INTERNA TIONAL CONGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL

RESEARCH AT BITS PILANI GOA, 08-09

Comparative adsorption studies on Activated Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash by using Methylene Blue as dye
Milind R.Oidde1, Julie Dutta', Snehal Jadhav3

Abstract
Activated Rice Husk (ARH) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) were used as adsorbents for decolourisation. ARH was prepared from rice husk treated with nitric acid and RHA was

collected directly from mill. There adsorption capacity was evaluated for the decolourisation of wastewater containing methylene blue. The effect of system variables such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dose were investigated. The result shows that efficiency

varies with the variation in adsorbate concentrations and adsorbent. Colour removal efficiency was found to be 88 % to 94 % at the dose of 20 g/l for ARH and 80 % to 95 % at the adsorbent .dose of 2.5 g/l for RHA. The studies were carried out at methylene blue concentration of 5 0 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 10 mg/l. On the basis of adsorption isotherm graphs, R-square values were determined and found to fit the adsorption data. The Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich

adsorption isotherms are good fitted for the experimental data. Keywords: Rice husk, ARH, RHA, Methylene blue, Adsorption isotherms

1. Professor,

Department

of Civil Engineering,

Bharati Vidyapeeth

University

College of

Engineering, Pune - 411043, Maharashtra, India. Email-milindgidde@yahoo.co.in 2. PO students, Vasant Dada Sugar Institute, Manjari, Pune.

1. INTRODUCTION Pollution is a serious

discharged with or without treatment into problem ever since the surface water such as rivers, streams, lakes or into oceans or on land or in sewers. One of the most common water pollutant is colour. They find there way into the water by the discharge of dyes from paper and pulp industries, textile industries, tanning

sewage and industrial effluents are disposed into the water wastewater bodies a and on land. The wider variety of

contain

materials of both organic and inorganic nature including toxic substances and are usually

industries and many other industries. Colors in the water affect the nature of water, inhibit sunlight penetration and reduce photosynthetic action. Some of the dyes cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen affecting aquatic life

Being India an agricultural country, a large amount of agro-waste is generated every solid pith,

year. The use of these agricultural wastes such as coir pith, banana

coconut shell, rice husk and straw, bagasses, saw dust, bamboo dust, groundnut shell, etc. as an adsorbent for removal of colour from wastewater will be customer friendly. Rice is the second largest produced cereal in the world. Worldwide, India stands first in rice area and second in rice production, after China. During milling of paddy about 78 %

adversely. Some of the dyes are toxic and carcinogenic. Thus, uses of dye contaminated water adverse without any treatment may cause

effect on human

health,

domestic

animals, wildlife and on the environment. So it is necessary to treat or remove color from the wastewater before discharge. Various treatment methods for removal of

of weight is received as rice, broken rice and bran. Rest 22 % of the weight of paddy is received as husk. The total quantity of rice husk produced annually in the country is about 19.5 million tones. The possible

colour and dye are co-agulation lime, ferric chloride and

using alum, sulphate, biological membrane

ferric

oxidation, flocculation, treatment, adsorption

ozonation, and

processes. Among these methods, adsorption method appears to offer the best prospect for overall treatment of colour removal. Use of Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) or Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) is more
r:

utilization of rice husk and rice husk ash as an adsorbent for methylene blue dye or other colour from aqueous because solutions of its can be effective

investigated

adsorption properties. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS and Preparation of

common. However, they are expensive

and

the regeneration or disposal of it has several problems. Thus, to make the process customer friendly, the use of several low cost

a. Collection Adsorbents

adsorbents has been studied. Locally available natural material can minimize concerns and significantly cost. or avoid the

Rice husk and rice husk ash were collected from Roha rice mill situated in Raigad

reduce treatment

district of Maharashtra state. The rice husk was screened and washed with water to

remove the dirt and was sun dried for a day.

