Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . This article needs attention from an expert in Aviation . The specific problem is: references and information on current technology. WikiProject Aviation (or its Portal) may be able to help recruit an expert. (January 2013) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System ( ACARS ) is a digital datalink system for transmission of short, relatively simple messages between aircraft and ground stations via radio or satellite. The protocol, which was designed by Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) to replace their very high frequency (VHF) voice service and deployed in 1978,[1] uses telex formats. The IT company SITA later augmented their worldwide ground data network by adding radio stations to provide ACARS service. Over the next 20 years, ACARS will be superseded by the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) protocol for Air Traffic Control communications and by the Internet Protocol for airline communications.

Contents
[hide] 1 History of ACARS 1.1 Introduction of ACARS systems 1.2 OOOI events 1.3 Flight management system interface 1.4 Maintenance data download 1.5 Interactive crew interface 2 How it works 2.1 VHF subnetwork 2.2 Satellite communication and HF subnetworks 2.3 Datalink message types 3 Example transmissions 3.1 Departure delay downlink 3.2 Weather report uplink 3.3 Flight data acquisition and management system message downlink 4 Aircraft equipment 5 Datalink service provider 6 Ground end system 7 ARINC specifications 8 Acronyms and glossary 9 GIS and data discovery 10 See also 11 References

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12 External links

History of ACARS[edit]
Prior to the introduction of datalink, all communication between the aircraft (i.e., the flight crew) and personnel on the ground was performed using voice communication. This communication used either VHF or HF voice radios, which was further augmented with satellite communication in the early 1990s. In many cases, the voice-relayed information involved dedicated radio operators and digital messages sent to an airline teletype system or successor systems.

Introduction of ACARS systems[edit]

In an effort to reduce crew workload and improve data integrity, the engineering department at Aeronautical Radio, Inc (ARINC), introduced the ACARS system in July 1978, although a few experimental ACARS systems had been introduced earlier. Already the first day of operations saw about 4,000 transactions, but ACARS did not experience widespread use by the major airliners until the 1980s. The original ARINC development team was headed by Crawford Lane and included Betty Peck, a programmer, and Ralf Emory, an engineer. The terrestrial central site, a pair of Honeywell Level 6 minicomputers, and AFEPS (Arinc Front End Processor System) software were developed by a subcontractor, Eno Compton of ECOM, Inc. Although the term ACARS is often understood as the data link avionics line-replaceable unit installed on aircraft, the term actually refers to a complete air and ground system. The original expansion of the abbreviation was "Arinc Communications Addressing and Reporting System". [2] Later, it was changed to "Airline Communications, Addressing and Reporting System". On the aircraft, the ACARS system was made up of an avionics computer called an ACARS Management Unit and a Control Display Unit. The management unit was designed to send and receive digital messages from the ground using existing VHF radios. On the ground, the ACARS system was made up of a network of radio transceivers managed by a central site computer called AFEPS (Arinc Front End Processor System), which received (or transmitted) the datalink messages as well as routed them to various airlines on the network. The initial ACARS systems were designed to ARINC Characteristic 597. This was later upgraded in the late 1980s by the publication of ARINC Characteristic 724. ARINC 724 is intended for aircraft installed with avionics supporting digital data bus interfaces. ARINC 724 was updated to the current standard ARINC Characteristic 724B, which is the predominate standard for all digital aircraft.[clarification needed ] With the introduction of ARINC 724B, the ACARS management units were also coupled with industry standard protocols for operation with flight management system MCDUs (ARINC 739), and printers (ARINC 740 and ARINC 744). The ACARS management unit has expanded to serve broader needs using a communications management unit defined by ARINC Characteristic 758. Today, new aircraft designs integrate communications management unit functions in integrated modular avionics (IMA). ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee.

OOOI events[edit]
One of the initial applications for ACARS was to automatically detect and report changes to the major flight phases ( O ut of the gate, O ff the ground, O n the ground, and Into the gate), referred to in the industry as OOOI.[3] These OOOI events are determined by algorithms that use aircraft sensors (such as doors, parking brake and strut switch sensors) as inputs. At the start of each flight phase, a digital message is transmitted to the ground containing the flight phase, the time at which it occurres, and other related information such

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as the amount of fuel on board or the flight origin and destination. These messages are used to track the status of aircraft and crews.

