
to
this
when
has got
them
into
meniioned
in
the
first
dye to penetrate,
To
stain Ivory or
Bone Green.
Steep your
work
in
in
a solution of verdigris
in
and sal-ammoniac
weakish aqua-fortis,
the
and water.
To
Make
boiling,
take them
out and
French
berries,
letting
them simmer
for about
of a beautiful yellow.
Note.
to let
In
wil\
be apt
Take
it
.57
it,
strain
;
boil
it
fit
it
will
bo
for use.
tint,
put
for
I'ous to
Pur-ple,
Take a pound
an hour
of
well for
Fine Slack,
.n general,
instruments,
when black
is
is
required in musical
;
it
produced by japanning
size
the
and lampis
sold at
A black
stain
is
sometimes required,
a resometimes stained
wood ought
;
to
but the
when
oil,
Fine Bin?.
Take
a pound of
oil
pbialj, into
Fine Green*
Take
which put
four
pounded or ground
an ounce of sap
Note.
Perhaps
would be an improvement.
Bright Yellow.
There
is
no need whatever
to stain the
wood,
VARNISHING.
S9
make
it
of a good colour,
and Las
the
desired effect.
To
stain
Box-wood Brown.
to
Hold your
work
the
fire
that
it
may
fortis,
work
till
you
find
it
it
change
to
fine
brown
(always keeping
oil
near the
fire);
and polish
Note.
it.
The
good
for musical
is
air-
wood when
or
without
blemisJi,
VARNISHING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIC-NS.
It
is
the
custom, in order to
heigliteii
the
beauty of
tine
lustre
40
to furniture,
VARNISHING.
&c.
to
varnish
it;
the simplicity
little to
be saia on
lo
may be wanted
endeavour,
rules
the
workman,
shall
as
down some
and
as beautiful as possible.
make
several shops
where
it
may
and
where
the carriage
an
object,
is
known by
The
furniture,
As heat in many
tlie
cases
is
necessary to dissolve
gums used
in
making
to use
is
way,
when practical,
is
what
VAaNISHING.
ia
f
41
filled
is,
in
;
another
with
lire
case
of
such
accidents
it
(which
not
unfrequently happens),
but in
board
vessel
sufficiently large to
in
case of
it
its
taking
as also a
wet
fire,
wrapper, in case
as
should be spilt
when on
water by
the
itself
thrown on
it,
would only
person
his
increase
mischief; and
the
who
hands
of
if
they are
it
made
rather
I
damp,
will
effectually
prevent injury.
practical
knowledge,
have
times
witnessed
42
VARNISHING
Gums and
When
examine
first
and
see that
it
most
when you
get
it
home,
for the
select
most
when
coarser varnishes.
the most simple test
in
it,
In choosing
is
spirits of winCc
and
if
it
burning the
contrary,
it
finger,
is
good
but
if,
on the
mixed
it
may be
also
compared
with other
spirit,
goodness of
spirits of turpentine
maybe
likewise
it,
it
ascertained in the
and by noticing
possesses; the
tlie
most inflammable
the best*
and
VARNISHING.
a person much
in the habit of
43
il,
using
will
for
tefl
by
the smell
its
good or bad
qualities
good
work
to
be clean
then see
same
in
an earthen pot,
downwards,
to stroke the
is
brush
clean,
and
from loose
hairs,
it
dip your
brush in the
varnish, stroking
the
work
that another,
not
let
to
it
same place
warm
place,
may
let it
not chill.
When
or seven coats,
it
44<
VAJBNI3HING.
leaves a
mark
first
it
ft is
(.hen
with
the three
varr.ish
fingers
tiil
chafes,
part of the
take out
all
made
by the brush
let it
give
it
Note.
varnish
The
;
best
vessel
for
holding
your
is
commonly
it
a varnish pan;
false
is
bottom
the
interval
between
the
two
bottoms
over the
is filled
fire,
and flows
is
more
handle
readily from
to it,
there
a tin
and the
wire
in
in order.
VARNISHING.
enher made of camels' hair or very
in the use of
4o
fine bristles,
which
it
is
necessary to be very
aftei"
careful in cleaning
if laid
them
in
soon spoiled
wash
them well
in
of wine
or turpentine,
;
after
which you
and the
spirits
may be
used to
mix
with varnish
the brushes
Waaler
for the
may be
To make
Rectified
hard Varnish.
;
gum
sandrach,
five
pounds
gum
;
mastic, one
in
pound
a clean
place,
is
it
gum
can,
put these
dissolve, in
it,
it
warm
frequently shaking
if
for use.
46
VAENISHING.
To
every quart of
spirits of turpentine,
put
gum
in
it
a sand bath
till it is all
dissolved,
it
then strain
is
ready
for use
too thick,
you may
thin
it
with
spirits of turpentine.
To make
Turpenti?ie Varnish,
spirits
To
five
one gallon of
of turpentine, add
it
in
tin can,
au
hour
when
is fit
is all
dissolved, let
cooi,
and
it
To
77take
4'c.
Take
to
which put
gum
;
mastic, and
tin
can,
keep
it
it,
in
a very
it
warm
is
place,
frequently
shaking
until
di.ssclved
VARNISH! KG.
strain
it
it,
47
Should yon
fi'"id
and keep
it
for use.
may add a
little
more turpentine
Di(lci?}iers
in
the
Indian Manner,
size
much
spirits
of
it,
work
work
and even
and while
sift
is
as
much Dutch
think
metal
to
(bronze) upon
it
as you
;
requisite
produce
it.
the
effect
aftet
ro Varnish Drawings,
Take some
them
in
or Card Work,
clear parchment cuttings,
in
boil
till
water
and
keep
it
for use.
48
VARNISHING.
coats of the above size,
your varnish.
Another Method
still better.
dis-
in about a pint of
fire
;
water by simmering
through
fine
over the
it
strain
it
muslin,
and keep
for use.
Try
the size
it
to
a
;
glistens
it is
too thick
if it
too thin;
merely
dulls
two
(which should be a
from
it,
otherwise you
may damage
the drawing.
it
Then
VARNISHING,
Note,
49
This
artists,
is
the
is
emineat
and
Amber Varnish,
lake amber
of
in
eight ounces, in
gum
amber by means of
spirits of
when
fire
melted,
again,
till
add
and
all
the
gum
place
it
on the
keep stirring
dissolved,
cold
drawn
it
well together,
and strain
Oil Varnish
Take any
it
oil,
let oil
boil for
an hour, then
every pound of
powder,
stir
it
well
till
every pound of
oil used,
it
one ounce of
bottle for use.
spirits
of turpentine, strain
and
Note.
This
is
50
sash
VAH^TSHING.
rames, or any work where economy
;
is re-
quired
it
not
Copal Varnish
reduce the
gums
bottle,
to
spirits
in
a jar or
in
a
;
warm
shake
occasionally,
dissolved, strain
and
To make a
As
all
copal
is
gc.id,
each
of rosemary,
let fall
not alterea by
keeping, must be
on
it.
Those pieces
oil,
are
sitt
good
reduce
them
to
powder,
which
it
into
VARNISHING.
glass,
51
it
must not
lie
it
more than a
stii
when
the copal
it
Let
stand
it
two
or three drops of very pure alcohol, which distribute over the oily
bottle
in different directions
tion
till
by
little
and
little,
the incorporation
to
efiected,
reduced
then be
clear,
a proper degree of
to
fluidity.
must
left
when
be decanted
without heat,
may be
cess to pasteboard,
any other
it
may be
it
usee
greatly
Take
of
gum
oil
a ha*
of turpentine,
eight
ounces^
F 2
62
VARNISHING
it
it
is
very hot
;
but being
boil
it
gum
all
copal, stirring
tula,
adding fresh
gum
when
and
remain covered
settle,
and decant
it
Xote,
In making
which
in
ought,
general
is
owing
to the tur-
when
best
good
it
It
is
also to let
for
some
time
in the
a corked
wathe
teiy particles
may be
g:radua!ly dissipated
JAPANUIJJG
53
JAPANNING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
It frequently happens
receives damage,
that
is
japanned work
when
it
very inconvenient
to
it
may
down
the
most
and
stone, to grind
may require.
brown
size,
varnish,
pan gold
you
and
spirits
may
keep
Thirdly,
burnt umber,
F 3
54
JAPANNING..
Vaa-
Uyke brown.
Observe
That
it
all
prepared with
size,
mixed with
the
to
fill
wood
to
(such as
may
papei'
tended
when dry;
but in cases
to re-size the
seldom necessary
damaged
With
now
to
in use
japanning,
always observing
care-
fully
it
Note.
riers*
You
as
will find
a box
filled
with cur-
and
pallet with,
be laid
de-
by
dirty,
the
beauty of
the
all
work
your colours
JAPANNING.
65
should be
vveii
wipea
ofi
your
Mix
little
it
will
black, after
which
flat slifi
wood
which
fine,
take
a small quantity
it
of lake,
ground
and mix
lour in
it
but
should
it
happen on
easily
fine
trial,
it
to
be
still
too red,
you may
assist
;
with a
little
umber
ground very
wh
le
of the
work intended
it
black
effect.
will
when
^'0
JAPANNING.
it
lished,
will scarcely be
known Irom
in the
rose
wood.
Note,
Instead
of the
umber
above,
is
much more
INDIA JAPANNING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
This
art has of late been successfully prac-
work executed
that
could
be
I
therefore,
endeavour
to
give some
de-
now
practiced.
One
the
great
method
is
embos-
INDIA JAPANNING.
57
ihev are embellished with, being so totally different from every principle of perspective, so opposite to every idea
and
we have
of correct
drawing.
I shall,
therefore, contenl
for
preparing
Chinese Japan, as
mechanic
to
execute any
work
and
to
use
his
taste
and
judgment
Ja^pafi.
up
;
isinglass size
lay on your
it it
wood two
or three
it
gently
58
with a
soft
INDIA JAPANNING.
rag and water
;
till
the surface
if
is
quite level
and polished
you may
you please
to the mixture,
will render
it
less liable to
is
crack or peel
is
If your ground
to
be black, which
it
a coat or
two of
com-
mon method
your
figures,
prepared for
&c.
Another Ground.
Take
and mix
it
it
with
it
and apply
in
quickly, for
two coats
it is
be
sufficient:
after
with
soft
with a wet
it
drying linseed
or as
much
will soak
up
when dry
urpentine, and a
INDIA JAPANNING.
nish,
69
and temper
it
to
least,
using
in varnishing.
To
trace your
you please on a
with
loose
fine
chalk or whiting,
off;
and shake
all the
powder
lay
it
on
you may
To
Work,
Make
Begin with a
60
at
INDIA JAPANNING.
and trace the outline correctly with a
;
tjuie,
free
hand
the end,
fill
and dip
into
put more of
sufficiently
it
it
is
raised
let
get quite
with a
soft
camel-hair
it
make
per-
and
level.
your composition
not too
or
it
will spread
your
the stick
This
is
an
improvement,
and
for
very particular
work
should be adopted.
