SUSPENDED HINGED BAR BY USING TWO DIFFERENT MATERIAL WIRES To determine the forces(f1&f2) and the ratio of forces(f1/f2)

and carried by different wire in a system of a hinged bar suspended by a steel and brass wire experimentally and compare with the theoretical values. Statically Indeterminate A Statically determinate forces system is one in which the values of all the external forces acting on the body can be determined by the equations of static equilibrium alone. The forces acting on a body can not be determined by the equations of equilibrium. Such a case of force system is said to be statically indeterminate. Experiment is aimed at finding these unknown forces using simple dial gauges. A hinged flat suspended by two wires of different materials is an indeterminate system. It will have one unknown force in each wire and a vertical unknown reaction at the hinged support. In this case there are only two effective equations of equilibrium. There are no horizontal forces and hence the system is indeterminate of order one. To determine the unknown forces this method is used, which considers the deformation of the system. The procedure to be followed in analyzing an indeterminate system is to first to write all equations of static equilibrium that pertain to the system and then supplement these equations with other equations based upon the deformation of the structure. Equations involving deformation will be written so that total number of equations from both statics and deformations is equal to the number of unknown forces involved. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Hinged bar suspended by Steel and Brass wires of equal length and diameter, Dial gauges (2 Nos.), weights and pan loading frame. PROCEDURE: The hinged flat in suspended using two wires of equal diameter, one of steel and the other of brass. The flat is suspended horizontally. Two dial gauges are placed below the point of attachment of each wire. Weights are placed in the pan in steps of 0.5 to 1 Kg. Dial gage readings are noted and tabulated. The first weight of 0.2 kg makes the wires initially straight. Hence the difference in the dial gauge readings between 0.5 to 1 kg is taken for the calculation of load
1

in the wires. Load on each wire is also calculated using theory from Strength of Materials compared with the values obtained from the dial gage readings. The ratio of the loads on each wire also calculated. f1l1 1 -------a1E1 f 2 l2 2 = -------a2 E2 l1 = l2= l E1= steel (youngs modulus) S. No. 1 2 3 4 P in kg 0.5 1 0.5 1 a1 E1 f1 = -------- 1 l1 a2 E2 f2 = -------- 2 l2 a1 = a2 = a E2 = Brass (Youngs modulus) 1(STEEL) 1(BRASS) 2(BRASS) 2(STEEL)

The ratio of forces in the Steel and Brass wire is determined experimentally and theoretically and found agree with near by value. The individual forces on each wire obtained experimentally are higher than the theoretical values due to the slip of the wire, which also contributes to the dial gage readings. The wires may be interchanged and repeat the experiment.

f1 Position Steel f2 Position Brass f1 E1 ---- = 2----f2 E2 3/2 W 2f1 = f2

.(1) ..(2)

Substituting Eqn.2 in eqn. (1) : E1 = 200 GPa for steel; E2 = 100 GPa for Brass f1 200 ------------------- = 2 -------3 100 ---- W 2f1 2 f1 ----------- = 4 3W-4f1 ----------2 2f1 --------- =8 3W-4f1 2f1 = 12W 16f1 18f1=12W 12W f1 = ----------9 2W f1= ------ ----------------------------(3) 3

Substitute eqn (3) in eqn (2) 3W ------- - 2f1= f2 2 3W - 4W = f2 ---- ----2 3 9W - 8W ------------- = f2 6 W f2 = -------------------------(4) 6 Actual brass youngs modulus is 95.1 10-3 Due to commercial ingredients at the time of manufacturing we have to take 100 x 10-3 Gpa Interchange the wire position f1 Position Brass f2 Position Steel f1l f2 l ---- = 2 ----aE1 aE2 f1 E1 ---- = 2 ----f2 E2 3 ----- W 2f1 = f2 2 .(1)

.. (2)

Substituting in eqn. (1) for f2 ; E1 = 100 for brass GPa; E2 = 200 for steel GPa f1 100 ------------------- = 2 -------- = 1 3 200 ---- w 2f1 2
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3 f1 = ------ (W 2f1)1 2 3 3 1 W 3f1 = ----- w = ----- ----- = -----2 2 3 2 w w f1= ----- & from eqn. (2) f2 = ---2 2 EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATION: l1 = l2 = l = 0.017m d1= d2 = 1mm a1 = a2 = (/4) d2 (dia of wire)

E1 = MS GPa 200 for steel S. No. 1 2 3 4 P in kg 0.5 1 0.5 1

E2 = (for Brass) 100GPa 1(STEEL) 414 424 1(BRASS) 455 458 2(BRASS) 426 438 2(STEEL) 432 480

1 =414

and 2 = 426 For brass

A1E1 (0.001)2 100 1 f1 = -------- 1 = -------------------------------N l1 4 l1 (0.001)2 100 426 f1= ------------------------------ = 1.97 N 40.017

A2E2 (0.001)2 200 2 f2 = -------- 2 = -----------------------------l2 40.017 (0.001) 200 414 f2= ---------------------------- =3.82 N 40.001
2

For steel 2W 0.51 f1= ------ = ----------9.81 =1.635N 3 3

1.97 f1 / f2 = ------------ = 0.57 3.82 Ratio of force From theory P1 = P/2 and P2 = P/2

W 0.5 f2 = ----- = ------ 9.81 =0.8175N 6 6 0.8175 f2= ----------- = 0.50N Ratio force 1.635

(From the Experiment Ratio of forces must be to one) CONCLUSION: Hence the ratio of forces from the experiment less than one, condition was proved. Similarly need to calculate the other possible combination of given wires.