Then the dried rice husk was soaked in 2.0 mol/L of nitric acid for an hour. It was then rinsed with distilled water for 2-3 times and oven dried at 105C for 2 hours. The oven dried rice husk was ground and sieved through BSS-30 mesh size particle. The name given to the adsorbent was Activated rice husk (ARH). Another adsorbent rice husk ash (RHA) was directly used without treatment. Only fine ash was used as adsorbent. b. Preparation of dye solution Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic

The Spectrophotometer

(HACH DR/2000)

was used for methylene blue analysis. The rotary incubator by shaker Steelment pH meter (model RIS,

manufactured Microprocessor

industries), (CERT),

Centrifuge machine (REMI R8C laboratory centrifuge), etc. were used for all adsorption experiments. d. Experiments The working solution of different

concentrations 50 mg/l, 30 mg/l, and 10mg/1 were prepared by serial dilution of stock solution. The four factors initial

chemical compound with molecular formula: C16HlSCIN3S. It was chosen because of its known strong adsorption onto solids. The dye is regarded as acutely toxic, but it can have various harmful effects. The structure of

concentration of dye, pH, contact time and adsorbent dose were varied. The batch

adsorption tests were carried out by shaking 100ml working dye solution in a stoppered conical flask. The conical flasks were placed on rotary shaking machine for one hour at 150 rpm. The progress of adsorption during the experiment was determined by removing the flask after desired contact time,

methylene blue is as given below-

r:
Figure 2: Structure of Methylene blue Methylene blue (S.D. fine chern. Ltd) was

centrifuging

and analyzing the supernatant at 610nm. at

solution spectrophotometrically Adsorption tests were

collected from laboratory. The stock solution of dye was prepared by dissolving 10 g of

performed

temperature 29C 2. The spectrophotometric readings were

methylene blue in 1000ml of distilled water. The working solutions were prepared by serial dilution of this stock solution. c. Equipment

recorded and further calculations were done to see the removal efficiency of the was

adsorbents.

The removal

efficiency

calculated using following formulae:

% Removal efficiency (11) = (Ci-Ct) x 100 Cf Where, Ci is the initial concentration

In of

the

case

of

Langmuir

adsorption were

isotherm, plotted.

graphs of II q vis liCe

methylene blue in solution and Cf is final concentration of methylene blue in solution. Adsorption isotherms were used to model isotherms

iii. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm q = K*Cel/n

colour adsorption.

The adsorption

........ 4

were tried to fit to the experimental adsorption data. The isotherms used in this study were: i. Linear Adsorption Isotherm q=K*Ce

Here, K is the measure of the capacity of the adsorbent (mass adsorbatel mass adsorbent) and n is a measure of how affinity for the adsorbate changes density. with changes of
III

1
blue

Where, q is the amount of methylene

adsorption

Evaluation

the

adsorbed on adsorbents, Ce is the amount of Methylene blue present in the solution and K is the constant given by the slope. For Linear adsorption isotherm, graphs of q vis Ce were plotted. ii. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm qm* K* Ce q
= --------------

coefficient K and n can be accomplished using linearized form of equation 4. log q = log K + (lIn) log Ce 5

For Freundlich isotherm, graphs of log q vis log Ce were plotted. The adsorption isotherms were tried to fit to the experimental adsorption data.

....... 2

Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine blue the goodness of fit for the For Linear

1 + K*Ce Where, q is the amount of methylene

different adsorption

isotherms.

adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent, qm is the maximum amount of methylene blue

adsorption isotherm, a plot of q vis Ce was plotted. Linear regression analysis was

adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent, K is the adsorption equilibrium constant and Ce is the concentration of methylene blue in liquid

performed to determine whether the given isotherm adsorption values, the is a good fit for experimental data. Based isotherm on the R-square that explains the

phase at adsorption equilibrium. Evaluation of the coefficients qm and K can be obtained

experimental selected.

adsorption data the best was

using linearized form of equation 2 aslIq = (l/b*K) (lICe) + lib .3

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Effect of pH

a) For different concentrations The graph (a) shows that as pH increases the removal efficiency increases. Considering 50 mg/l of methylene blue solution 93 %

efficiency is 78 % to 88 % for ARH and 79 to 96 % for RHA If the solution is acidic and have pH 3 to 5 then RHA can prove good adsorbent for all concentration. And if the nature of solution is neutral or alkaline and the concentration 10 mg/l of solution is then, ARH is

efficiency is achieved at pH 11 for ARH. At pH 7, 78 % efficiency is achieved. From graph (b), the maximum efficiency is 91 % at pH 7 for RHA. Therefore by observing both the for solution

graphs pH at 7 was optimized having concentration blue. For concentration

50 mg/l of methylene

applicable. 30 mg/l of solution, For high concentration RHA is of

the efficiency is 87 % for ARH and 96 % for RHA at pH 7. Thus colour removal efficiency is quite high at pH 7 and as the discharge standard for wastewater is neutral pH at 7 was optimized solution. From graph (a) and graph (b), the efficiency is 88 % and 79 % at pH 7 for concentration 10 mg/l of methylene blue for for concentration 30 mg/l of

solution

a good

adsorbent even if the pH is low or high. B. Effect of Contact Time a) For different concentrations From concentration graph C and D for