Flight management system interface[edit]

In addition to detecting events on the aircraft and sending messages automatically to the ground, initial systems were expanded to support new interfaces with other on-board avionics. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, a datalink interface was introduced between the ACARS management units and flight management systems. This interface enables flight plans and weather information to be sent from the ground to the ACARS management unit, for forwarding to the flight management system. This feature gives the airline the capability to update flight management systems while in flight, and allows the flight crew to evaluate new weather conditions or alternative flight plans.

Maintenance data download[edit]

The introduction of the interface in the early 1990s between the flight data acquisition and management system, the aircraft condition monitoring system and the ACARS management unit resulted in wider acceptance of datalinks on the part of airlines. The flight data acquisition and management system and the aircraft condition monitoring system systems which analyze engine aircraft and operational performance conditions now provide performance data to the airlines on the ground in real time using the ACARS network. This reduces the need for airline personnel to go to the aircraft to off-load the data from these systems. These systems are capable of identifying abnormal flight conditions and automatically sending real-time messages to an airline. Detailed engine reports can also be transmitted to the ground via ACARS. The airlines use these reports to automate engine trending activities. This capability enables airlines to monitor their engine performance more accurately and identify and plan their repair and maintenance activities more rapidly. In addition to the interfaces for the flight management system and the flight data acquisition and management system, the industry started to upgrade the on-board maintenance computers in the 1990s to support the transmission of maintenance-related information in real-time through ACARS. This enabled airline maintenance personnel to receive real-time data associated with maintenance faults on the aircraft. When coupled with the flight data acquisition and management system data, airline maintenance personnel can start planning repair and maintenance activities while the aircraft is still in flight.

Interactive crew interface[edit]

All of the processing described above is performed automatically by the ACARS management unit and other associated avionics systems, without flight crew intervention. As part of the growth of ACARS functionality, the ACARS management units also interface directly with a control display unit located in the cockpit. This control display unit, often referred to as a multifunction control display unit or a multi-input interactive display unit, provides the flight crew with the ability to send and receive messages similar to todays email. To facilitate this communication, the airlines in partnership with their ACARS vendor defines multifunction control display unit screens that could be presented to the flight crew and enable them to perform specific functions. This feature provides the flight crew flexibility as to the types of information requested from the ground and the types of reports sent to the ground. As an example, the flight crew could pull up a multifunction control display unit screen that allowed them to send to the ground a request for various types of weather information. After the desired locations and type of weather information are entered, ACARS transmits this information to the ground. In response to this request message, ground computers send the requested weather information back to the ACARS management unit for subsequent display and/or printing. Airlines began adding new messages to support new applications (weather, winds, clearances, connecting flights, etc.) and ACARS systems were customized to support airline-unique applications and unique ground computer requirements. This resulted in each airline having its own unique ACARS application operating on

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its aircraft. Some airlines have more than 75 multifunction control display unit screens for their flight crews, where other may have only a dozen different screens. In addition, since ground computers differ for each airline, the contents and formats of the messages sent by an ACARS management unit differ accordingly. In the wake of the crash of Air France Flight 447, there has been discussion about making ACARS an "online-black-box." [4] If such a system were in place, it would avoid the loss of data due to: (1) black-box destruction, and (2) inability to locate the black-box following loss of the aircraft. However, due to high bandwidth requirements, the cost would be excessive and there have in fact been very few incidents where the black boxes were not recoverable.

How it works[edit]
An on board person or system can create a message and send it via ACARS to a system or user on the ground, and vice versa. Messages may be sent either automatically or manually.

VHF subnetwork[edit]
A network of VHF ground radio stations ensures that aircraft can communicate with ground end systems in real-time from practically anywhere in the world. VHF communication is Line-of-sight propagation and provides communication with ground-based transceivers (often referred to as remote ground stations). The typical range depends on altitude, with a 200-mile transmission range common at high altitudes. Thus VHF communication is only applicable over land masses which have a VHF ground network installed. Sample ACARS VHF transmission
0:00 MENU

The sound of an ACARS VHF transmission made on 130.025MHz, recorded at Petaluma, California on 15 August 2006
Problems playing this file? See media help.