Gold Bronze.
Take any
quantity of ffold leaf,
empty out
little
it
the
gold
paste,
seems
dispersed
throughout the
whole
add by degrees
INDIA JAPANNING.
more water
tinually
till
6l
conthe
H b
;
stirred
let
settle,
and pour
water
off*
as near as
you see
at the
powder
off,
bottom
and turn
when
a
all
the moisture
is
evaporated put
into
Note.
This
is
used only
ticular
;
for those
may be
same man-
stopped, or
Silver Bronze,
gold
and wrapped
also is as
b^
INDIA JAPANNING.
Capjjer Bronze.
them
into
same as
Dutch metal,
may pound
air.
wash
Brass
as above
keep
this also
from the
filings
may
'
Tzn Bronze,
quantity of grain^tin and melt
fire,
it
Take any
in
when
it is
in
fluid state
add by degrees
will
quicksilver,
and
stir it well, \t
which
may
use with
mixed.
Note.
bronzes
We may, by
together,
produce
that will
add much
there
is
a variety
ofw'hichwill proUiice
different coloured
powder.
INDIA JAPANNING.
In London
6S
we
we
expence than
down
Method of applying
the Bronze.
Go
gold
size or varnish,
is,
and when
it is
sufficiently
dry, that
when
it
feels tackey,
as
workmen
term
it,
or
at
once
I
but the
first
method
&c
th
G 2
64
INDIA JAPANNING.
;
ground black
first
this
by many
is
produced by
ing in
which
black or
appear
as
at
the ground,
fancy.
either
is
any colour
This
even
when
not appear regular or well defined in the pattern; suppose, for instance,
wo wish
to orna-
here would be
trellis
no great
difficulty in
drawing the
to leave
bars
prick
in the squares
The
follow-
the
it is
but very
little
known, and
may
also
many
to.
The
necessarv, and
which
denomi-
INDIA JAPANNING.
nate by the term stopping out mixture
;
65
it is
made by
bees-wax
in spirits of turpentine
is
of the consis-
tence of varnish
keep
for
this
mixture in a bottle,
use
mix
sufficient for
in
powder,
only so that
;
it
your
pencil
having
now
those parts
remain of the
dry
;
colour of your
wood and
let it
then
mix
ivory
black
in very fine
ment or
isinglass size,
it
will
now
let the
whole get
stiffish
brush, dipped
of turpentine,
of the
work
well,
come
fect;
ofl',
it
Id
63
66
if carefully
INDIA JAPANNING.
done, have a beautiful olFect
;
you
iiave
vour
now ^oA,
varnish
it
as di-
Note.
or
In
finishing
your work
in
the
manner
of
Sealing
Wax
Varnish.
this
much
lapan.
used,
and
if
wax
The method
is
of.
making
the varnish or
'apan
wax
to
spirits of
wine on
it
in a bottle,
and
letting
it
all dissolved.
One
wax
will
a quarter of a pint of
'Note.
spirits
the best
POLISHING.
method of preparing
iEC,
it.
67
of sheTi or seed
the
in
Take
the
shell
is
best,
two ounces,
best
fine
the
whole
into a mass,
well to
out,
purpose form
it
into
sticks,
out on a piece of
If you wish your
substitute
marble
a cake to cool.
other colour,
wax of any
you must
any
other colour
for green,
blue, verditer
fee
POLISHING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS,
First, the varnish for cabinet-work should
bright, otherwise
it
will give
68
POLISHING.
seen
with
common whiting
be
found to
and water
answer the
but
Tripoli will
best.
To Polish Varnish.
It
many
as
a matter
of difficulty,
in
cover
and proceed
it
always
;
wetting
will
you
know when
is
done, by wiping
whether there
bit of
fair
and even
fine flour
gloss
take a
oflf
and clean
the work.
Caution,
You
itmasI
POLISHING.
the
to
69
is
work
necessary
make
and even.
Take
the
rising of the
grain
is
down
to
requires
much more
time.
in
IVooa.
brasS';
have your
file
work
filed
the^
va\T
fine,
and
a piece of old
you may
polish the
until
work
as
you would
polish varnish,
yoi
eflfect. is
70
apply
poli
;
POLISHING.
it
it
produce a superior
polish.
To Polish Ivory.
Ivory
is
and water,
which
in a
powdered (and
and
dirt),
may
polish
it
very smooth;
fine gloss
and a good
To Polish Marble.
It frequently happens that the cabinet-maker
is
the follow-
POLISHING.
very
fine grit,
fl
rub your slab
fine
then with
that
sand
finer
and
finer
sand,
till
its
surface
appears
powder
and a piece of
weight, rub
it
felt
till
or old hat,
all
wrapped round a
left
the
marks
and
it
by the
former process
is
worked
out,
appears with
;
a comparative gloss on
finish
its
surface
afterwards
fine
powder and
any more
powder on your
short time
it
rags, but
rub
it
well,
and
in
will
To Polish
After having
Tortoise-shell or
Horn.
perfectly
scraped 'your
work
smooth and
level,
rub
it
and
lastly
r^i
soft
wash-leather,
damped
with a
little
yweet
of varnishing furuiture,
by means
is
of
itself,
or
mixed with
considerable
first
turpentine,
for a
very
pro-
it
does not
to
wear
well, and
is
particularly liable
spot
to
which
shall not
be so
an
FRENCH POLISHING.
duced, and as
it
73
in
would be unpardonable
work
process,
and
also
the
various preparations
it
is
oi
hero
to
introduced
that nothing
might be wanting
as possible.
make
this
work as complete
much
in the
same
If
your work
will
it
be necesa coat of
with
very
up the
wood
and
also
may
to
shine on
you
see,
Make
wad
or drugget, by rolling
74
nilCTtON VARNISHING, OR
to
be
as soft as
the
possible
put the
wad
or cushion to
the
mouth of the
bottle, containing
it,
prepa-
which
will
damp
work
in
a time
rub
lightly
till
covered, re-
wood
to put too
much on
and you
;
will
lasting polish
letting
your rags be
add a quarter
FRENCH POLISHING.
Put the
spirits
and
gums
warm
stove,
and
fre-
in
strain
through a piece of
it
tight
An Improved
Take a
Polish.
fine
you
find
the
gums
dissolved;
off into
of a
gill
well with
Note.
This
polish
is
more particularly
it is
in-
apt to
a red tinge.
h2
76
FRICTIOX VARNISHING, Ok
Take a
l^um-benzoin,
a quarter of an ounce
ot
gum-
anime
and placed
till
water
and
after
adding
about a quarter of a
oil,
poppy
Bright Polish.
pint of spirits of
wine
to
two ounces of
gum
$LC.
dissolved,
w^ill
make a
beautiful
clear
polish for
:
it
and
when
all
strained
through a fine
FKEKCH POLISHING.
T7
Prepared
This preparation
is
Spirits,
receipts, as
adds to the
defect which
may happen
and
it
ance.
Half a
in a bottle,
and keep
it
in
warm
it
place
till
the
gum
is
all dissolved,
shaking
frequently;
when
cold,
poppy
fit
oil,
it
is
for use.
This preparation
is
remove
you
may
increase the
pressure
in rubbing.
Strong Polish.
To
h3
78
work with a
claws, &c.
Dissolve
two ounces
of seed-lac and
two
spirits of
and
so
if
the
also,
it
will be
much
Take a quart
handful of
common
it
and a table-spoonful of
an hour
it
for a quarter of
in a bottle,
and
warm
when
any of
CLEANS! XG.
19
CLEANSING.
the Elasticity
Sfc,
of Cane
Turn
that
it
may be
find
it
be dirty
let it
you will
it
as tight
is
not broken.
To Clean
OU Brass-work for
Lackering:
which
*,
put in your
wash
it
immediately
it.
in clean water,
dry
it
well
and lacker
80
CLEANSING.
To
Lay
lake
water,
by
piece,
upon a
charcoal
and
when they
boil
them
oft
and
there
will
and
same
and your
silver
have
*
the
beauty as when
first
made.
Receipt
to
Porphyry, Szcola,
Mix
with
quick-lime, to the
it
and lay
hours, clean
and
it
will appear as
new.
be improved by rubbing
Note.
This
it
may
or polishing
oil.
To
Mahogany.
Apply
water.
CLEANSING.
81
J other
To
mony
;
Method.
oxalic-acid,
anti-
shake
well,
it
will
malong
hogany,
standing.
as well as ink,
if
not of too
K. To
from
P
Drop on
the spot
left
;
some
oil of tartar
till
or salt of
it
wormwood,
into
in
a damp place
turns
fluid
then immediately
wash
the place
Note.
This
it
and
and
greasy, which
by
com-
8S
CLEANSINA
To
take out
Cloth or Silk.
Put on each
place
fire,
it
warm
it
before the
it
let it
off
with
soft water,
peared.
Another Method.
Drop
on the
repeat
wine
spot,
it till
it
gently,
To clean Carpets
Let your carpet be
from dust
;
or Tapestry.
first
it
then tack
down
to the
gall
it
it
floor
mix
with
two
gallons of soft
well with
remain
till
and
the brush
you U86
CLEANSING.
must not be too hard,
hairs, or
83
tli
you
will rub
your work.
To
clean
Or Molu Ornaments.
regilding these ornaiji
When
ments
is
the expence of
them
to their original
but
if
very
much worn
the only
way
is
to take off
gilding
in
which
is
similar to that
if
however,
you
let
time in a weakish
wash them
plate,
and when
sufficiently heated
what
as
dirt or tarnish
S4i
SILVERING.
SILVERING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
The
art
of
silvering
looking-glasses,
in the large
is
or
plate glass,
when conducted
and
way,
almost a
is
trade of
itself,
the apparatus
necessary
way
mechanic,
will
endeavour
explain
the
process which
may
way,
particularly
when
to
at a
distance
from
who by
the
bye ought
seldom
in
ture
way
is
SILVERING
made
first,
S5
or repaired
made
suffi-
perfectly smooth
cient
and
level.
Secondly, a
number
to
from seven
Thirdly, a
fourteen
quantity of tin-foil.
And,
lastly,
good
distilled
any impu-
rities, for
on the goodnessof
dependsthe beauty
of the silvering.
Method of Silvering
Plate Glass,
Have your
evenly on
smoothly and
to the size
on the
foil,
spread
a hare's
foot, that it
may
adhere
to the foil ia
paper on
it,
to
be
silvered, shoving
air
may
;
glass
now draw
and regu-
86
larly
SILVERING.
from between the plate and
glass,
and
is
:
withdrawn,
till
the glass
is
entirely covered
which
will cause
remain
it
The
stone
should
have a groove
from whence
it
may be
taken to
G lobes
Bent Mirrors,
^^c.
ladle, then
bis-
muth, skim
the
lire,
and before
\
sets
quicksilver
stir
87
as the evapora-
very pernicious.
