The Industrial Revolution Spreads 22:1 New Industrial powers To try and maintain Britain's supremacy in the Industrial

l World they made strict rules against exporting inventions. In 1807 an Englishmen opened factories in Belgium. They were the first European nation besides Britain to Industrialize. Germany, France and the United States caught up quickly with Britain because of their large supply of coal. The first factory in the United States was built with plans smuggled out of Britain. In a few decades Germany became the new leader in Europe. By the 1900's the world leader in production was the United States Nations underwent rapid urbanization and men and women worked in horrible conditions. Because of the technologies Western powers dominated the world. Technology and Industry In the 1800s companies started to hire professional scientist to develop new invention In 1856 Bessomer developed a process to make steel. Countries measure their Industrial strength by the amount of steel that they produce. New chemicals were produced from medicines to perfumes. In 1866 Nobel invented dynamite In 1870 the light bulb was invented by Edison Interchangeable Parts- Identical components that could be used in place of another 1900's assembly line was created by Henry Ford which sped production even more. New Divisions in the Visual Arts In the 1840's tie photograph became a form of art Late photographers such as Matthew Brady used them to display realism such as the dead on the battle field of the civil war. An impressionism is when the painter tries to capture the first impression of the event. Monet Was a famous impressionist painter. World of Cities 22 Medicine and Population. Between 18000-1900 the population of Europe doubled the death rate failed. People ate better and there were advance in public sanitation In 1870 French chemist Louis Pasteur showed a clear link between germ and infectious disease. He later created vaccines for rabies and anthrax. 1880's tie German Robert Koch identifies the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. Yellow fever and malaria were linked to mosquitos in 1914 The Life of Cities Cities started to get planned in city blocks Urban renewal: Rebuilding poor areas In American cities rich people lives on the outskirts and the poor lived in around the urban cities. They started to pave streets and had gas ad then electric street lights. Police forces were created Sewer system made cities much healthier. In the 1900's Americans created the skyscraper from steel Working Class Struggles

Workers protested low wages, long hours, and unsafe conditions. At first strikes and unions were illegal Mutual and societies wore formed. ( Self help groups formed to aid sick or injured workers) By the late 1800's workers had right to organize. In 1909 won an 8 hour day Unskilled workers made much less then skilled workers and women made half of what men made. Standard of Living Measures the Qualities and availability of necessities and comforts in society. Changing Attitude and Values 22:3

A new social order by th Late 1800's Western Europe's upper class included business families as well as old nobility. There was a new upper middle class that had doctors, scientist and lawyers. The lower middle class had teachers, office workers, shop keepers, and clerk. At the bottom was workers and peasants. They made up 30% of industrial Britain. The Muddle class lived in a large house with oversized furniture. Social etiquette dictated clothes for work to how to throw a dinner party. Even small middle class families were expected to have a cook and a house maid. Young people were given more freedom to marry for love but were still expected to look at the practical side of marriage. Women of successful middle class families were allowed to stay at home. Some women campaigned for marriage for farmers in marriage, divorce and property lives. some joined the temperance movement: a campaign to limit or band alcohol. By the late 1800s women saw they needed to have the right to vote to make changes.

Growth in Public Education By the late 1800's public schools were set up and basic education was requested. Universities were set up that focused on ancient history and languages, philosopher region and law. Engineering schools were set up to teach going into the industrial workforce.

New Directions in Science In the 1800's John Batton came up with modern atomic theory. The Periodic Table was drawn up by the russian Mendelayev Geology6 started heated debates over earths creation and biblical accounts Daruim came up with the theory o natural selection He said that all species competed for recourses and the better species usually won out Some people related the principles to social matters such as business. Encourage Racisim

Retraction in an Urban Age Christian Churches and Jewish synogogues remained at the center of communication They pushed the social gospel and urged christian to social service. A New Culture Ch 22:4

Romantic Revolt against Reason Romanticism was a movement from 1750 to 1850 They rebelled against enlightenment and tried to glorify nature. Romanticism writers created a new hero; a mysterious, melancholy figure who was not the norm society. They usually had a guilty secret. Romantic writers combined history legend and folklore Musicians tried to create emotions as well Beethoven was the first composer to make use of all the instruments in the Modern orchestra Painters used big brush strokes and bright colors to depict nature. The call to realism In the Mid 1880's a new movement called realism started in the West Charles dickens told these stories in novels. Painter Focused on realty such as working class men or women.