CHAPTER 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES

METHODS OF RESEARCH
Used whether historical, descriptive or experimental should be explained briefly. The appropriateness to the study and some of its benefits/advantages should be given attention and should be well discussed the procedural part.

METHODS OF RESEARCH
Used whether historical, descriptive or experimental should be explained briefly.
The appropriateness to the study and some of its benefits/advantages should be given attention and should be well discussed the procedural part.

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
Appropriate method to use.

Fact finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings.
Describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situation or any phenomena.

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The method of collecting data and development of the instrument for gathering data must also be explained.
-Ed. D Jose F. Calderon (1993)

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Process:
Select the method of collecting data. Use your preferred research instrument Look for related studies Finalize Submit to your adviser for correction validation

THE SAMPLING DESIGN

SAMPLING measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing.
What the researcher has to do here is to write about the complete procedure the researcher used in determining the sample.

THE SAMPLING DESIGN

Among the things that the researcher should explain are:
a. The size of the population. b. The study of population. c. The margin of error and the proportion of the study population used.

THE SAMPLING DESIGN

d. The type or technique of whether: sampling used

PURE RANDOM SAMPLING everyone in the population of the inquiry has an equal chance of being selected to be included in the sample. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING - every nth name in a lift may be selected to be included in the sample. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING process of selecting randomly from different strata of the population. CLUSTER SAMPLING - used when the population is so big on the geographical area of the research is so large. The process is to divide the population into cluster and then the final cluster apply any of the different method.

THE SAMPLING DESIGN

or two or more techniques combined.
e. The actual computation of the sample; and f. The sample.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

It depends on the nature of the problem, especially the specific problem and the nature of the data gathered. Role of statistic in research nowadays statistic is now playing a vital role in research.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

FUNCTIONS OF STATISTICS PERFORM IN RESEARCH

1. Statistical methods help the researcher in making his research design, particularly in experimental research. 2. Statistical techniques help the researcher in determining the validity and reliability of his research instruments. 3. Statistical manipulations organize raw data systematically to make the latter appropriate for study.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

FUNCTIONS OF STATISTICS PERFORM IN RESEARCH

4. Statistics are used to test the hypotheses. 5. Statistical treatments give meaning and interpretation to data. 6. Statistical procedures are indispensable in determining the level of significance of vital statistical measures.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

1. The data should be organized using any or all of the following depending upon what is desired to be known or what is to be computed:
Talligram (tabulation table) Ordered arrangement of scores, score distribution, class (grouped) Frequency distribution or scatter gram

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

2.

When certain proportions of the population based on certain variables such as age, height, income, etc. are desired to be known, frequency counts with their frequency percent may be used. Cumulative frequencies with their respective cumulative frequency percent may also be utilized.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

3. When the typical, normal, or average is desired to be known, measures of central tendency such as the median, the mean or the mode may be computed and used. 4. When the variables being studied are abstract or continuous such that they cannot be counted individually such as adequacy, efficiency, excellence, extent, seriousness, and the like, the weighted mean may be computed and used if the average is desired to be known.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

5. When the variability of the population is desired to be known, the measures of variability such as the range, quartile deviation, average deviation or the standard deviation may be computed or used. 6. When the relative placements scores or positions are desired to be known, ranking, quartile or percentile rank may be computed and used.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

7. When the significance of the trend of reaction or opinion of persons as a group toward a certain issue, situation, value or thing is desired to be known but in which there is neutral position, the chi-square of equal probability, single group, is computed and interpreted.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

8.When the significance of the difference between the reactions, or opinions of two distinct groups in which there is neutral position desired to be known, the chi-square of equal probability, two-group, is computed and used. 9.To determine how one variable varies with another, the coefficient or correlation is computed.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

10. If the significance the perceptions of certain situation computation of the is to be made.

of the difference between the two groups about a is to be studied, the difference between means

11. To determine the relative effectiveness of the different ways of doing things to which different randomized groups are respectively exposed to and only a post test is given to the different groups, analysis of variance is appropriate to use.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

12. To determine the effects variables upon a single variable they are related, partial and correlations are suggested to be

of some to which multiple used.

13. To determine the association between two independent variables, the chi-square of independence or chi-square of multiplication may be used.

MEMBERS
Buison, Angelique J. Celorio, Joanne B. Ferrolino , Jhon Errold Guacena , Ivy Mae M. Pegollo, Aries Ramirez, Vanessa Mae C.