Another Method.
Take
four
as to
become barely
fluid
when mixed
clean and
silver
warm, and
aperture, turning
over, or,
if
about
till it
it
is
silvered all
i(,
gfintly into
turn
it
about
up.
To Bronze Figures,
For
the ground,
after
it
S8
them together
in
then grind
in the
Dutch
same
with
it
commonly
called bronze,
;
laying
it
figure,
produce a grand
effect.
Note,
There
of bronze,
which are
by the
powders, sold
and precipitating
of sal-ammoniac,
in water,
and
it
and drying
BEONZE
AXi:
PAINTING
89
To Bronze on Wood,
The
niture
is
wnich
if
it is
in-
tended
for
bronzing black,
by any of the
Staming,
methods shewn
under
the article
size,
Roman
ochre and
dry
till it
feels just
come
if
you
I
you may
m re
diter green
by
itself,
on
OQ;
I3
90
for
it is
rather transparentj as
tallic
makes
it
more
oi
a me-
appearance.
or Ornaments.
in
like gold,
you
must
appear
either
as bronze take
burnt or in
its
with a small
and
a portion of
;
jou get
then
work
it
you
may
also, if
you
please,
mix with
any
little
workman
to
91
To Bronze
or
Brown Gun
Barrels,
S^c
Let your work be well cleaned and brightened, then apply aqua-fortis or spirits of salts all
over
it,
and lay
it
by
for
week
till it
appears
covered with
rust,
damped with
perfectly
boiled lintseed
level
oil,
;
rub
it
well
till it is
and smooth
it
bees-wax, rub
well
more
effectually.
Note.
It is frequently the
practice to
;
make
of
this is
spirits
with a
flat
brush,
;
wood
use in painting
either
you
may
also
vary the
colours,
them separately
a deep
brown or
rust colour.
92
Cabinet Maker,
latter.
may
I shall, therefore,
;
shew
the
mode
usually
adopted
workman
to
excel in hi3
made
use of to
wood,
or marble,
The
com-
mon
and
softening
graining tools,
which are
flat
wooden
handles, and,
for graining;
93
wooden handle,
tool,
same manner
as a graining
common
and
elastic, so as
mouldings they
are
drawn
The
first
thing to be attended
to, is to
make
in
this,
advantage
colour,
when
it
is
make smooth
lumps
to represent;
wood
to
it is
model
work
from, and
let
;
it
paint,
for
has
94)
with
ground
in oil; let
then ready to
is
done in
two
different
;
ways,
the
in distemper
first
certainly to be pre-
expeditiously performed.
by
this
which should be
ground
in oil,
some
and
sistence, to use
good
spirits of turpentine, as it
makes
soften
dif-
shades
of your
in
grain
The
other
method
distemper,
to
have your
very thin
graining
size,
colour
ground either
in
is
very expe-
ditious,
9o
your work,
your mind.
There
don
must
is
which
is,
that
you
select
those colours
that are
the
most
suffi-
body
for
you use
may
ap-
tint, or
when
work a
cloudy and
the shades
As an
tion
wood, would of
form
a volume,
and
giving in
we have
the
The
first
thing
we do
is
to
96
in
very
thin
of turpentine,
oil
and
it,
if
necessary, a
little
drying
mixed with
byit
taking a
little
is,
on
that
it
in
ail
next, if
it
shouid
we
scrape
to side, in
according to the
way we have
fixed on
our
your comb,
as perfectly
not appear
you
will
semblance
wood
observe next,
light streaks
there
is
any particular
to
dark or
first
is
you wish
imitate, the
with
if light,
mark
and
it
your mind
for
your
97
gently
off
and proceed,
if
there
is
irregular
lo imitate
them either
dipped
in turpentine,
by putting
in
Sometimes you
in
will
small
which may b?
;
at other
and
curly wood,
you
may
twist
up a piece of
it
YoiU
work
and
if
is
now
to be
required,
yoi
it.
way
98
if
you are
it
may
at once give
moro
will
be required
if
the varnish
is
to b&
polished.
when wc grain
same
in
distemper, except
The
in the
is
much
the
for
marbling, except
requires great
dexterity in putting
veins,
and there
in
is
no occasion of scumbling in
ground, or even in
the colour
the
many
it
at once
you
in
soften into
many
cases
is
necessary to
sprinkle on
as
in
if
different
These
in
f-?w rules,
studying from
make
much
apartments/and
which has
lately
become
so
much
in
vogue,
GILDING.
that a
90
said to be
finished
decorative
embellish-
ments.
Stands,
Sfc,
Venetian
Blinds, Trellisses,
lead ground
to
mix up a quantity
your mind,
much varnish
good
gloss.
will produce
Note.
sian
By adding a small
you
will
quantity of Prusthe
blue
have
colour
much
brighter.
GILDING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
Gilding on wood
ferent ways,
is
performed
in
two
dif-
and
is
when
the
K 2
00
is
GILDING.
performed by means of oil or varnish,
it
proces.^
and
tvill
is
stand
ihe other,
and bv
that
frames,
furniture,
&c.
well
when
work
furniture.
As
both
these
methods are so
down such
rules
and directions,
that,
with a
little
ingenious
mechanic
will
necessary, and
is
not
at hand.
sufficient
quantity
the
hio-Ii
of
leaf-gold,
it
which
called,
is
of two sorts,
gold, as
is
is
and
much
being
the
latter
very
useful,
as
GILDING.
of a different colour, you
necessary, a variety
fore
to
;
101
introduce, if
may
it is
be
preferred
where expense
an
object.
Secondly,
gilder's
cushion, which
is
an
what
is
stuffed
the
book and
very smooth
edge, to
your gold
in
the
pieces necessary.
some
tips, as
which
is
two cards
same manner
were, a
Lastly,
flat
which
is
a crooked
handle.
wooden
k3
103
GILDING.
Sfc
Take
halt
il
in
a proper vessel
;
is
reduced
the
fire
to
take
sieve
it
oft
and strain
through
it
be
careful in
well stirred,
and do not
burn.
or JVood-xvork.
above
size alone,
and boiling;
hot,
in
every part
then
with some
size,
to
the
consistence of thick
cream
give
it
fit
for gilding
on
Note.
thick,
You
it
size
too
and
GILDING.
with the vThitjng, so hot as the
itself:
it
103
first
coat
is
by
will
ram
llie
through a sieve.
Vauxhail
whiting
is
be&t.
Polishing.
When
proceed
the prepared
to clean
wet a small
oi
till
all the
bumps and
inequalities
by
this
means you
will
make
Where
there
is
will
sometimes be necessary
to their original
bring the
mouldings
sharpness, by means
be apt
to
fill
up
all the
work
it
has someiimei
104
GILDING.
to
go over
fine
jellow or
is
Roman
hardly necessary-
Gold-Size,
Take
fine
please, grind
fine
little
scrape into
together
knife
;
ii
beef
suet, grind
all
well
Jnother Gold-Size,
Take a lump
it
into a
very
stiflf
add a
ground very
fine,
To
'prepare
Take
much
Work
gold-size as
in hand,
you judge
add parchment-size,
GILDING
sufficient
105
;
to flow
when
quite
soli
hot,
pass over
put the
it
first
coat too
twice or three
when
quite
dry,
brush
the
whole with a
stiff
brush, to
Ac.
that
there
is
the size:
your work
now ready
Note.
Your
parchment-size should be of
common
it
for
if
too thick
it
will
be apt
10 chip,
and
if
too thin
sufficient
body.
Laying on
This
tion,
is
the Gold.
endeavour so
a
little
method
it
that,
with
may be
easily
performed.
out
bring
into a convenient
106
GILDING.
it
cushion
then cut
it
to
and sawing
it
gently
it
will be divided.
dipped
brandy
in the
much
of your
;
work
means of your
tip;
by drawing
it
it
over your
suflaciently
forehead, or cheek,
to
will
damp
it
and gently
breathing on
it, it
you apply
it
to is
wet
indeed,
it
must be
:
floating, or
you
this
proceed in
manner by a
little
at
you
find
to handle
your gold
GILDING.
with freedom.
if
107
Be
your work,
and apply
will find
it
it
necessary,
when your
appear
to
adhere
filled
sufficiently tight, to
draw a
pencil quite
Bumishing.
When
by
to dry,
your work
it
is
set
it
about
will
depend on tha
air,
warmth
of the
room or
state of the
and
when
lo seize
When
it
is
you
begin to burnish
108
GILDING.
til.
you
find
it
all
Matting,
Those
from not
parts of your
dull
being burnished,
is,
now
to
be
matted, that
are to be
its
made
gold
for if left in
Datural state
will
have a
soft
brush lay
it
even
and smooth on
if
well done,
it
add greatly
to
the beauty
of the work.
Note.
The
superfluous gold,
brush,
Finishing,
All that
is
now necessary
is
to
GILDING.
milie
;
109
it
is
made
by grinding vermillion,
oil
of
and applying
in
carefully with a
small brush
and your
work
is
completed.
Note.
Sometimes the
shell-gold,
it
finishing
is
is
done by
the
best
means of
method
;
which
far
a fine powder;
a
in
little
it
Take
little
it
fine
with a
black lead
and
Genoa
would
soap, and
add
Note.
Any
as
soap
most
probably
made
it
it
answer
very well.
110
GILDING.
Silvering,
Silvering
is
at present
but
little in
use, thonsrli
stiil
looked
it
might be introduced
;
with advantage
is,
in
many works
;
that
it is
apt to tarnish
but which
maj be
to
its
preserved
with very
little
diminution
mastic
is
varnish.
The
process for
;
silvering the
but
it)
along
Glass.
The
many
and
for
art
of gilding upon
glass,
which
is
name
plates,
jrnamenial
decorations
in
a variety of
of performing
You
isinglass,
are
to
procure
some of the
finest
when
that
which
is
the best,
You
are
to dissolve
and
strain
then into a
this
isinglass
which
;
let
water
gilt
to
be
or
quite
dirt
grease, get
the
some
less
porous in
beating the
put
it
on a gilding
in
on
the glass
nS
gold, piece
GILDING.
by
piece, until
The
then place
within air of
it
fire,
dries,
it is
which will be
gently
in
a few minutes.
While
you
gilt
receives a
kind of polish
manner
as the
first,
drying
it
and
so a
third coat,
which
is
fully sufficient,
and
to gild
Then
which
take
is
to
it
on the
gilt
part of the
mark where
with
after
hair pencil,
and
wooden
mahogany or
deal
pointed
cautiously,
work away
the
GILDlKft.
gold
fillet
113
which
;
is
to
when,
to
ornament
it
by any other
to
appear
to
which a
to
gilt
it
burnt
its
deepen
Paint
it
all
over the
set
take
when you
breadth of your
to
be
inside
point,
with a sharp
at the
and they
on the gold
lS
n^
when vou
GILDING.
can, with an ivory point, trace
them
to
them agreeable
you; and
then,
may
vary
But
gilding,
the
persons in
instant,
London
after
your glass
blackened, taking
is
away
the parts
to appear,
and
by
in
to
stand
fast,
which means
work
is
done
leaf.