A typical ACARS VHF transmission. Mode A Aircraft B-18722 Ack NAK Block id 2 Flight CI5118 Label B9 Msg No. L05A Message /KLAX.TI2/024KLAXA91A1

Satellite communication and HF subnetworks[edit]

Satellite communication can provide worldwide coverage. Depending on the satellite system in use, coverage may be limited or absent at high latitudes (such as needed for flights over the poles). HF datalink is a relatively new network whose installation began in 1995 and was completed in 2001. Aircraft with HF or global satellite communication datalinks can fly polar routes and maintain communication with groundbased systems (ATC centers and airline operation centers). ARINC is the only service provider for HF datalink.

Datalink message types[edit]

ACARS messages may be of three types:
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Air Traffic Control Aeronautical Operational Control Airline Administrative Control Air traffic control messages are used to communicate between the aircraft and air traffic control. These messages are defined in ARINC Standard 623. Air traffic control messages are used by aircraft crew to request clearances and by ground controllers to provide those clearances. Aeronautical operational control and airline administrative control messages are used to communicate between the aircraft and its base. These messages are either standardized according to ARINC Standard 633 or defined by the users, but in the latter case they must meet at least the guidelines of ARINC Standard 618. Various types of messages are possible, for example, relating to fuel consumption, engine performance data, aircraft position, in addition to free text.

Example transmissions[edit]
Departure delay downlink[edit]
A pilot wants to inform his flight operations department that departure has been delayed by air traffic control. The pilot loads from the communications management unit a multifunction control display unit screen that allows him to enter the expected length of and reason for the delay. After entering the information on the multifunction control display unit, he depresses on it a SEND key. The control display unit detects that the SEND key was pushed and generates a digital message containing the delay information. This message may include such information as aircraft registration number, the origination and destination airport codes, the current estimated time of arrival before the delay, and the current expected duration of the delay. The communications management unit then sends the message to an existing radio (HF, satellite communication or VHF, with the selection of the radio based on special logic contained within the communications management unit). For a message to be sent over the VHF network, the radio transmits the VHF signals containing the delay message, which is then received by a VHF remote ground station. Most ACARS messages are only 100 to 200 characters in length. Such messages are made up of a oneblock transmission from (or to) the aircraft. One ACARS block is constrained to be no more than 220 characters within the body of the message. For downlink messages which are longer than 220 characters, the ACARS unit splits the message into multiple blocks, transmitting each block to the remote ground station (there is a constraint that no message may be made up of more than 16 blocks). The remote ground station collects each block of such multi-block messages until the complete message is received before processing and routing the message. ACARS also contains protocols to support a retry of failed messages or retransmission of messages whenever the service provider changes. Once the remote ground station receives the complete message, it forwards the message to the datalink service provider's main computer system. The datalink service provider's ground network uses landlines to link the remote ground station to the datalink service provider. The datalink service provider uses information contained in its routing table to forward the message to the airlines or other destinations. This table is maintained by the datalink service provider and identifies each aircraft (by tail number) and the types of messages that it can process. (Each airline must tell its service provider(s) what messages and message labels their ACARS systems will send, and, for each message, where they want the service provider to route the message. The service provider then updates its routing tables based on this information.) Each type of message sent by the communications management unit has a specific message label, which is contained in the header information of the message. Using the label contained in the message, the datalink service provider looks up the message in the table and forwards it to the airlines computer system. which then processes the message. This processing performed by an airline may include reformatting the message, populating databases for later analysis, or forwarding the message to other departments, such as flight operations, maintenance,

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engineering, finance, or other organizations within an airline. In the example of a delay message, it may be routed via the airlines network to both their operations department as well as to a facility at the aircrafts destination, notifying them of a potential late arrival. The elapsed transmission time from the moment the flight crew presses the send key to the moment it is processed by an airlines computer system varies, but is generally on the order of 6 to 15 seconds. The messages that are sent to the ground from the communications management unit are referred to as downlink messages.

