Review

for exam 2

Membrane: Components of the membrane lipids, proteins, carbohydrates Fluid mosaic model, original and recent one *original- In this uid mosaic model, the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a uid bilayer of phospholipids. *recent- groups of proteins are o;en found associated in long-las<ng, specialized patches, where they carry out common func<ons. The lipids themselves appear to form dened regions as well. Also, the membrane may be much more packed with proteins than imagined in the classic uid mosaic model Freeze fracture technique freeze a cell, split it with a knife, the phospholipid bilayer is split in two layers, each membrane protein goes wholly with one of the layers Factors aec;ng membrane uidity *temperature- A membrane remains uid as temperature decreases un<l nally the phospholipids seDle into a closely packed arrangement and the membrane solidies *cholesterol- Cholesterol reduces membrane uidity at moderate temperatures by reducing phospholipid movement, but at low temperatures it hinders solidica<on by disrup<ng the regular packing of phospholipids. Thus, cholesterol can be thought of as a uidity buer for the membrane, resis<ng changes in membrane uidity that can be caused by changes in temperature. *tails- unsaturated and saturated: saturated prevent packing, enhance uidity; saturated pack, inuence uidity Integral, peripheral, transmembrane proteins: what are these? *Integral proteins: penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer. The majority are transmembrane proteins, which span the membrane; other integral proteins extend only partway into the hydrophobic interior *Peripheral proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, o;en to exposed parts of integral proteins Glycoprotein as markers carbohydrates on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane bonded to proteins recognize other cells Examples of transport protein *channel proteins, aquaporins, carrier proteins *channel: func<on by having a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as

a tunnel through the membrane *aquaporins: the passage of water molecules through the membrane in cer<an cells *carrier: hold on to passengers and change shape to shuDle them across the membrane

Ac;ve and passive transport? What are these and dierence from one another *ac<ve: uses energy against concentra<on gradient *passive: no energy needed diusion Osmosis and diusion: applica;on based ques;ons, especially on tonicity the ability of a surrounding solu<on to cause a cell to gain or lose water. The tonicity of a solu<on depends in part on its concentra<on of solutes that cannot cross the membrane (nonpenetra<ng solutes) rela<ve to that inside the cell. If there is a higher concentra<on of nonpenetra<ng solutes in the surrounding solu<on, water will tend to leave the cell, and vice versa. What is facilitated diusion? passive transport aided by transport proteins that span the membrane Sodium potassium pump This transport system pumps ions against steep concentra<on gradients: Sodium ion concentra<on ([Na]) is high outside the cell and low inside, while potassium ion concentra<on ([K]) is low outside the cell and high inside. The pump oscillates between two shapes in a cycle that moves 3 Na out of the cell for every 2 K pumped into the cell. The two shapes have dierent ani<es for Na and K. ATP powers the shape change by transferring a phosphate group to the transport protein (phosphoryla<ng the protein). Phagocytosis (cell ea;ng) and pinocytosis (cell drinking): in brief *In phagocytosis, a cell engulfs a par<cle by wrapping pseudopodia (singular, pseudopodium) around it and packaging it within a membranous sac called a food vacuole. The par<cle will be digested a;er the food vacuole fuses with a lysosome containing hydroly<c enzymes *In pinocytosis, the cell gulps droplets of extracellular uid into <ny vesicles. It is not the uid itself that is needed by the cell, but the molecules dissolved in the droplets. Because any and all included solutes are taken into the cell, pinocytosis is nonspecic in the substances it transports.