50 mg/l of methylene blue

solution it is observed that the efficiency increases with increase in contact time. The efficiency is 84 % at contact time 60

ARH and RHA. After pH 7 the efficiency is nearly equilibrium. Therefore for all

minutes for ARH and 91 % for RHA. After doubling the contact time i.e. 120 minutes the efficiency is reached upto 88 % for ARH and 94 % for RHA. The difference is about 3-4 % only. Therefore, optimized contact time was

concentrations of methylene blue solution the pH is optimized at 7. b) For different adsorbents By comparing graph (a) and graph (b) we have observed that at low pH i.e. 3 the efficiency is 91 to 93 % for RHA whereas for ARH it is only 36 to 73 %. Considering all concentrations of solution, at pH 7 the

at 60 minutes for 50 rng/l of

methylene blue solution. The efficiency is same for the

concentration 30 mg/l of solution as that of

concentration 50 mg/l of solution. Therefore optimum contact time is 60 min for

From graph (e), it is observed that for concentration 50 mg/l of methylene blue solution the efficiency increases with

concentration 30 mg/l of solution for ARH. From graph (d), the efficiency for 30 mg/l of solution is 92 % at contact time 40 minute and after 40 min it attains equilibrium. Therefore, optimum contact time is 40 min for RHA for 30 mg/l of methylene blue solution. The equilibrium attained at 40 min for concentration 10 mg/l of solution for ARH. 10 mg/l

increase in adsorbent dose. The efficiency is 65% to 93 % when the adsorbent dose varied from 2.5 g/l to 40 g/l for ARH. The efficiency is about 88 % for 20 g/l of ARH. From graph (f), it is observed that 95 % efficiency is achieved at the dose of 2.5 g/l of RHA. And equilibrium is attained after

Therefore, considering concentration

this. Therefore, optimum adsorbent dose is 2.5 gll of RHA and 20 g/l of ARH for concentration 50 mg/l of solution. From concentration graph (e), as compared to

of solution, the optimum contact time is 40 minute for ARH. From graph (d), the

efficiency is 91 % for concentration

10 mg/l is

of solution at 40 min. And equilibrium attained after it. Therefore, the

50 mg/l,

for 30 mg/l of

optimum 10

solution efficiency about 86 % is achieved at dose 10 g/l of ARH. At 20g/1 dose the efficiency is 91 %. The difference is of 5 %. Therefore optimum dose can be considered as 10 g/l of ARH. From graph (f), 95 %

contact time is 40 min for concentration mg/l of solution for RHA. b) For different adsorbents

The graph (c) shows optimum contact time for Activated

r--

Rice Husk and graph (d)

efficiency is achieved at dose 5 gll of RHA. Therefore, optimum adsorbent dose for

shows that of Rice Husk Ash. By comparing both the graphs, it is observed that ARH can remove colour to about 84 to 89 % from the solution in 60 minutes and RHA can remove colour about 88 to 92 % from solution in 40 min. Thus, by considering all concentrations of solution RHA can prove a good adsorbent to remove colour in less time i.e. in 40 min.

concentration 30 mg/l of solution is 10 g/l of ARH and 5 gll ofRHA. For concentration 10 mg/l of solution the efficiency is 92 % for 5 g/l of ARH as shown in graph (e). The increase in

efficiency is about only 1 % after doubling the adsorbent. While from graph (f), it is observed that the efficiency is about 93 % at dose 10 g/l of RHA. Highest efficiency is

e. Effect

of Adsorbent Dose

a) For different concentrations

about 97 % at dose 20 g/l of RHA. Therefore, optimized adsorbent dose is 5 gll of ARH and 10 g/l of RHA for concentration solution. b) For different adsorbents The removal efficiency form 88 % to 94 % is achieved at the dose of 20 g/l of adsorbent having concentration of 50 mgll, 30 mg/l and 10 mg/l. For low concentration of 10 mg/l of