Weather report uplink[edit]

For a message to be transmitted to the aircraft (referred to as an uplink message), the process is nearly a mirror image of how a downlink is sent from the aircraft. For example, in response to an ACARS downlink message requesting weather information, a weather report is constructed by the airlines computer system. The message contains the aircraft registration number in the header of the message, with the body of the message containing the actual weather information. This message is sent to the datalink service provider's main computer system. The datalink service provider transmits the message over its ground network to a VHF remote ground station in the vicinity of the aircraft. The remote ground station broadcasts the message over the VHF. On receiving the VHF signal, the onboard VHF radio passes the message to the communications management (with the internal modem transforming the signal into a digital message). The communications management validates the aircraft registration number and processes the message. The processing performed on the uplink message by the communications management depends on the specific airline requirements. In general, an uplink is either forwarded to another avionics computer, such as an FMS or FDAMS, or is processed by the communications management. For messages destined for the communications management (such as a weather report uplink), the flight crew refers to a specific multifunction control display unit screen that contains a list of all received uplink messages. The flight crew then selects the weather message for viewing on the multifunction control display unit. The ACARS unit may also print the message on the cockpit printer (either automatically upon receiving the message or in response to the flight crew's pressing a PRINT prompt on the MCDU screen).

Flight data acquisition and management system message downlink[edit]

Messages are sent to the ground from other on-board systems in a manner similar to the delay message example discussed above. As an example, a flight data acquisition and management system message system may have a series of active algorithms monitoring engine exceedance conditions during flight (such as checking whether engine vibration or oil temperature exceeds normal operating conditions). Upon detecting such an event, the Flight data acquisition and management system's message system automatically creates an engine exceedance condition message, with applicable data contained within the body of the message. The message is forwarded to the communications management unit using what is referred to as ARINC 619 data protocols. The communications management unit then transmits the message to the ground. In this case, the service provider's routing table for an engine exceedance message is typically defined to have the message routed directly to an airlines maintenance department. This enables airline maintenance personnel to be notified of a potential problem in real time. There are three major components to the ACARS datalink system: Aircraft equipment Service provider Ground processing system

Aircraft equipment[edit]

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The heart of the datalink system on board the aircraft is the ACARS management unit. The older version of the management unit is defined in ARINC Characteristic 724B. Newer versions are referred to as the communications management unit and are defined in ARINC Characteristic 758. Aircraft equipment consists of airborne end systems and a router. End systems are the source of ACARS downlinks and the destination for uplinks. The management unit/communications management unit is the router. Its function is to route a downlink by means of the most efficient air-ground subnetwork. In many cases, the management unit/communications management unit also acts as an end system for aeronautical operational control messages. Typical airborne end systems are the flight management system, datalink printer, maintenance computer, and cabin terminal. Typical datalink functions are: Flight management system - sends flight plan change requests, position reports, etc. Receives clearances and controller instructions. Printer - as an end system, can be addressed from the ground to automatically print an uplink message. Maintenance computer - downlinks diagnostic messages. In advanced systems, in-flight troubleshooting can be conducted by technicians on the ground by using datalink messages to command diagnostic routines in the maintenance computer and analyzing downlinked results. Cabin terminal - Often used by flight attendants to communicate special passenger needs, gate changes due to delays, catering, etc. ACARS messages are transmitted over one of three air-ground subnetworks. VHF is the most commonly used and least expensive. Transmission is line-of-sight so VHF is not available over the oceans or other vast expansions of uninhabited surface, such as the Amazon Basin. Satellite communication is a fairly expensive service that provides (near) worldwide coverage. The Inmarsat satellite network does not cover the polar regions. However Iridium became usable for ACARS transport in 2007 and provides excellent coverage in the polar regions. HF is a more recently established subnetwork. Its purpose is to provide coverage in the polar regions where Inmarsat coverage is unreliable. The router function built into the management unit/communications management unit determines which subnetwork to use when routing a message from the aircraft to the ground. The airline operator provides a routing table that the communications management unit uses to select the best subnetwork.

