Math 3310 Theoretical Concepts of Calculus

Solutions to Quiz 5 Review

Exercise 26:5 : Use the Mean Value Theorem to establish the following inequalities:
(a) e
x
> 1 + x; for x > 0:
Solution: Let f (t) = e
t
; where c [0; x]: Since f is continuous on [0; x] _ [0; ) and dierentiable in
(0; x) ; by MVT, we have that there is c (0; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (0)
x 0
=
e
x
e
0
x
:
However,
since x > 0 =e
x
> e
0
= 1; hence f
0
(x) =
d
dx
(e
x
) = e
x
> 1:
Therefore, we have
e
x
1
x
> 1:
Thus, we nally obtain that
e
x
1 > x; for x > 0:
It follows that
e
x
> 1 + x; for x > 0:
(b)
x1
x
< lnx < x 1 for x > 1:
Solution: First we show that
x 1
x
< lnx for x > 1
Let f (t) = lnt; t [1; x] ; x > 1: Since f is continuous on [1; x] and dierentiable on (1; x), by MVT,
we have that there is c (1; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (1)
x 1
=
lnx ln1
x 1
=
lnx
x 1
Now, we have
f
0
(t) =
1
t
;
so if 1 < c < x; we have
1
x
< f
0
(c) =
1
c
< 1:
Therefore, it follows that
1
x
<
lnx
x 1
< 1; so
x 1
x
< lnx < x 1 for x > 1:
(c) 7
1
8
<
_
51 < 7
1
7
Solution: Consider f (x) =
_
x on the interval [49; 51]. The function f is continuous on [49; 51] and
dierentiable on (49; 51) :Therefore, by MVT, there is c (49; 51) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (51) f (49)
51 49
=
_
51 7
2
1
Now, we have
f
0
(x) =
1
2
_
x
; thus for c (49; 51) ; we have
1
16
=
1
2
_
64
_
1
2
_
51
< f
0
(c) =
1
2
_
c
<
1
2
_
49
=
1
14
Therefore, we obtain
1
16
< f
0
(c) =
_
51 7
2
<
1
14
1
8
<
_
51 7 _
1
7
7 +
1
8
<
_
51 _ 7 +
1
7
; so
7
1
8
<
_
51 < 7
1
7
(d)
_
1 + x < 1 +
1
2
x; for x > 0:
Solution: Let f (t) =
_
1 + t; where t [0; x]: Since f is continuous on [0; x] _ [0; ) and dierentiable
in (0; x) ; by MVT, we have that there is c (0; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (0)
x 0
=
_
1 + x
_
1
x
=
_
1 + x 1
x
:
However,
f
0
(t) =
d
dt
_
1 + t

=
1
2
1
_
t + 1
:
Therefore, for c > 0; we have
c + 1 > 1;
_
c + 1 > 1; 2
_
c + 1 > 2; f
0
(c) <
1
2
, so
_
1 + x 1
x
<
1
2
; hence
_
1 + x 1 <
1
2
x:
Thus, we nally obtain that
_
1 + x <
1
2
x + 1 for x > 0:
(e)
_
1 + x < 5 +
x24
10
for x > 24.
Solution: Let f (t) =
_
1 + t; where t [24; x]: Since f is continuous on [24; x] _ [1; ) and dieren-
tiable in (24; x) ; by MVT, we have that there is c (24; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (24)
x 24
=
_
1 + x 5
x 24
:
However,
since x > 24 =1 + x > 25 =
_
1 + x > 5 =f
0
(x) =
d
dx
_
1 + x

=
1
2
_
1 + x
<
1
10
:
2
Therefore, we have
_
1 + x 5
x 24
<
1
10
:
Thus, we nally obtain that
_
1 + x < 5 +
x 24
10
for x > 24:
(f ) sin(x) _ x for x _ 0.
Solution: Let f (t) = sin(t) ; where t [0; x] for x > 0. Since f is continuous on [0; x] R and
dierentiable on (0; x) ; by MVT, we have that there is c (0; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (0)
x 0
=
sinx 0
x 0
=
sinx
x
:
However,
f
0
(x) =
d
dx
(sin(x)) = cos x _ 1 for all real x.
Therefore, we have
sinx
x
_ 1:
Hence
sin(x) _ x for x > 0.
Moreover, notice that
sin(x) _ x for x = 0:
(g) [cos x cos y[ _ [x y[ for x; y R
Solution: Let us consider function f (t) = cos t on the interval [x; y] ; x < y: Since f is continuous on
[x; y] and dierentiable on (x; y) : It follows from the MVT that there is c (x; y) such that
f
0
(c) =
cos x cos y
x y
; hence also we have
[f
0
(c)[ =

cos x cos y
x y

=
[cos x cos y[
[x y[
Since, we have
f
0
(t) =
d
dt
(cos t) = sin(t) ; then
[f
0
(c)[ = [sinc[ _ 1; hence
[f
0
(c)[ =

cos x cos y
x y

=
[cos x cos y[
[x y[
_ 1; and we have
[cos x cos y[ _ [x y[ ; for all x; y R:
(h) x < tanx for 0 < x < =2:
Solution: Let f (t) = ttant; where t [0; x]; and 0 < x < =2: Since f is continuous on [0; x] _ [0; =2)
and dierentiable in (0; x) ; by MVT, we have that there is c (0; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (0)
x 0
=
x tanx (0 tan0)
x
=
x tanx
x
:
3
However,
f
0
(t) =
d
dt
(t tant) = tan
2
t:
Therefore, for c > 0; we have
f
0
(c) < 0
x tanx
x
< 0; since x > 0, we have
x tanx < 0
Thus, we nally obtain that
x < tanx for 0 < x < =2:
(i) arctanx <