The
process
is
simple,
and
is
thus performed:
You
nish, such as
ground
in spirits
flat
varnish
thin coat,
holding
it
it
light, observinfif
GILDING.
exhibits a degree of transparency,
115
and not
too
much, so as
to
prevent
its
appearing a good
After
this,
you
are
to
drawn on paper,
trace
it
before
mentioned, and
in
the
varnish,
when
it is
the
drawing
You
it
fix
in
wooden handle
firmly;
with which
you are
to
what black
is
come
out, through
to the
edge hano;s
then take
in
it
over
and
in
will
if it
all
peel
away
as
iu
never was on
is
When
all
want
your glass
the
fire,
ever,
and ready
to
116
LACKEaiNO.
LACKERING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
The
that to say
art of lackering
is
so nearly allied to
of japanning, that
it is
scarcely necessary
;
much
as to
its
application
however, as
some
directions
may
be thought necessary? 1
If the
work
is
old, clean
it
according
to the
directions given
if
new,
it
make
it
as bright as possible.
Have
lay
work on
;
it
till
moderately
will blister
for that
to the
colour you
and making
it
warm,
lay hold
of your brass-
work with a
LACKERING.
soft
.0
117
ruD
the
.vay,
5gain,
the varnish
is
tell
you
when
time);
it
should be removed
it
(some,
indeed,
never place
if it
may
repeat
carefully,
and
if
pains be taken
to
metal
gilt.
and clear of
a!!
them
together,
:
when
for use.
Another Lacker.
Take
pound,
one
ounce,
pound
118
LACKERIis^G.
of
in a
warm
place
and
it is fit
for use.
much
it
powdered and
;
sifted, set
it
in a sand-
bath to dissolve
wen
that
is
and stop
it
well
till
wanted
for use.
Take
amber
or copal
wood
thirty
oriental
saffron
thirty-six
grains,
To
ments or
articles of brass,
expose them to a
into the
them
vainish;
in this
necesgary.
The
Tarnish
is
durable.
LACKERINC.
8d has a beautiful colour.
in
this
119
Articles varnished
and a
bit of
Note.
I cannot speak as to
or
good or bad
is
qualities
why
the
pounded
glass
it
introduced, unless
its
it
it is
adds to
hardness,
which
may probably
do, though
appears to
me
is
to
to
make
run, which
if
would assuredly
ingredients; however, as
that has
is
a composition
insert
it,
that the
for himself.
Take
mastic,
seed-lac
four
four
ounces,
sandarac,
or
ounces,
dragon's-blood
half an
ounce,
gum
This
no
120
equal to those
LACKEETXG.
made with
spirits
of wine, {^
from
its
it
so durable
lackering
silvered leather.
&c.
it
answers
ver}^
well
we may
we may
ing material
all
and
at the
the
colouring substances
or that will
are
of
resinous quality,
colouring matter
when
we
BUHL WORK.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONSIs a term of modern date, applied
to
the
BUHL WOR^.
art of
l^l
or
tortoiseshell,
inlaying with
silver,
turtle
with brass or
I shall endeavour
workman with
such practical
directions,
has
hitherto
been
chiefly
in
monopolized
by
only
foreigners,
but
which,
my
opinion,
rivals.
The
mode
the
To prepare your
Shell
cutting out.
or tooth
dimen
122
sions
requisite,
BUHL WORK.
tooth
that
also; then
warm
that
down
tight together
till
let
them remain
dry,
when
Having drawn
your shell
;
the
it
pattern you
intend on
or, if
plain, paste
let it
a piece of paper on
surface,
;
and
dry, on which
being
now
which
may be
at
a suf-
ficient distance
enable you to
and
all
made extremely
light,
begin by making
BUHL WORK.
a small hole
will
in
123
a part where
(uniess
your veneer
in
not so
much be observed
to
tne
pattern
the
edge),
and
invert your
the
lines
,
saw
of your
is
all
cut
through
you
will then
may
steam or
warm water
to
the
following
is
To
on
is
to
be inserted, put
it
carefully in
its
place, rubbing
M S
m
it
BUHL WORK.
^vitb a
doua
let
them get
come out
the boards,
and appear
you
may
off, it is
to
your
work.
Layi?ig your Veneer.
perfectly
level
lay
it
on your work
then with a
it
well
it
down
hand-screws, and
It then only
let
remain
perfectly hard.
off
remains to be
to
cleaned
and polished,
according
the
Note.
In order
to
add
is
BUHL WORK.
that side intended to be glued a coat or
125
two of
in oil,
veneer,
red
lead
together
colour you
is
may
gilt
on
your work
this
effect,
The method
brass
is
equally applicable to
colours, only then
in
woods of two
different
common
use,
which
InlaT/ing ivith
x\s the
Shaded JVood.
has
been shewn
;
the
former part
of this
article
we
shall
used
to
works
though
and
which,
work,
now
126
is
BUHL WORK.
when well
executed,
is
as follows
which put a
sufficieut
place
on the
fire
till
it
is
quite hot,
then having
edges
till
into
the
hot
sand,
and
let
them
remain
it is
best to
them
to
at
once, as
you then do not injure the texture of the wood, and by immersing more or
less of the
edge, you
to
your satisfacthe
I would here
to
recommend
workman,
to
previous
have his
brown
colour, in
to
those
parts
wood
to
the
BUHL WORK.
cannot be altered
this
;
127
is
best
always to
have a guide
to
go by, that
we may produce
it is
requi-
to give a
shadow
on
wood, and
in
little
as this cannot be
done by dippinc;
it
the sand,
you must do
hot
it
by taking up a
sprinkling
it,
of the
it
sand, and
or
heaping
up on those parts
it
remain a
necessary,
not
and,
if
apply more
enough.
where
the
colour
is
deep
To
imitate Inlaying
is
of Silver Strings,
Sfc,
Thic process
stocks,
sometimes employed
in the
&c. of
pistols,
;
and
if
a very good
ejFect
tlie
first
to deter-
mine
fully
or
cut
away
the
different
to
lines
with sharp
BUHL WORK.
even, taking care to cut
rairier
com-
may be
made
purest
as
follows
take
and
in
a ladle or
it,
other
in
convenient rectptacle
add to
while
it
to
make
incorporate, and
it
enough that
soft,
remain
tin,
;
stiff
paste,
if
too
add more
and
if
add quicksilver
marble slab, or
a mortar, with a
in
little
size,
and
fill
your work,
;
as you
let
it
dry,
off
will appear
silver,
instead of tin
above directed
you may
also,
wax
of different
CEMENTS.
fleaned off your work, hold
distance from the
lire,
it
I2J9
at
a moderate
which
CExMENTS.
Take two
ounce of
half an
rosin, melt
them together
then add
yellow ochre,
desire; keep
it
10 in
bring
it
to
a pipkin
for use.
and
very clear
it
of isinglass, put
half a
into
pound of
;
fine
pretty thick
then pour
into plates or
moulds:
130
when
cold,
CEMENTS.
you may cut and dry them
for the
pocket.
Note,
This
of
it
glue
is
it
architects,
&c. as
immediately dilutes in
warm
process
softening
damping
or
it
may be used by
it
to the
paper.
Take
bees*
wax
stir
ounce, and
pitch
ounce, melt
fine
iYiem
together, and
some very
if
brick-
dust to give
it
a body
too
:
soft,
add more
cold,
for
more wax
when nearly
make
use.
it
up into cakes or
rolls,
which keep
Note.
This
will be
for
fastening
which
to
is
will
meh
yoi
the cement
wooa
CEAEENTS.
wish to with
affix to the
131
it
chuck, and
will
adhere
sufficient force.
A
Take
then
let
in half
twenty-four hours,
keeping
rate)
;
them well
cloth,
in
a linen
mix
for use,
it
Cement
Wood, of
any Colour,
made
with, put
it
into
it,
let
it
remain
for
week
days,
then boil
for
wih be
it
of the
into a course
132
cloth,
CEMKKTS.
and squeeze
it
all
keep
for use,
make
fill
it
a paste;
rub
in
it
up your holes
till
let
it
remain
quite
you
may
off together,
S^c.
Take any
them
settle,
;
add
beat
them well
and apply a
little
to the
broken edges
the
fire
it
will
and water.
Another Cement.
Take
OR the
melt, stir
them well
to this
add
glass,
stir
the
whole
CEMENTS.
well together: when nearly cold, form
sticks,
it
135
into
on a stone,
in the
same manner
to
as sealing
wax
is
made
cement any
suffici-
article,
which rub
edges
pressing
if
them
and
let
them cool
which,
carefully
in
done,
your
Moisture.
in
which some
putting your
isinglass has
been dissolved
then
gums
into
over
the whole
is
well
incorporated,
it
strain
is
ready
for
use
you
may
return
it
powdered
glass*
1S4
use
it
TURNING.
quite hot,
and
if you
it
join
two pieces
after
of
wood
together with
you may,
it is
and your
the
same Purpose.
To two
pound
quarts of
have a very
or moisture.
stroflg glue
damp
TURNING.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
As most
ments,
pieces of cabinet
what indebted
some few
may
not
be unacceptable
panicuiar
toe art
br&ncli;
though to
enter
fully
into
TURNING.
itself,
X35
to our purpose,
th
s
much beyond
by
much
othe*
writers, that a
suflicient to
all I shall
whence he
may
few
them-
selves
and I
shall here
the lathe
as well
tools used in
some-
what surprizing,
that
we
find
in the
English
at all
;
authors
who have
and,
common
turning, or
J36
TURNING.
it
croes
it
gives
a very
good
aifferent
methods, and
I allude to
in
1677,
and of
many improveto
in the state
it
was
is
day;
it
is
may be
of
considered
utility.
raiher
as
a curiosity than
great
is
The
next work
we
shall mention,
Martin's
goes, gives a
pretty clear
insight
;
into
the
some
short descriptions in
work on
on excentric turning,
new
bv
edition of
which has
lately
been published
;
W.
Wetton of
is
Fleet-street, Kookseller
to
which
TUMNING
construction and application of the
137
excentric
chuck
and
liere
I must take
which
this species of
;
turning
instance,
maybe
applied
in cabinet-work
for
patteras,
and
be
handles of
this process
workman
time will
who
art, his
not be
bestowed in perusing
this useful
pub-
many
to
to
be
noting
down and
a very
folio of
more ancient
manner
in
n3
38
all
TURNING.
others are got up,
it
almost
is
out of the
power
their purchase
and
far
common-
encouragement
this
pro-
and
shall, at
least
it
is
my
more particularly
various branches,
all its
wood and
already
in the press,
it is
called
and embraces
masonry, and
bricklaying, and
is
But
the
to return
much depends on
manner of
work
and, also,
we must
TURNING.
nature of the
it
1S9
on. whei/.er
wood we
hard
;
are
working
IS
soft or
there
in
is
lorm
for
somewhat above
centre of the
we
a slanting direction, so
as the
curly shaving
wood
will
endanger the
rest
splitting
of the stuff;
for
must be
height
oi
elevated as near as
may be
to the
and the
tool applied
in the lathe,
off
making
shavings,
the
till
surface
smooth by scraping
stuff to the
form
140
temper of your
TUENINC.
tools.