Datalink service provider[edit]

The role of the datalink service provider is to deliver a message from the aircraft to the ground end system, and vice versa. Because the ACARS network is modeled after the point-to-point telex network, all messages come to a central processing location. The datalink service provider routes the message to the appropriate end system using its network of land lines and ground stations. Before the days of computers, messages came to the central processing location and were punched on paper tape. The tape was then physically carried to the machine connected to the intended destination. Today, the routing function is done by computer, but the model remains the same. There are currently two primary service providers of ground networks in the world (ARINC and SITA), although specific countries have implemented their own network with the help of either ARINC or SITA. ARINC operates a worldwide network and has also assisted the Civil Aviation Administration of China, as well as Thailand and South America with the installation of VHF networks. SITA has operated the network in Europe, Middle East, South America and Asia for many years. They have also recently started a network in the USA to compete with ARINC.

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Until recently, each area of the world was supported by a single service provider. This is changing, and both ARINC and SITA are competing and installing networks that cover the same regions.

Ground end system[edit]

The ground end system is the destination for downlinks and the source of uplinks. Generally, ground end systems are either government agencies such as the Civil Aeronautics Administration or the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States, an airline operations headquarters, or, in the case of small airlines or general aviation consumers, a subscription based solution. Civil Aeronautics Administration end systems provide air traffic services such as clearances. Airline and general aviation operations provide information necessary for operating the airline or flight department efficiently, such as gate assignments, maintenance, and passenger needs. In the early history of ACARS most airlines created their own host systems for managing their ACARS messages. Commercial off-the-shelf products are now widely available to manage the ground hosting.

ARINC specifications[edit]
Much of the processing performed by the communications management unit as well as basic requirements of the hardware are defined by ARINC specifications. The following is a list of the major ARINC specifications that define standards that govern many aspects of ACARS systems: ARINC documents and their specifications ARINC Design Guidance for Avionics Equipment. Includes definition of the aircraft personality module 607 required for ARINC 758 communications management unit installation. ARINC Specification for receiving and broadcasting ARINC 429 broadcast data (data transfer between 429 avionics line replaceable units). ARINC 429 is the one-way communication data bus (one data bus pair to transmit data and another data bus pair to receive data). Defines the air/ground protocols for communicating between the ACARS/communications management unit and VHF ground systems. Also defines the format of the ACARS messages sent ARINC by the ACARS/communications management unit as well as received by the ACARS communications 618 management unit. The format of this message is called a Type A message. This characteristic has been updated to define the future VDL Mode 2 ACARS over aviation VHF link control operation. Defines the protocols for the ACARS/communications management unit to transfer data file ARINC between other avionics in the aircraft. ARINC 619 covers file protocols that are used to interface 619 with the flight management system, flight data acquisition and management system, the cabin terminal, maintenance computers, satellite communication systems and HF voice data radios. Defines ground-to-ground communication protocols. This includes the format of messages routed ARINC between a service provider and an airline or other ground system. This is referred to as a Type B 620 message (the air/ground Type A message is reformatted to a Type B message for ground transmissions). ARINC Describes the processing associated with sending air traffic control application messages over 622 todays ACARS links (including ARINC 623 ATC messages). ARINC This characteristic identifies air-traffic-control-related messages that can be generated or received 623 by an ACARS management unit/communications management unit system (does not include FANS1 or FANS-A messages that are processed by the flight management system). ARINC Specification for a bi-directional data bus for sending and receiving data between multiple avionics 629 line replacement units. The specification was initially developed for use on Boeing 777 commercial airplanes, but was published as an ARINC industry standard in 1999. ARINC Specification for VHF Data Link Mode 2. This specification provides general and specific design 631 guidance for the development and installation of the protocols needed to exchange bit-oriented data across an air-ground VHF Digital Link in an open system interconnection environment. ARINC
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Specification for an ACARS management unit for ARINC 724B wiring. 724B ARINC Specification for interfacing with multi-purpose cockpit display units. 739 ARINC 740 Specification for interfacing to cockpit printers. ARINC 744 Specification for a communications management unit relative to ARINC 758 wiring. This ARINC specification identifies various levels of functionality, these in turn defining future growth phases 758 for the communications management unit. Initial communications management unit systems which perform todays ACARS functions are classified as Level OA. Two-part specification that defines a security framework for protecting ACARS datalink messages exchanged between aircraft and ground systems. Security services include confidentiality, data ARINC integrity and message authentication. Part 1, ACARS message security, specifies the security 823 protocol, and Part 2, key management, specifies life-cycle management of the cryptographic keys necessary for secure and proper operation of the ACARS message security system.

