Kristen Swanson Middle-Range Theory of Caring - Focused on caring and miscarriage - Womens health - Called middle-range theory because

e it used to be more specific to a certain area or specialization. 3 Scales used as an instrument of development 1. Caring Other Scale measures support received after miscarriage from one significant other and others. 2. Emotional Strength Scale measures extent of how individual sees herself emotionally. 3. Impact of Miscarriage Scale aspect of suffering from a miscarriage. Caring a nurturing way of relating to valued other toward one who has a personal commitment and responsibility Metaparadigms 1. Nursing informed caring for the well-being of others 2. Person unique beings whose wholeness is manifested in thoughts, feelings, and behavior 3. Health meaning-filled experience 4. Environment Swansons 5 Processes of Caring 1. Maintaining Belief believing in another persons capacity to work through and find personal meaning in his experience regardless of challenges faced. 2. Knowing attempting to understand what an experience means from the perspective of the person living it. 3. Being with being authentically present with another person in order to convey that their experiences are important 4. Doing for doing for others what they would do for themselves, if possible. 5. Enabling assisting others or giving them the tools needed to be able to care for themselves.

Lydia Halls Care, Core, and Cure. Lydia Hall - Public health nurse - Lydia Halls theory can be delivered on 3 interlocking levels Three Cs 1. Care - Hands on bodily care - Nurturing component which is exclusive to nursing - mothering (care and comfort of a person) - Nurse applies knowledge of natural and biological sciences

2. Core - Using of self in relationship to patient - Based on a social science - Involves the therapeutic use of self - Interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient - Activities are shared with all the members of the health care team 3. Cure - Seeing the patient and family through medical care - Based on pathologic and therapeutic sciences - Nurse assists patient through medical, surgical, and rehabilitative prescriptions by the physician - Dependent nursing actions - Role of nurse differs from the cares positive quality of comforting to the negative quality of avoidance of pain - Activities are also shared with the members of the team and with the patients family Jean Watson Transpersonal Caring Theory Authentic caring for the purpose of preserving the dignity and wholeness of humanity 10 Carative Factors 1. Formation of humanistic-altruistic values 2. Installation of faith-hope 3. Cultivation of ones self and others 4. Developing a helping-trusting, caring relationship 5. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions 6. Engaging in creative, individualized, problem-solving caring processes 7. Promoting transpersonal teaching-learning 8. Attending to supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environments 9. Assisting with gratification of basic human needs while preserving human dignity and wholeness 10. Allowing for, and being open to, existential-phenomenological and spiritual dimensions of caring and healing that cannot be fully explained scientifically through modern Western medicine. These carative factors occur within a transpersonal caring relationship and a caring occasion and caring moment as the nurse and other come together and share with each other.

Myra Estrine Levine - Conservation Model Adaptation the process by which conservation is achieved and the purpose for conservation is integrity. Adaptation Concepts Historicity Adaptation is a historical process. Responses are based on past experiences, both personal and genetic. Specificity Each system has very specific responses. Redundancy If one system cannot adapt, another can take over. Conservation is the product of adaptation. Conservation defends the wholeness of living systems ensuring their ability to confront change appropriately and retain their unique identities. Four Conservation Principles 1. Conservation of Energy Encouraged through the limitation of activities or the gradual resumption of activities. Example: Limiting the activities of a person with cardiac disease by complete bed rest. (Energy) 2. Conservation of Structural Integrity focuses on the healing process. Nurses support structural integrity through efforts to limit injury and thus limit scarring. 3. Conservation of Personal Integrity focuses on a sense of self. 4. Conservation of Social Integrity involves a definition of self that goes beyond the individual and goes beyond the holiness of each person. Ones identity is connected to family, friends, community, workplace, school, etc.

Martha Rogers Science of Unitary Human Being - Identifies what man is. Energy Field fundamental unit of the living and nonliving. This pertains to both man and the environment Human energy field an irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The whole is also different from the sum of the parts. Environmental energy field integral with the human field. Openness Both fields are constantly changing energies back and forth. There are no boundaries and barriers that inhibit energy flow between the field.