The
basil
edge of your
that they
may
what
may
touch your
wood
the
to
edge
of your
chisels
should
be
ground
direction,
forming an angle
of about thirty
for
otherwise,
if
you
knot,
and hollows;
requires
some judgment
one not
and as
it
to
take off as
proceed
cautiously,
rest,
against the
handle of your
tool,
you
find
you have
and
it
in
a proper posifion
to
work
easily
freely.
In
work revolves
to
TCRNINO
you
:
Hi
it
of advantage,
wooa
that
apt to splinter, to
make
is
it
revolve in a con;
from you
but,
tool
rest
then,
firmly
down on
the rest, or
by placing your
someat
distance from
is
it;
handle
these,
be
To turn Screws.
In some lathes, there
is-
coijtrivance, for
by holding
the
screw
tool steady
on the
rest,
move
move
HS
the best method,
TURNING^
is
to
than
the
mandril
pulley,
by which means,
same worm of
we
enter
in the
the screw,
deep enough.
in Chair
legs,
&c., where
to
we
them
wish
it
appear
black,
matter to stain
;
after the
work
is
is
finished
therefore the
first
following method
used: having
turned a
your
leg,
work
them
yoMF
to
turning;
bench
finish
turninej
the
and your
TURNING.
mouMines
will
143
To make
According
it is
Anti-attrition.
made
lead ground very fine, and four parts of hogslard or other grease
this
much
and will be
apply to the
to
works
in the
puppet as well
make
grows
while
the lathe
work mnch
oil,
easier, as well as be
a great saving in
stiff,
this
of wine,^
in
a sufficient qaanfity
it
into a paste
it,
add
then
to
your work
while
it is
in
motion
in the lathe,
it;
it
and with a
appear as
if
soft linen
rag polish
will
highly varnished.
LINES.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
As
required
in
many
parts
jrder to
Cabinet
possible, to in-
have
fiQ I
J'latc
7^
WE a
2)
d tQ
-Tlatc J.
CABtNET MAKERS
GTJID.
K\
I.
J'/ate
^
CABINIET MAKER'S GUEDE.
LINES
endravoured
to illustrate
;
14,
them by reference to
such
as ascertaining
mechanical operations
and work
of
this kind
his
work, or of
particu-
substituting,
larly
adapted
compasses
and ruler
particular
or
drawing
curves.
the term
difficulty
Lines, as
carries with
it
not that
which the
title
of geometrical pro-
more
in the
by tne workman
our inten-
more
to
shew how
the thing
may be
by a
scientific
is
demonstration
amongst workmen,
common
tion
use, to denote
146
LINES.
it
in
preference to
any
title,
its
high sounding
geometry from
perhaps, hence,
may
incur
some censure
me
from endeavouring
and clothe
in as
some of the
EXAMPLE
To extend a given
Let
and
I.
A
it
B, (^Fig.
1.
PL
\.)
be the given
it
line,
let
be required to extend
strait
towards F,
in the
same
direction.
Fix your
A
B,
com-
as at C,
to the distance
B, and strike
the
part of a circle as
B, then with
same
a centre,
half a
that
C D E
F,
now
same
LINES.
opening of the compasses) one point
ihe other over to
i(
347
in
D, turn
;
to
then.
and F,
B F
will be a
A B F will
if
be
all in the
iVo^<?.-
same
strait line.
youwish
strait
to
draw a
for
may by
first
this
means
it
draw a
line of
any length, by
drawing
then continue
it
at pleasure.
EXAMPLE
To
ascertain
correct.
IT.
strait
whether your
edge
is
Lay your
PI.
1.)
strait
edge
A C B
E, (Fig.
2.
ine as
ACB
along
at
its
edge, reverse
;
it
in the
position as
still
shewn
A DB
three
then, if
it is
its
edge
A CB
fine
correct;
or
you may
stick
needle points,
o 2
148
one nearly
at
LINES.
each extremity,
Ifie
A
all
and B, and
middle, as at
edge touches
still
three points,
may be
sure
your instrument
correct.
EXAMPLE
Between two points
shall be in the
III.
same
with them.
Let
and B, (Fig.
;
PL L)
be the two
to
given points
distance
the
B, and
fix
D, then
two
other
distances, as
;
BC
C
and
B D
equal to each
then from
as a centre,
(more
to D,)
draw a
F; then with
as a
and
the
H, and
circles cross,
is
the
LINES.
point required, and the points
all in the
149
and
are
same
strait line.
Note.
The
this
same
observation will
the First
;
here
apply, as in
Example
edge by
line as
method, and
drawn
cor-
bj your
rect
find
;
strait-edge,
it is
or, to
you may
B,
A and
by only
when
each
you
other,
strike for
arches
intersecting
the
EXAMPLE
From any
point
in
IV.
line
to
a give?i
draw
Let
A B
{Fig. 4.
PL
o
1.;
be tue given
line,
50
LINES.
and
the point
we
fix
propose to
draw another
square
to
it
B, and
of a circle as
C E D,
then with
the
same
which was
over
to
D, then
strike
if
from
and
as
two centies,
we
two arches of
of
same or any
other opening
we
draw a
line
from
to
B,
A B.
Note.
It is
plain,
we
we can draw
line,
a perpendicular from
the
extremny of a
Ofuer meth
to
we
it
siiali
not
want any
draw
iroiu
LINES.
151
EXAMPLE
From any foini above a
V.
sttmit line, to
draw
Let A
line,
B
C
(Fig. 5. PI.
L) be
and
above
From C
extend
ot
beyond the
line
B, strike a portion
a circle,
cutting the
line
A B
;
in
D and
E, then
make
and
E two
cir-
centres
iL,) crossing
each other
in
F;
G,
the line
C F
it
will be perpendicular or
square
to
the line
the
B.
Note.
If
D
E, the point
tnis
method would
162
have been
still
LINES.
the same, or you might, without
below
the line
A B, and
it
EXAMPLE
VI.
is correct.
Having
v/hich
we
Ime
B, {Fig.
PL
C D
blade as
C D,
square, as shewn at
FD
end
if not, it
must be altered
meets
off
a shaving from
it
again
till
two
a^ain
if
the point
overhangs or
LI^ES.
crosses the line
15S
your instrument
is
properly adjusted.
Note.
It
is
plain that
you may
also adjust
and,
also, that
you
may
stuff,
by
any piece of
or
EXAMPLE
To draw a
VII.
from another
given point.
and through a
Let
and
AB
[Fig. 7.
PL
to,
1.)
C the
wc wish
to
draw
or equi-distant from
A B.
point
point,
B, and extend
C D
tnen, with
otner point
F E;
It54
LINES.
take the distance
it
now
D C
in
your compasses,
and place
from
to F,
then through
it is
F and
C, draw the
C, and
AB.
Note.
This
is
problem
is
readily performed
it
happens,
that
whose stock
may
moment
hand
and
the
and which
to
shift
example
will
enable
you
without.
EXAMPLE
To make an angle
VIII.
angle or bevel.
Let
C A B
{Fig, 8. Pi.
1.)
be any angle or
Lf NES.
bevel given, and
it
55
is
required to
it.
make any
From
as
an arch as
let
B, cutting
A C and A B in
we
it
and B, and
DE
be a line on which
is
are to
the same
angle as
CB
meets
AB
C B
was
make
the arch
F,
B C
in
from
F D,
then
is
the angle
E F D E
to F,
and
equal the
CAB.
example may be
is
This
practically
useful to the
workman, when he
unprovided
if
with
the
his tool or
be cut equally
bevelling, he
may
quired
Or, he
may
a piece of
fit
and cut
his
wood he wishes
to
into
it
156
at
LINES.
or angle,
without the
than his
assistance
other
;
instrument
I
and here
would take
workman who
always
all tools,
and
benefit
he would experience
in
am
confi-
furnish
him with
the
moans
proceeding
with
his
work;
EXAMPLE
Tb
IX.
divide a given line into two equal parts, or to bisect a given line.
Let
AB
(Fig.
to
I.
which we wish
LINES.
than
the
ifce
157
A and B
draw
two extremities of
C and
and
D, then draw a
where
it
C
is
to
A B
is
Note.
1
is
It will
ne
C D
perpendicular to
is
B, and hence
line
another method
shown of drawing a
shown
in
Example
4.
EXAMPLE
To divide any
strait line,
X.
into afiy
number
of equal parts.
Let
AB
to be divided
parts
draw another
veiling to
it,
line of
any
length, as
or making any
A A C beangles C A B,
ofl'tbe
158
distance
LINES.
F to
E, and from
line
to
D, and from
to
C, then the
AC
DE
will evidently
;
equal parts
now join
the points
lines
and
and
from
DIE
the
Eland
parallel to
GH
and
AB
into
required
number of (four)
Note,
parts.
This
Example may
practically be
di-
AC
the
number of
B C
set,
makes with
strait
A
E
B, which we
stuff,
will supit is
pose the
thus
edge of your
and with
then
draw
and
F G,
We
may
here
line into
shall
be
in
same proportion
is
to
each other,
A C
divided
A F equal
3 inches,
equal 4 inches,
ED
LINES.
159
DC
A C
of 18 inches
portions
we
CB
parallel lines as
AB
will
A C
is
divided into.
which
is
the
deepest
for instance,
feet six
we
have a chest of
drawers three
inches high,
to
and
the
diminish gradually,
in
depth;
is
four drawers,
an inch wide,
we
work
as follows,
we
C,
suppose
A B
in the
figure,
then draw
and
inch
still
set off
A F E
P 2
160
tances, as
LIKKS.
one next
set
to
we have
it,
onlv to join
I
C B
and
your bevel to
F, then if
and draw
DH
E, and
G
it
AB
is
will be divided
the
whole length
of
A B
must be equal
to the
EXAMPLE
To
divide,
XI.
equal farts*
Let
C A B
[Fig. 3.
PL
2.) be
any angle,
archC B
as
centre, then
form
and
as
two
centres, strike
D, and
will
from
draw
D, which
CAB
into
two equal
parts.
to
Note.
This
the
two edges
LINES.
161
ibis
prove
by
this
stuff
method
by accurately
the angle as
squaring
ycur
if
its
and dividing
shown, then
apply-
blade
you may be
assured
is
correct.