4
+
x1
2
for x > 1:
Solution: Let f (t) = arctant; where t [1; x]: Since f is continuous on [1; x] _ [1; ) and dierentiable
in (1; x) ; by MVT, we have that there is c (1; x) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (x) f (1)
x 1
=
arctanx arctan1
x 1
=
arctanx

4
x 1
:
However,
f
0
(t) =
d
dt
(arctant) =
1
t
2
+ 1
for t > 1:
Therefore, for c > 1; we have
c
2
+ 1 > 2 =f
0
(c) <
1
2
; so
arctanx

4
x 1
<
1
2
; hence arctanx

4
<
x 1
2
Thus, we nally obtain that
arctanx <
x 1
2
+

4
for x > 1:
(j)

sin axsin bx
x

_ [a b[ for x ,= 0:
Solution: Assume that x ,= 0; and let us consider function f (t) = sint on the interval [ax; bx] ; and
we assume that ax < bx (in particular, it follows that a ,= b): Since f is continuous on [ax; bx] and
dierentiable on (ax; bx) : It follows from the MVT that there is c (ax; bx) such that
f
0
(c) =
f (ax) f (bx)
ax bx
=
sinax sinbx
ax bx
; hence also we have
[f
0
(c)[ =

sinax sinbx
ax bx

=
[sinax sinbx[
[a b[ [x[
=

sinax sinbx
x

1
[a b[
Since, we have
f
0
(t) =
d
dt
(sint) = cos (t) ; then
[f
0
(c)[ = [cos c[ _ 1; hence
[f
0
(c)[ =

sinax sinbx
x

1
[a b[
_ 1; and we have
4

sinax sinbx
x

_ [a b[ ; for x ,= 0::
In the case, when a = b; the statement

sin axsin bx
x

_ [a b[ for x ,= 0 is obvious.
Exercise 28:4 : Find a Taylor polynomial that approximates e
x
to within 0:2 on the interval [2; 2].
Solution: We observe that
f
(n)
(x) = e
x
for n N:
Therefore, we have
f
(n)
(0) = e
0
= 1
and we obtain
p
n
(x) =
n
X
i=0
1
i!
x
i
and
R
n
(x) =
f
(n+1)
(c)
(n + 1)!
x
n+1
=
e
c
(n + 1)!
x
n+1
; where c (2; 2) .
In our case:
[R
n
(x)[ =

e
c
(n + 1)!
x
n+1

=
e
c
(n + 1)!
[x[
n+1
_
e
2
(n + 1)!
2
n+1
<
e
2
(n + 1)!
n! for n > 4, so
[R
4
(x)[ <
e
2
n + 1
<
2
10
=
1
5
, hence we need to solve
e
2
n + 1
<
1
5
for n.
The solution to this inequality is n > 5e
2
1 - 12:5, which means that Taylor polynomial that
approximates e
x
to within 0:2 on the interval [2; 2] is of degree at least 13.
Exercise 28:5 : Let f(x) = sinx.
a. Find p
6
for f at x = 0.
b. How accurate is this on the interval [1; 1]?
Solution: a. For f (x) = sinx, we have:
f
0
(x) = cos (x)
f
00
(x) = sin(x)
f
000
(x) = cos (x)
f
(4)
(x) = sin(x)
and in general
f
(n)
(x) =
8
>
>
<
>
>
:
sin(x) if n = 4k
cos (x) if n = 4k + 1
sin(x) if n = 4k + 2
cos (x) if n = 4k + 3
; k = 0; 1; :::
Therefore, we have
f
(n)
(0) =
8
>
>
<
>
>
:
0 if n = 4k
1 if n = 4k + 1
0 if n = 4k + 2
1 if n = 4k + 3
and we obtain
p
6
(x) =
6
X
i=0
f
(i)
(0)
(i)!
x
i
and
R
6
(x) =
f
(7)
(c)
7!
x
7
; where c (1; 1) and x (1; 1):
5
Hence, we have
p
6
(x) = x
1
6
x
3
+
1
120
x
5
and
[R
6
(x)[ =

cos c
7!
x
7

=
[cos c[
7!
[x[
7
_
1
7!
=
1
5040
- 0:0002:
Exercise 28:8 : Let f(x) =
_
x. Find p
2
for f at x
0
= 9 to estimate
_
8:8. What is the error?
Solution: a. For f (x) =
_
x, we have:
f
0
(x) =
1
2
_
x
f
00
(x) =
1
4
_
x
3
f
000
(x) =
3
8
_
x
5
Therefore, we have
f
0
(9) =
1
2
_
9
=
1
6
f
00
(9) =
1
4
_
9
3
=
1
108
f
000
(c) =
3
8
_
c
5
and we obtain
p
2
(x) =
2
X
i=0
f
(i)
(9)
(i)!
(x 9)
i
and
R
2
(x) =
f
(3)
(c)
3!
(x 9)
3
Hence, we have
p
2
(x) = 3 +
1
6
(x 9)
1
216
(x 9)
2
, so p
2
(8:8) = 3 +
1
6
(8:8 9)
1
216
(8:8 9)
2
- 2:96
6