The R-square values of the linear regression performed were used to

determine whether the isotherm was a good fit for the given experimental adsorption

data. The R-square value close to 1 indicates a good fit by the model experimental for the given

data whereas R-square value

near 0 indicates that the model is not a good fit for the given experimental data. Linear Adsorption Isotherm From the Graph No.1 and 4 for adsorption data, it can be seen that the R2 values are greater than 0.7 for adsorption of methylene blue on ARH and RHA. These

methylene blue (i.e. 10 mgll), 92 % efficiency can be achieved Considering for 5 g/l of ARH dose. of methylene

all concentration

blue, optimum adsorbent ARH.

dose is 20 g/l of

The removal efficiency from 80 % to 95 % is achieved at the dose of 2.5 gll of RHA for all concentration of methylene blue. With increase in adsorbent dose the efficiency up to 98 % can be achieved. To minimize the

indicate that the linear adsorption isotherm is good fit for experimental adsorption data. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Langmuir adsorption isotherm graph is plotted with l/q vis liCe. Trend lines for the adsorption of data methylene of different blue using

volume of waste, it is necessary to use less amount of adsorbent. high at low adsorbent Also the efficiency is dose. Therefore, the

concentration

different adsorbents are plotted in graph (2) and graph (5). The linear regression was conducted using plot lIq vis liCe, it was found that R2 values are closer to 1 (i.e. 0.9), indicating isotherm that the Langmuir adsorption

optimum adsorbent dose is 2.5 g/l of RHA. By comparing graph (e) and graph (f), it is observed that for high concentrations that is 50 mg/l and 30 mg/l, RHA can prove good adsorbent. But for low concentration of 10

is a good fit for both of the

mg/l of solution ARH is a good adsorbent. By considering all concentrations of solution

adsorption data. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm From graph 3 and 6 the Freundlich adsorption isotherm can be said to be good

RHA can prove to be good adsorbent. D. Application of Adsorption isotherm

.~

fit for the given experimental adsorption data, since the linear regression of log q vis log Ce gave R2 values in the range of 0.89 to 0.92 for the different concentration with different adsorbents. E. Application of adsorbents for different effluent samples To understand the actual application of this adsorption method on the results obtained the experiments were conducted on different waste water samples collected from different industries. The ARH did not show good of methylene blue

The activated rice husk and rice husk ash can be used as good adsorbent for selected concentration matter). effluent having specific

of adsorbate

(colour/organic

5. CONCLUSION The result of present study clearly shows that acid treated rice husk and RHA is effective in removal of methylene blue and can provide an economical solution for removal of such colour from the

aqueous solution. 88 % to 94 % colour removal efficiency can be achieved at the dose of 20 g/l of ARH having methylene blue concentration of 50 mg/l, 30 mgll and 10 mg/I. 80 % to 95 % colour removal efficiency is achieved at the adsorbent dose of 2.5 g/l of RHA for methylene blue concentration of 50 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 10 mg/I. With increase in RHA dose the efficiency increased upto 98 %. RHA also shows good efficiency in less time than that of ARH. The efficiency varies with the variation in adsorbate concentrations dose. From the and adsorbent of the

affinity towards

adsorption

for all effluent.

But for some of the effluent (sample 5) shows good removal efficiency. Activated rice husk is effective for organic dyes as it showed 86 % to 94 % efficiency. The removal efficiency

for sample 3 is 22 % to 24 %. The treatment with other samples shows negative results as activated rice husk releases colour into the effluent. The rice husk ash shows good removal efficiency for the sample 1, sample 3 and

sample 5 i.e. 65 to 84 %, 45 to 53 % and 75 to 98 % respectively. The colour removal

efficiency for other samples are very low i.e. 1 to 4 % only. Thus, it reveals that rice husk ash can be used as good adsorbent colour. for organic

results in

experiments investigation, experimental

conducted it is

present that

evident

adsorption

data for the

adsorption of colour in this research can

be explained by more than one adsorption isotherms. The result shows that the Rsquare values are closer to 1 for all

adsorption isotherm plots. Thus, Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are good fitted to the experimental Thus full utilization of agro-waste data. and

treatment of wastewater is one of the good prospective for good environment. The

rice husk can be proved as good, effective and eco friendly adsorbent.