Pattern the distinguishing characteristic of an energy field. Example: sleep-wake pattern, circadian rhythm. Pandimensionality nonlinear domain without spatial (space) or temporal (time) attributes. Unitary Human Being - Unitary Human Being (person) - A unitary human being is an "irreducible, indivisible, pan-dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts" and "a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts." Environment- The environment is an "irreducible, pan-dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field". The two fields coexist and are integral. Manifestations emerge from this field and are perceived by the person Nursing a science and an art Homeodynamic Principles Resonancy - ordered arrangement of rhythm characterizing both human field and environmental field that undergoes continuous dynamic metamorphosis in the human environmental process. Helicy - describes the "continuous innovative, unpredictable, increasing diversity of human and environmental field patterns", the "continuous creative development and evolution of the humanenvironmental fields." Integrality is the mutual, continuous relationship of the human energy field and the environmental field. Changes occur by the continuous repatterning of the human and environmental fields by resonance waves. The fields are one and integrated, but unique from each other. Dorothea Orem Three Theories: The Theory of Self-Care Concepts: 1. Self-Care performance or practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. 2. Self-Care Agency humans acquired ability or power to engage in self-care 3. Therapeutic self-care demand is the totality of care measures necessary at specific times or over a duration of time for meeting an individuals self-care requisites by using appropriate methods and related sets of operations and actions. 4. Self-care requisites reasons for which self-care is undertaken; they express the intended or desired results

a. Universal Self-Care requisites also called the activities of daily living. Associated with life processes. Requisite that is common to all human beings. b. Developmental Self-Care Requisites associated with human growth and developmental processes. c. Health deviation Self-Care Requisites related to genetic and constitutional defects and human and structural and functional deviation The Theory of Self-Care Deficit - When individuals are not able to meet their self-care requisites, self-care deficit occurs. The nurses job is to identify the deficit and define a support modality. Five Methods 1. Acting for or doing for 2. Guiding 3. Teaching 4. Supporting 5. Providing and maintaining an environment that supports personal development The Theory of Nursing Systems The nursing system designed by the nurse is based on the self-care needs and abilities of the patient to perform self-care activities. Three Classifications 1. Wholly Compensatory Nursing System represented when an individual is unable to engage into those self-care actions. Usually seen in patients in coma or totally paralyzed. Also evident in people who are extremely young or extremely old. 2. Partly Compensatory Nursing System both the patient and the nurse contribute to meeting the self-care needs of the patient. Partially-paralyzed patients, people with disabilities. 3. Supportive-Educative system Patients are able to perform and can perform self-care activities but needs assistance especially teaching in the proper way to do so.

Imogene King Theory of Goal Attainment Conceptual System 1. Personal System each individual is a personal system 2. Interpersonal System refers to groups, formed by humans through interaction. 3. Social System structured large group Goal Attainment Theory

The goal is health Facilitated by the transaction between the nurse and the patient Two people (patient and nurse) who are strangers, come together in a health care organization to help and be helped to maintain a state of health that permits functioning in roles. Concepts 1. Interaction observable verbal and nonverbal goal directed behaviors of two or more people in mutual presence. 2. Perception reality as seen by each individual 3. Communication exchange of information between people that may occur during a face-toface meeting, electronic media, etc. 4. Transaction series of exchanges between human beings and their environment that include observable behaviors that seek to reach goals of worth to the participants 5. Role set of expected behaviors 6. Stress an ever-changing condition in which an individual, through environmental interaction, seeks to keep equilibrium to support growth and development and activity. 7. Growth and development ever-occurring changes in behavior 8. Time interval between two events that is experienced differently by each person 9. Space exists in every direction and is the same in all directions. 10. Health not a concept in the theory but as the goal for nursing

Neuman Systems Theory - Adapted from a stress theory - An individuals response to stress - Internal and external variables affect response to stress - Threat is known as the stressor o Intrapersonal Stressor comes from within o Interpersonal Stressor comes from relationships o Extrapersonal From outside, from the physical environment - Lines of Defense o Primary Prevention Flexible Line of Defense o Secondary Prevention Normal Line of Defense o Tertiary Prevention Lines of Resistance - Nursing is concerned with the variables that affect the individuals response to stress - Reconstitution adaptation, coping, successful

Sister Callista Roy Adaptation Model Humans holistic, adaptive system Environmental internal and external stimuli Humans respond to stimuli from the internal and external environment through control processes or coping mechanisms identified as the regulator (automatic) and cognator (perception, learning, judgment, and emotion) 4 Modes of Adaptation 1. Physiologic physical mode, biological, body 2. Self-Concept group identity, loss 3. Role-function mode 4. Interdependence mode -