EXAMPLE
Tojind
Let
the cerdre of
X.
circle.
any arch of a
ABC
of
;
{Fig. 4.
circle,
PL
and
2.)
be any arch or
at
portion
point,
strike
make a mark
any
then with
B
B
as
two
centres,
in
and
then with
and
as
two
scribe
D
;
and
E
is
then
draw
till
the line
and
E, and
produce them
then
which the
arch
A B C
a part of
plain
*
its
circumference.
Note,
It
is
wc
162
LINES.
circular
may draw a
through
three
same
we
to
D
a
E and
the
to
meet
in
H,
it
if
we
set the
if
compasses
strike
distance
HA
will,
we
point
for in-
we
original
circle,
centre,
from
this
which
we
struck
at
to
our
which by
method we can
if
any
fit
we wish
bow
work
into a circular
or recess,
which
we
will suppose to be
A B A B
C,
we
lay
down
the distance
A C
for
the
opening, and
and
C,
and make
the triangle
ABC;
AB
we have immedi-
enable us to
work by
so as to
fit
the
recess.
We may
ciroamler
LINES.
ence, thus Iiaviiig
163
and
the
as centres, crossing
still
G, open
compasses
wider, and
and
at
and
is
same from A E and K these lines drawn through E K, will cross each other in H,
;
which
this will
be found
work,
is
when
the centre
losi
or cut
off.
EXAMPLE
To draw a tangent or
a
circle in
XIII
meet
Let
A B C
and
draw a
D BE,
B
making
A B
equal to
then on
AD AD
and
be a
draw a
semi-circle
the
line
draw
A.
164
Note.
LINES.
We
of
to
drawing any
line perpendicular
let
A D
be the given
B A
as
and cutting
(which
D;
it
we
a
here suppose at
D) draw
circle
A cuts A D through D
in
and
then
B
if
drawn
we join E
it
will be perpendicular or
square to
D.
EXAMPLE
To draw
ivithin
XIV.
circle
a polygon, or reguto
lar figure,
each other.
Let
AECD
draw a diameter
DB
as
A C,
and
A
is
into
in
draw F
C, then
GH
parallel to
E, join
H C and E
and the
the line
of equal sides,
drawn
LINES,
line
165
E C
the side
now
draw
divide
DB
set
into
two equal
parts in
K, and
C,
K,
K B
C
draw the
B L
L
C
ag^ain
L, draw the
arch
to
and join
C, make
is
MN
C
equal
and join
C, then
the line
N C
disI
eqnal sides
tances
and
C
I
and join
C,
then
is
again
if
we
divide
equal parts
O, and
strike
the arch
it
OP
sides
and draw
C P,
will
we have no
it;
perfectly
however
this is
so
near, that
less
it
the circle
and
lastly,
if
we
angle
ABE
into
two equal
and draw
166
the line
LINES.
B Q
and draw
Q,
it
will be the
Note.
all
the methods
which
is
amply
workman, and
at large
to drav\
may always
he
have
them
hand
and
should
ever want
figures of a greater
number of
shown, he may
find
number of
sides he
cuts
its
circumference,
EXAMPLE
To
ing
IS
XV.
and
its
out knowing
centre.
1.
Let
A B
(Jig.
PI. 3.)
be the opening
LINES.
of the arch,
1f)T
its
height or spring
get out
two
laths,
E A C
and
C B
F, whose
length
shall be
A B,
A C
and fasten
form an angle at
B, then
;
in
the poinds
and
nov\? if
we
slide the
the pins
or
an arch of the
required altitude.
Noie,- This
a very
way
where
of striking arches of
it is
either impossible
lath,
or inconvenient to
may
also
by
this
is
we
fix
them
to
the angle
close at
you
may
a
rest assured
the recess
a portion of
circle
L[NS.
EXAMPLE
To
trisect
XVI.
or
Let
AB C
[Fig, 2.
PL
3.)
be any angle
which we wish
describe
;
B as a
line
centre
hav-
A B towards
F, and
point C,
till
having placed a
slide the lath
E F
is
A B
falls
is
in
in the
the
angle
EFD
B A; we have only therefore to draw the line G B parallel to C F, and the line G B divides the angle C B A into three parts required.
Note.
This example
will
LINES.
159
in
man mechanically
gon, for
to
draw
any
circle
sides, called
an ennea-
we
enneagon required.
EXAMPLE
XVII.
may draw
the
Let
A B
(Fig. 3.
PI,
3.)
be the opening
of the arch
D.
its
spring or rise, on
as a
ED
F, with the
to
D,
di-
EC
into
parts,
and
and
draw
AC
into the
same
into,
number of equal
parts
you divided
E C
ad draw perpendicular
vls
g,
*kc.
then
transfer the
lines
170
a
I,
LINES.
b 2, A^c. to
/c
o, I
points 0, p, g,
arch reother
be done
or you
in the
half
of the arch
CD B,
may make
it
your mould
on
and turn
over
B, which
EXAMPLE
To draw a
XVIII.
means of
the in-
circular arch by
ter section
of
lines.
Let
AB
B
;
[fig. 4.
PL
and
at
erect a perpendicular
:
C D E
join
and
B E
lines
into
any
number
a, b, c, d,
if
1 ,
i 2, c 3, &c., and
lines
AE
and
BE
in-
to a
number
intersection will
line
very
arch.
flat
LINES.
Note*
171
This kind of
EXAMPLE
To
XIX.
Let
length,
given
;
with
the distance
A D
or
B D
in your compasses,
and with
ting
as a centre,
cut-
AB
E
in the points
foci
and
E G
and
F F
H, with
FG
and
E H,
also
in
with
and F, as
centres,
A G
and
tance
strike
join
and
H
C
I,
tance 1
G C
H, and with
Q 2
17i2
LINES.
K
H,
the
and
as centres,
and distance
KG
B
or
G A
;
and
and half
drawn
to
com-
Note.
lieve,
The method
in
here
been
of drawing ellipses,
com-
method of conwill
and
always be
EXAMPLE
To find
the centre
ellipse,
XX.
having
onli/
Let A
C B D
[Fig. 2.
ellipse
PL
4.)
be the
cir-
cumference of an
find the
of which
we wish
to
lines as
FE,
into
and
F Eand
HG
two
K, and
' ;
LINES*
17
in
draw
the line I
K, divide
it
two
parts in
L,
and from
divide
OP
and
MN
Q
and
in
two
R, and through
R
in
draw a
and B, and
AB
then
through I
it
we draw C
perpendicular to
AB
the oval.
Note.
This example
enables
him
at
diameter be
obliterated,
finishing our
it
work
to
and
enables us
draw a
line,
whereby
to fix
it
on the spring or
shall stand ^UJte
ring, so that
when mounted
perpendicular.
03
174
SOLDERING.
SOLDERING.
GF5NERAL OBSERVATIONS.
maker
to
introduce
an
article in this
to the
;
more
workers
wood
knowledge how
am
induced to
may be
opeexecute.
wanting
to assist the
workman,
in
his
it
in all the
rations that
may
fall
way
to
And
as in the country
frequently happens
altera
in the
carot'
means
soldering,
it is
bat
(expense, to be enabled to do
one's self;
SOLDERING.
particularly
T5
is
so easily per-
formed
from
most use-
operation.
but
first
must
re-
whether
must be clean
filed
or scraped, and
ble,
be joined together,
togethe
when put
is
to
hold (he
fire
many
purposes a
common
or a
little
we have a
smith's forge at
the
workman
is
at all prac-
its
assistance,
is
many
176
SOLDERING.
is
fixed into a
wooden handle,
particularly
when we are
&c.
,
frequently happens
it
is
affixed, either
break
ilhem;
wish
we can
ng
them or
fix
others in the
situation required,
and
and expense
inci;
dent to sending
again,
as the leading
wine
a part of
plumber,
who
to the
if
not careful,
often
does
great
damage
work
entrusted to him. I
to solder or
shall therefore
show how
make
the
workman
for in
London
to
it
is
workman
SOLDERING.
particular branch in
1T7
work
always at hand.
Thin
between
be joined
if
the
work be
very
fine,
as
when two
leaves of a broken
it
saw
with powdered
incorporate
it
may
filings,
on the joint.
to
The
the
fire,
till
heated
it
fire
and leave
it
to
cool gradually.
Common
lead
tin.
tin.
in
one pound of
'
what
generally
known under
of using
it
name of
solder.
The method
on the
joints.
for lead, is to
pour
it
178
SOLDERING,^
to
some
making
heating
it
it
as possible,
occasionally
till
Note.
This
But
will be found
very useful in
&c.
pose
10 let
is
very thin,
lead, as
may cause
that to
run
or melt,
work
shall
when
soldered
it
Hard Solder.
Melt together two pounds of copper and one
pound
of
tin.
is
The
melted
tin
;
the copper
may
it
then either
cast
it
into a
flat
plate, to
be
filed into
powder
for use, or
granulated by pouring
through a
SOLDERING.
HQ
mlo
tliin
leaves or plates.
Note.
This
much
mixture requires
less
heat to
melt
it,
work
so
Soft Solder.
Melt
in
a pan
of
iron or crucible,
one
this will be
or pins
on
;
brass
it is
work,
best done
s:e-
with a
solderinjj;
iron, as
described in the
neral observations, as
when heated
quite hot,
and applied
some
which
is
intended to be
sprinkled
it
soldered,
little
with a
powdered
Foi..
J 80
SOLDERING.
work, and mathematical
in-
articles in brass
struments, as
it is
a very neat
joint.
The method
is,
after hav-
filed to as close
a joint as pos-
or sal
ammoniac
fasten
in
of
tinfoil,
by
means
of a
flame of a candle or lamp, by means of a blowpipe, to the joint, and as soon as the
to run,
foil
appear*
your joint
is
completed
or should the
it
over a char-
coal
fire,
till
lows
and
let
it
cool gradually.
MISCELLANEOUS.
To make Black-wax.
Take
ounce
of
halt
ac
MISCELLANEOUS.
181
ground very
line
and dried.
s
Green-wax,
Take two
it,
and
let
the pipkin be
v^ill
immediately boil up
rosin;
use.
it
and
for
To make Furniture
Paste.
then add as
much
spirits of turpentine
;
as will
moisten
it
through
at the
same time
when
it is
stir it
up and
it is
Another Method.
Scrape four ounces of beos'-wax as before,
ii
18S
MISCELLANEOUS.
spirits
of turpentine in a
of
to
it
and put
it
over a
it
slow
fire,
attending
fire
it
carefully, that
may
the
it
by
of
add as much
it
wax
as will moisten
through
at
the
close,
fit
and
let it
stand six
will be
for use.
Oil.
linseed-oil,
put
it
in a glazed pipkin,
it
much alkanet-root
and you
;
as
will cover
it
let
boil g^nlly,
will find
become of a
il
lei it cool,
and
will be
fit
Another Method.