6. REFERENCES
1. Aydun A Haluk and Orner Yavuz, Removal of acid red 183 from aqueous solution using clay and activated carbon, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology., 11 (01), 89-94, (2004) 2. Balasubramanian M. R. and Muralisankar 1., Utilisation of fly ash and tea-waste ash as decolourising agents for dye effluents, Indian Journal of Technology, 25, 471-474, (1987) 3. Dhar N.R., Khoda A.K.M.B., Khan A.H., Bala P., Karim M.F., A study of Effects of Acid Activated Saw dust on the removal of different dissolved Tannery Dyes (Acid dye) from aqueous solution, Journal of

Environmental Science and Engg., 47

(02), 103, (2005) 4. Gokarm A.N., S. Mayadevi, Gawande Sunayana, Jacob Nalini, A cost effective sorbent for decolorisation of treated spent wash, 8th Joint

of treated spent-wash, D.S.TA. Part 1" B1-B7, (2002) 6. Gokam A. N., Oswal Namita, Sankpal Narendra, Studies on the use of Natural Polyelectrolytes for treatment of distillery effluent, DSTA, Part I, BI-BI0, (1999) 7. Jadhav D. N. and Vanjara A.K., Adsorption equilibrium study: Removal of dyestuff effluent using sawdust, polymerized sawdust and sawdust carbon-I, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology., 11 (03), 194, (2004) 8. Jadhav D.N. and Vanjara A.K., Adsorption kinetics study: Removal of dyestuff effluent using sawdust, polymerized sawdust and sawdust carbon-II, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology., 11, 42, (2004) 9. Jyoti D. Mane, Shweta Modi, Swati Nagawade, Phadnis S.P., Bhandari V.M., Treatment of spentwash using chemically modified bagasse and colour removal studies, Bioresource Technology, 97, 1752-1725, (2006) 10. Khattri S D and Singh M K, Adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution by natural adsorbent, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 6 (03), 112, (1999) 11. Mall 1.D. and Upadhyay S.N., Removal of basic dyes from waste water using boiler bottom ash, Indian

removal

Journal of Environmental Health.,

37 (1), 1, (1995) 12. Manaskom Rachakornkij, Sirawan Ruangchuay and Sumate Teachakulwiroj, Removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution using bagasse fly ash, Journal of Science Technology., 26 (1),13-24, (2004) 13. Ramteke D.S., Wate S.R. and Moghe c.A., Comparative adsorption

Convention of Three Association2005, 137 5. Gokarn A. N., Mayadevi S., Active charcoal from Agro-wastes for colour

studies of Distillery waste on Activated carbon, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 31, 17, (1989) 14. Sarioglu M. and Atay U.A., Removal of Methylene blue by using biosolid, Global NEST Journal, 8 (02), 113-120, (2006) 15. Singh D. K. and Srivastava Bhavana, Basic dyes removal from waste water
Optimum pH for Adsorbent (ARH) ,., 100 Activated Rice Husk Optimum

by adsorption on rice husk carbon, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology ,133, 03 (2001) 16. Stephen Inbaraj B. and Sulochana N, Basic dye adsorption on low cost carbonaceous sorbent - Kinetic and equilibrium studies, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology., 201, 05 (2002)
pH for Adsorbent Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

T'""~~~~""""~"""-"""-~--"""""""""''''

,.,

lOOr-~-';:~~~===:~~l

IE

o ~ 0::

w+---~~~----~~--------------~ s ~ ~ W'~--~-----------------------------4 > >

40+-~~--~L---------------------~

.~ 80t---------~~~~~~~~~~~~

'u

; W+---~T7~--------~~----~~----~

~ 20+---~----_r----,_----r_--~----~
2
Concentration

~ 40+-~------------------------------~ ~
20+-----~----~----r_----r_----r_--~
2 3
___ Concentration

o E

pH

9
blue SOmgJ1 blue 3OmgJ1 blue 10mgJ1

II

pH

9
blue SOmgJ1 blue 3OmgJ1 blue 1OmgJ1

II

-It-

01 methylene 01 methylene 01 methylene

01 methylene 01 methylene 01 methylene

-+- Concentration
-->+-Concentration

-+- Concentration
___ Concentration

Graph (a): Optimum pH for Activated Rice Husk

Optimum contact time Husk for Activated Rice

Graph (b): Optimum pH for Rice Husk Ash

Optimum 100 Contact time for Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

~ 95 e .9! 90 ~ 85 80

~ 75 & 70 ~ 65

.r >
V/
10
___ -..~

.: ~

>

-:

60
in minute

1:..
c:

...
90

E w
0

;; >

~~
W

---

..