Acronyms and glossary[edit]

There has been rumour that the introduction of datalink into the airline industry originated as part of a contest to see how many acronyms could be developed around a specific technology. Whether this is true or not, the industry is at the point where acronyms are now nested within acronyms. For example, AOA is an acronym for ACARS O ver AVLC, where AVLC itself is an acronym for Aviation VHF L ink Control and VHF is also an acronym for Very High Frequency. ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System AMS ACARS Message Security, as specified in ARINC 823 AOA ACARS Over AVLC. With the introduction of VDL Mode 2, the ACARS protocols were modified to take advantage of the higher data rate made possible by Mode 2. AOA is an interim step in replacing the ACARS protocols with ATN protocols. ATN Aeronautical Telecommunications Network. As air traffic increases, ACARS will no longer have the capacity or flexibility to handle the large number of datalink communications. ATN is planned to replace ACARS in the future and will provide services such as authentication, security, and a true internetworking architecture. Europe is leading the US in the implementation of ATN. AVLC Aviation VHF Link Control. A particular protocol used for aeronautical datalink communications CDU Control Display Unit CMF Communications Management Function. The software that runs in a CMU, and sometimes as a software partition in an integrated avionics computer. CMU Communications Management Unit. Successor to the MU, the CMU performs similar datalink routing functions, but has additional capacity to support more functions. CMU standards are defined in ARINC Characteristic 758. FDAMS Flight Data Acquisition and Management System FMS

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Flight Management System. FMS standards are defined in ARINC Characteristic 702 and 702A. HFDL High Frequency Data Link is an ACARS communications media used to exchange data such as Airline Operational Control (AOC) messages, Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) messages and Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) messages between aircraft end-systems and corresponding ground-based HFDL ground stations. HF High Frequency. A portion of the RF spectrum. LRU Line Replaceable Unit. An avionics "black box" that can be replaced on the flight line, without downing the aircraft for maintenance. MCDU Multifunction Control Display Unit. A text-only device that displays messages to the aircrew and accepts crew input on an integrated keyboard. MCDU standards are defined in ARINC Characteristic 739. MCDUs have seven input ports and can be used with seven different systems, such as CMU or FMS. Each system connected to an MCDU generates its own display pages and accepts keyboard input, when it is selected as the system controlling the MCDU. MIDU Multi-Input Interactive Display Unit (often used as a third cockpit CDU). MU Management Unit. Often referred to as the ACARS MU, this is an avionics LRU that routes datalink messages to and from the ground. OOOI Shorthand for the basic flight phasesOut of the gate, Off the ground, On the ground, In the gate. POA Plain Old ACARS. Refers to the set of ACARS communications protocols in effect before the introduction of VDL Mode 2. The term is derived from POTS (Plain old telephone service) that refers to the wired analog telephone network. SATCOM Satellite Communications. Airborne SATCOM equipment includes a satellite data unit, medium to high power amplifier, and an antenna, possibly with a steerable beam. A typical SATCOM installation can support a datalink channel as well as one or more voice channels. VDL VHF Data Link VHF Very High Frequency. A portion of the RF spectrum, defined as 30MHz to 300MHz.

GIS and data discovery[edit]

In 2002, ACARS was added to the NOAA Observing System Architecture. NOSA provides near real time WMS maps and an ID search from the NOSA homepage.

See also[edit]
Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) Future Air Navigation System (FANS) Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics SELCAL

References[edit]
1. ^ Carlsson, Barbara (October 2002), "GLOBALink/VHF: The Future Is Now", The Global Link: 4, retrieved 2007-01-24 3. ^ http://aspmhelp.faa.gov/index.php/OOOI_Data 4. ^ Online-Black-Box soll Crashs schneller

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2. ^ http://www.arinc.com/downloads/product_collat

aufklren. (German) Spiegel-Online. June 6, 2009. Accessed on: June 6, 2009.

External links[edit]
ARINC, inventors of ACARS acarsd, free ACARS decoder software for Linux/Windows ACARS on NOSA ARINC Standards Document List, list and describe the ARINC standards [show] v t e

Earth-based meteorological equipment and instrumentation

[show] v t e

Earth-based meteorological observation systems and weather stations

[show] v t e

Telecommunications
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