Boil together, cold
drawn
linseed-oil
and as
every
much
alkanet-root as
oil
it
will cover,
and
to
quart of
pink
when
colour
is
extracted, strain
it
MISCELLANEOUS.
off,
18S
of spirits of
and
for
:
gill
turpentine
and
it
will
be a
very
superior
To Soften
Slice a
Ivory,
it
in
let
it
stand in a
warm
eight hours,
you
To Bleach
Take a double handful
by sprinkling
it
Ivory.
of lime,
i
and slack
it
add
Ihice
let it
pints of water,
settle
and
stir it
up together;
ten minutes,
and pour
;
pan
for
your purpose
it
and steep
in
the
lime-water,
it
hours, after
which
boil
it
in
strong alum-water
air.
in the
To
Solder or
Weld
Tortoise-shell or
Rom.
R 2
184
MISCELLANEOUS.
;
clean to a lap-joint,
is
no grease about
;
wet
were one
piece.
To
Gild
Leather for
Bordervig
S(c.
Doors,
Folding Screens,
Take any
skins,
quantity
of clear
brown sheep
water,
and
strain
sufiiciently
large;
when
them with
let
them
a
silver,
sufficient quantity,
egg
size,
and with a
tip
a bit of cotton
when
till
dry, varnish
them over
with
yellov\ lacker
colour;
you
may
MISCELLANEOUS.
^85
any length.
the foregoing operation the air
is
Observe
in
To perform
the
height of
summmer, when
.he skins
clear, dry,
may dry
may
effect
and
that
the silver
it.
may
not tarnish
Covers,
Sfc,
and two
is
belter)
five
some
effect
it
must be
divided so that
side for side;
relief in the
same manner as
and
printers or paper-stainers,
may
be done by
any one
who knows
little
of chair carving;
A/vilh
R 3
186
MISCELLANEOUS.
over
the
leather,
rubbing hard
till
you
Note.
If
may
your cover
is
larger
than
the
it,
graver,
and
fixed on
better,
will
answer much
off
Take a
thin skin of
it
in
it
you
find
it
strain
on a frame and
dry.
if
Note.
it is
This
will be
it
much improved,
after
pentine.
MISCELLANEOUS.
187
To make
of whiting, as
much
as
have occasion
for, for
pre-
mix
it
to the
con-
of putty,
all
rub
it
well
and press
your composition
take
it
may
thick
set
it
by
gets
glue,
the
hard, apply
to
your
work with
and bend
it
into
&c.
not a mould at hand, you
Note.
wish
it
to
it
it
well.
You
fo>'
will find
copying any
patterr
good moulds.
188
MISCELLANEOUS
To
imitate IFood^
S(c. fo-^
internal or external
Decorations.
of
a proper
common
oil-paint,
prepare the
fine,
hy
grinding, very
with
stale beer,
the colour
this in the
water-colours
let
it
and give
two of
An
Gold Size.
One ounce
stiff
consistence, to be used
Note
tical
This receipt
To
is
by an excellent prac-
workman.
clean Picinref.
the picture out of
its
Having taken
frame.
MISCELLANEOUS.
take a clean towel, and making
it
^.89
quite wet, lay
it
it
from
it
water
let
re-
main
off
w^et for
two
it
cloth
and renew
you
;
find all
of your picture
then wash
;
with a so ft sponge,
it
and
let
it
rub
it
nut or linseed
and
when
Iresh done.
Another Method.
Put
of a
into
lye a quarter
fine,
with a pint of
wine
let
them simmer
on the
tire
for half
with a brush
to
the
it
wipe
it
off
then
with a
little
nut-oil,
;
warmed, rub
the picture
and
as
let it
dry
this will
make
it
look as bright
when
it
come
190
MISCELLANEOUS.
To
silver
the Scales of
Sfc.
Take
an
fire
dissolved,
which
will
happen
in
about
it
five
mix
it
;
in
into
and
free
it
from sediment
salt,
then
silver
and the
der or curd
pour
salt
mix
In
it
up together, and
order to
it is
rub
it
with
of
little
it
over
it
will firmly
adhere and
well
cova>-
it,
wash
it
with water;
MISCELLANEOUS.
when
nish
it.
191
and var-
dry,
rub
it
Note
This
silver
is
may
the
enough.
Sfc.
it
of
gum
mastic, in a bottle
one part
gum
sandrac in
of
gum
Benjamin,
il'
to
your mind;
too thick,
add
some mastic;
if
too soft,
it,
warm
with a
the silvered
flat
plate before
the
it
fire,
and
till
over
this will
preserve
many
years.
Cryslalb'sed Tin.
Take
sheet
tin,
the best,
and
thickest covered
592
MISCELLANEOUS.
it
well with
the taco
is
well polished.;
warm
it,
or lay
it
into
it
in
its
Note.
into furniture,
beautiful
appearance
a
it
as
veneer
in
first
manner directed
for buhl
work,
having
to
the best
and
of
little oil
turpentine
when
used.
Note.
first
When you
it
give
a coat of parchment
patterns or
miscellakeous.
letters,
198
it
and
let
it
it
remain
till
by touching
with
your finger
your
lot
and water,
and,
when
dry, varnish
it
them be soaked
for about
twelve
hours
in
in
them
weak
two
or three
hours; you
may
T/ie
Method of Gilding
the
Borders of Leather
Tops of
Li^'rary Tables,
Work
Boxes,
Sfc,
The
with a
book-binder
The method by
as follows:
to
They
gilt
first
part intended
be
with a
is
sponge dipped
which
the
19i
MISCELLANEOUS.
left to settle;
it is,
so
much
the
is
engraved,
it
in
heated so
by applying a
it is
wetted finger,
ing,
heat-
intended
it
to be,
and
it,
pressing
down with
adhere
in
rub
off
To prepare Plaster
Having trimmed your
all
Figures*
figure or
sot
ornament from
it
superfluous knobs,
&c.
fn
warm
it,
which
fill
so mucb,
it, it
when the
plaster figure
is
placed in
will
MlSCELLA5vE0CS.
195
remain
in the vessel
it
out,
it
in
is
dust;
oil
ment, or whatever
like
is
wax, and
will bear
washing without
injury.
To make Transparent,
or Tracing Paper.
some very
fine
it
on a clean board,
this liquid,
it
and with a
over
it it
soft
brush dipped in
go
over,
and
apply
hang
it
up
in a place free
from dust,
to
dry;
it
Note.
This
you
196
please copy
leisure
;
MISCELLANEOUS.
it
or
if
is
a pattern
for
Buhl work,
you may
you wish
work
as
pattern,
:
it
will
Or-Molu.
This beautiful method of preparing brass-
work
till
is
much
in use
lately,
perhaps,
more owing
expence
in
doing
it,
when com:
the
method by which
it
is
performed,
is
somewhat
which
by
applying
to
an
amalgam
brass- work,
of
gold and
well
quicksilver
your
when
leaving
is
work, which
MISCELLANEOUS.
heie^lened by a chemical process.
is
197
But as
it
health of the
workman,
it
would be
useless to
in
Aqua
regia, and
into
the
tinder; alter
this,
take
into
common
salt
and
work
vYcII,
and
its
Note
Aqua
regia
marine acid
{spirits
of
salt)
mixed
To
clean Mirrors^
soft
Looking Glasses,
wash
it
S(c.
Take a
dio
sponge,
it
well
in clean
;
as dry as possible
of wine,
then
tlie
into
some
spiri*-s
rub over
8 3
198
glass, then
rag:,
MISCELLANEOUS.
have some powder blue tied up
it
in
and dust
it
lightly
afterwards finish
a silk handkerchief.
To Take a
caustic),
silver Ivory.
and pound
it,
in
a mortar
add
it
soft
water
to
in
in this solution
and
let
remain
till
it
in
or if
you wish
any
figures, as cypher,
in
a camel-hair pencil
draw
it
what you
desire on
your ivory
it
after
v^-ith
has
well
water,
and place
wetting
it
it
in the
sun-shine,
;
occasionally
in
a short time
if
it
which
well rubbed
APPENDIX.
Manual
it
for
the
workman,
as well as a
book of
reference,
The
will show,
by inspection, the
superficial content of
any
all
show the
to
required
Explanation of Tables
I.
and
II.
Table
tfi
1,
If we
hand column
feet,
and
lop
row
show
^00
APPENDIX.
TABLE
1
I.
APPENDIX.
201
TABLE
IT.
S0^2
APPENDIX
if
Is exactly
thus,
wc
shall
it
that
I
by
in
board or plank
is
when
the plank
is
long in comparison to
its
will
of the tables
1 1
feet T
Ft. In.
First, 11 feet multiplied
by 5
feet, is
I, is
55
2
Second,
1 1 feet
by 3 inches, by table
9.
9 5|
is
'^
5}. .0
II
.
I, is
.2 11
by 9 inches, table
is
1, is 1
.0
1^
2^
equal
61
&
-j?
would be equal
a superficial inc"
a quantity of inconsiderable
APPENDIX.
203
TABLE
c
III.
204
ArPENDIX.
Explanation of Table III.
Table
III.
Is
common method
girth
:
of
measuring timber
it
viz.
by taking the
and
is
and dividing
in the
thus used
Seeli
first
column
marked
inches,
and
number by
will
shew
its utility
What is
length
9 feet,
and
6^,
is
1 10
which, multiplied by 9
9
16
The
Note.
content
is
therefore equal
will, in
The
general, bo
within an inch or
two
by the
APPENDIX.
205
TABLE
[V.
206
ArPENDix.
Table
way may be
an example
in
Example
1.
To change 56 himdredih
into inches
parts
of a foot
and parts.
is
In the
0, is
first
0,
and opposite
9,
is
6 inches and 9
twelfths of an inch.
Example
2.
into hundredth
we
find opposite
10 inches 83,
is
six-eighths) is 6,
which added to
APPENDIX.
m
Ft.
In.
TABLE
Meas'iies of different Counties.
'
V.
Lin. Pts
Parts
Englisb
1440
133.5
Amsterdam
Berlin
Brussel*
,
Copenhagen
Dantzic
Denmark
Florence
Hamburgh
Leghorn
Leipsic
.
..*
..
<
Lisbon Madrid
Moscow
Naples (the Pahn)..., Pari.s((he Foot) (the Metre)
,
^iga
Rome
(the
Palm)
Warsaw
1329 1508 1433 1170 1343 1428 1489 1371 1319 1337 1240 1535 4731 1313 1055 1545 1638 1492 1684
4* 3
4
5
11
1
4 9 6 2 9
10
7
Explanation of Table V.
Table V.
will
and
is
t2
APPENDIX.
one given by Dr. Button
in his
;
Mathematical Reoreatio,
is
is di-
contains the
when compared
French Measures.
The English
foot
is
-065977,
foot
is
is
foot
to the Paris, as
to 1-21 1277.
T/ie
to
find
Rule. As
is
to 22, or as
113
is
to 355, so is the
diameter taken
in
any dimension, as
feet, inches,
&c. to
to find the
Area or
superficial Content,
first rule, tliea
Rule. Find
APPENDIX.
sop
Note.
For
practical purposes
the.
by half
the diameter
is
the area.
its
3.