-.---40 Tlmoln W mln 120 240

/..--r"
20 40
Time

~ .,.
120 240

./
10
-4 .

70 20 Concentration Concentration Concentration

Concentration of methyiene blue 50mgll Concentration Concentration of methylene of methylene blue 30mgll blue 10mgJl

of methylene of methylene of methylene

blue SOmgll blue 30mgll blue 10mgll

___ ___

Graph (c): Optimum contact time for Activated Rice Husk Graph (d): Optimum contact time for Rice Husk Ash
Optimum Adsorbent dose Husk of Activated Rice Optimum 100 .. ~~~ Adsorbent __ ~~ dose of Rice Husk ~ Ash ,

100

I
J.,.

90

~
......--....

... .:..~~---

..

","

......~.'.'"

.~-

80 70

...........
2.5 ___

.>:

i I
....

90

t------7"-=~-----i

80+-~~--------------------------~ 70+----__----~------__----------~
2.5 5
AdsOf"bent _Concentration

60
5 Adsorbent ~s. In gmll 20

10
dose in gml1 blue

20 50mgll 10mgll

40

40

Concentration

of methylene

blue SOmglL

of meth)'tene of meth)'tene

-.~

Concentration of methylene blue 30mg/L Concentration of methylene blue 1Omg/L

-.-i<t-

Concentration Concentration

blue 30mgIL blue

of meth~ene

Graph (e): Optimum adsorbent dose for ARH

Graph (0: Optimum adsorbent dose for RHA

10

For all graphs the legend are same as given bellow:

"

Concentration of methylene blue is Concentration of methylene blue is Concentration of methylene blue is Linear !concentration of methylene Linear Concentration of methylene Linear (Concentration of methylene

50mg/l 30mg/l 10mgll blue is 10mg/ll blue is 30mg/l blue is 50mg/l)

Linear adsorption isotherm for ARH

14.000
R"

Langmuir isotherm for ARH

5.000 4.000 3.000
R' = 0.6879

0.9933

12.000 10.000

.
/

R' =0 9313

./'

"

.,.

8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0.000

1/'-/

, I /
5.000

I /

/ /"

He = 0.9901
R' = 0.9972

!! ... 2.000
1.000 0.000

....
~
0.500

./.
/

-:

.:
I

0.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

_1.008COO

1.000
1/Ce

1.500

2. 00

Co

Graph I: Linear plot for ARH Freundlich isotherm for ARH

Graph 2: Langmuir plot for ARH Linear adsorption isotherm for RHA
20.000 .

-~
,.
]..,
-0

R' = 0.8967 R" 0.893 R .. 0.9746

R' = 0.6103
R? ': 07565 R' = 0.9131

./ "

15.000

.c
/

/.
./

./

10.000
<T

7.. 1:'

,./

~v'

5.000

0.000

+----'-=;::;.<:-'---+---~-~--~-_j
2.000 2.500 3.
---1

o.
-5.000 -'--

log Ce

c. Graph 4: Linear plot for RHA Freundlich

.. - ---. ------... ---R' = 0.8429 Rl:;; O.g4G7 R'= 0.886 ..1,500

Graph 3: Freundlich plot for ARH Langmuir isotherm for RHA

----4600. -----------------I n, R' 0.8429 ~O,~~R~,~=~02.9~46~7-------~--~

isotherm for RHA

.. / R'=0.9498 / ~OO~------------~~------~ ---2~~------_,~~----~ /

-0 .

O. 00 "--~~-~-1 .. 000-'-~~-~-~~
log Co
..

. "'-l.Q!& ..~H;O"' Inn

1.000

2.000

..3.000

4. 00

1/Ce

Graph 5: Langmuir plot for RHA

Graph 6: Freundlich plot for RHA

11