Any
Rule.
Area.
Measure
a portion)
circle (of
which
Ellipsis or
Oval
shortest,
Rule. Multiply
by the
RcLE.
the area.
Rdle
given,
2.
When
;
subtract each
the three re-
side severally
sum and
6.
To find
the
Area or
It
210
Rdle
2.
APPENDIX,
Itself
To find
the
Area of a
Cylinder,
Rdle
Multiply
the length
by the circumference*'
To find
a Cone.
at the base,
Rule.
the Cone, to which add the area of the circle at the base'
To find the
Solidity of
a Sphere
or Globe.
R[TLE.
solid
content,
10.
To find
of a Pyramid.
of the base
by the perpen-
To find
of a Cylinder.
Rulf.
required.
Multiply the
area
the
of
sum
APPEND IX.
Ti^BLE
Weight
of a Cubic Foot of
211
VI.
APPENDIX
Explanation of Table VI
The only part that
j.able
is
requires to be explained in
this
a cubic foot of river water being 1,000, and those numbers also express the
in
wood
to be well seasoned,
and
from knots.
Pini^
INDEX.
CABINET WORK.
General t^aervationt
..
To make GlRss-paper .. .. ,. ^ .. To make Strong Glueflt for Inlaying or Veneering .. To clean the face of soft Mahogaoy, or other porous Wood Another way to clean and finish Mahogany Work To dajken light Mahogany To raise oH Veneers
.
3
ib.
4 i
&c
10
To To
Saws
H
13 15
To make
tops,
&c
A
To
16
DYING WOOD.
General Obaervattont
Fine Black
..
..
..
..
..18
214
INDEX.
Page
for a
Another Method
Pine Blue
good Black
18 19
,
Another Blue
Fine Yellow
21
)f.
22
ib.
Bright Green
23
..
,.
Another Green
Bright
..
..
..
.,
..
ib.
Red
..
24
ib.
Another Red
Purple
..
..
..
..
5
ib.
26
ib.
Grey
Another Gre^
27
STAINING.
General Observations
Black Stain for immediate Use
26
20
ib.
lb.
**
,
.-.
To
Stain Beech a
Mahogany Colour
Black Stain
..
Anuther Method
for
To
imitate
Rose -wood
30
ib.
Another Method
To imitate King or Botany Bay Wood common Red for Bedsteads and common Chairs To Stain Horn in imitation of Tortoise-shell
. .
31
.^ or
-
32
ib.
'h.
Another Method
Another Method
still
Better
<
t-
33
ib'
To To
To
Stain Ivory or
Bone Red
Stain Ivory or
Bone Black
c'-
34
35
i**
..
INDEX.
21S
To To
3
ib.
Purple
37
ib.
33
ib.
Bright Yellow
i^
To
Stain Box-wood
Brown
..
39
VARNISHING.
General Observations ,,
.,
,
5|j^
..
..
40
Gums and
Spirits
used
42
43
in order
To To To To
44
45
Pictures
make the best white hard Varnish make Mastic Varnish proper for Varnishing
or
Drawings
.. ..
43
,.
jb. ib.
To make Varnish for Violins, &c To Varnisli Harps and Dalcimers in the Indian Manner To Varnish Drawings, or any kind of Paper or Card
47
Work
Another Meth id
still
ib.
better
..
4S
..
,
Amber
Varnish'
,,
49
ib.
Oil Varnish
Copal Varnish
....
.>
50
tl
INDEX.
/aft
To make
a ColourlesB
opal Varn'sh
..
,.
40
..
51
JAPANNING.
Creneral Observations
'.
,
..
. .
53
55
ib,
. .
To
imitate
Rose-wood
..
INDIA JAPANNING.
General Observations
56
..
Ground
for Chinese
Japan
..
. . . .
,,
67
58
ib
Another Ground
. .
..
Ground
59
ib.
To
Work
Gold Bronze
Silver
6o
61
Bronze
Copper Bronze
Tin Bronze
of applying the Bronze
62
ib.
Method
63
,,
ib.
66
POLISHING.
General Observations
^7
.. ..
To
To
Polish Varnish
:\;ethod of Polishing
68
French
69
in
Polish Brass
OrnameHts Inlaid
W>od
..
..
ib.
To To
Polish Ivory
Polish any
of Pearl
. .
..
70
ib.
Work
..
..
..
INDEX.
817
Page
To Polish
MarMe
..
..
..
.0 Polish Tortoise-shell or
Horn
..
..
..
7^
ss
..
75
/6
ib.
77
ib.
.
Strong Polish
Directions for cleaning and polishing old Fainiture
78
CLEANING.
To
To
clean and restorethe Elasticity ofCane Chair Bottoms,
Couches, &c.
..
79
ib.
To
SC
ib.
Receiot
Marble,
To To
&c of Mahogany
-v
. .
.
'^
81
3*.
.
Another Method
take Spots of Grease or Oil from Cloth take out W&s. Spots from Cloth or Silk
..
To
To
tfi
Another Method
iC.
ib.
To
M
S4
frlass
..
SILVERING.
General Observations
method
of Silvering
NDEX.
To make
Mirrors,
&e
88
87
Another Method
..
..
89
90
91
..
..
92
Green Paint
Trellises,
for
Garden
Stands,
Venetian
Blinds,
&c
99
GILDING.
General Observations
Necessary Requisites
to
Ije
ib
provided with
lOO
To make Size for preparing your Frames, &c To prepare your Frames or Wood Work
Polishing
102
ib.
103
. . . . . .
Gold Size
104
ib.
To
&c
for Gilding
..
ib.
105
107 108
ib.
To make
Silvering
Shell
Gold
..
-..
109
Silver Size
ib.
liO
To
..
ft.
INDaX.
219
LACKERING.
Page
GcneraH.'HJfUiSitont
^
t
116
for
Brass
..
117
5h.
118
ib.
Lacker with
Spirits of Turpentine
119
BUHL WORK.
General Observations
..
..
..
..
..
..
120
121
To prepare your
122
123
124
To Glue up your
Pattern
Wood
&c
125
To
127
CEMENTS.
To make Cement Mahogany Colour Portable Glue, or Bank-note Cement
Cement
for
129
..
..
..
ib.
Turners
broken Glass
130
13l
in
A A
Cement
for
Cement
Colour
to stop
Flaws or Cracks
Wood, of any
ih.
A Cement
&c
<,
\32
ib.
15.?
Another Cement
1S4
u 2
SSt
INDEX.
TURNING
General Observations
&c
..
134
141
142
143
work
..
ib.
LINES.
General Observations
144
..
is
Example
1.
2.
To To
146
correct
3.
1^7
Between
same
strait line
with them
line to
148
draw
149
5.
From any
point
above a
strait
line
to
draw another
to
it
be perpendicular
lol
6. 7.
To ascertain whether your square is correct To draw a line parallel to, or equally dis-
152
point
8
153
To make an To
angle or bevil
9.
15
INDEX.
Example
To
To
divide any strait line into any numoer.
..
2?l
Peer
10.
of equal parts
11.
^57
two
1^0
eoual Darts
12.
13.
circle
IGl
shall
..
meet a
cirCie in
14.
..
163
To draw
1G4
To
its
describe an arch
whose
altitude
;
or
spring
is
given,
and likewise
its
opening
without
166
knowing
.
centre
bisect or divide
16.
To
To draw
ordinates
any arch of an
by
1
means of
18.
To draw
intersection of lines
19.
To draw an
To
with a pair of
..
171
any
20.
ellipse
1/2
SOLDERING.
General Observations
Brass Solder for Iron
..
..
74
177
ib.
Common
Hard Soider
Soft Solder
178
)"'.)
To
..
..
..
ifc.
INDEX.
MfSCELLANEOUS.
Patte
To make Black
Green
Wax
..
..
.. ..
,,
..
180
181
Wax
To make
Furniture Paste
,,
,.
..
ib.
ib.
Another Method
To make
Furniture
on
..
..
..
182
lb.
Another Method
*.
To Soften Ivory To Bleach Ivory To Solder or Weld Tortoise-shell or Horn To Gild Leather for bordering Doors, &c. To Damask Leather for Table Covers, &c To make Parchment transparent To make Composition Ornaments for Picture Frames, &c. To imitate Wood, &c. for internal or external Decorations An excellent Receipt for Burnish Gold Size .. .. To clean Pictures *
. .
183
ib.
ib.
. .
i84
Another Method
189
190
191
ib.
To
Varnish
Crystallized Tin
192
..
..
193
The Method
of Gilding the
Library Tables, &e To prepare Plaster Figures .. To make Transparent or Tracing Paper
.,
.. ..
.. ..
194
195
196
Or-Molu
To To To
..
197
ib.
&e
198
INDEX.
APPENDIX.
Paet
Tables.
&(!.
findinar the
..
..
Prai'tica'i
Superficial Content
..
2 *
2ti
Weight of Jioaiea
..
..
..
NICHOLSON'S
comprising
Science.
OPERATIVE
MACHINIST
:
MECHANIC
and
:
BRITISH
comprehending a complete and systematic Development both of the Theory and Practice of the Productive Arts, and exhibiting the present state of unrivalled perfection in tlieir actual Construction and practical Uses of all the Machinery and Imwith real Britain, the Processes adopted in Great plements now used By in perfecting the National Manufactures of every Description. Engineer. Civil large volume. In One JOHN NICHOLSON, Esq. or in Thirty Weekly Octavo, Third Edition, 31s. 6d. half-bound
;
Numbers,
Is.
each.
This work displays in a cheap and succinct tbrm, and in a correct and comprehensive manner, the actual state of Scientific Improvement aa
at present applied to the productive industry of this Empire; not as the same knowledge now exists in Books, but as actually found in Workshops and Manufactories of the highest character, as regards and every branch of the CAEPENTRY, JOINERY, It conveys evei7 desirable information relative to Building Art. Engines and Constructions particularly as MILL
MASONRY,
all
PRINTING MACHINERY, CLOCKS and WATCHES, and to METALLIC. WOOLLEN, COTTON, LINEN, SILK, PAPER, PORCELAIN, and other important Manufactures. To this New Edition of the " Operative Mechanic," the Proprietors
LICS,
Branches of the
WORK, HYDRAU-
have made very consi'lerable additions, by way of Supplement, exhibitof the PUBLIC of this Country, ing a DUPIN. This invaluable Department presents a by the Series of PLANS, ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS, and DETAILS, exquisitely engraved, including the most striking examples of British Science, Skill, Power, Ingenuity, and Perseverance, as exhibited in our BRIDGES, whether of STONE or IRON (including SUSPEN-
WORKS
SION BRIDGES). CANALS, LOCKS, PORTS, PIERS, DOCKS, LIGHTHOUSES, RAILWAYS, LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES, &c. &c.
It is
tific
Workman,
the scien-
"-).
i>5"
5f%AL
4.
'^ff.-'l
!'
^fcSg>'