YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

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lqerh dkWEIysDl] iksfyl LVskuleksj] fiaiGxkao cloar Rkk% fuQkM] ft% ukfkd Algebra Some Basic Rules Rule of Addition: if the numbers are of same sign, add them and give the same sign. e.g. Rule of Subtraction: if the numbers of opposite sign, subtract them and give the sign of larger number. e.g.

Rules of Multiplication and Division Positive number Negative number Positive number ( or Positive number negative number negative number positive number e.g. positive number e.g. positive number ( e.g.

Rules of Multiplication and Division are same

When two signs come consecutively, first change the signs according to rules of

Multiplication/division and then use rules of Addition and Subtraction. e.g. ( ( ( (

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YASHASHREE CLASSES

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Like and Unlike terms The terms having same variables, with same index of variables, they are referred to as Like terms. Otherwise they are called unlike terms. e.g. Like terms Unlike terms

Only like terms should be Added and Subtracted.

e.g.
Unlike terms cant be Added or subtracted.

e.g.
But Multiplication and Subtraction should be done on all the terms. Viz. like

and unlike. e.g. (

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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

1. Arithmetic and Geometric Progression

General Term :

Where,

nth term,

First term,

total terms,

common

difference between any two consecutive terms. Sum of First terms of an A.P: [ [ Specific terms in A.P. o Three consecutive terms: o Four consecutive terms: o Five consecutive terms: General term of G.P. : ( ] last term

] where,

Sum of First

terms of G.P:

( (

Specific terms in G.P. o Three consecutive terms: o Four consecutive terms: o Five consecutive terms: Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean

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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

2. Quadratic Equations General form/ Standard form of Quadratic equation Methods of Solving Quadratic equations 1. Factorization method:

2. Formula method:
3. Completing Square Method:

First, write the equation in the form of If the coefficient of by the coefficient of Third term * + if not 1, make it 1 by dividing both sides of the equation . Then find the third term ( coefficient of

Nature of roots of a Quadratic equation Discriminant ( 1. If 2. If 3. If , then quadratic equation has real and unequal roots , the quadratic equation has real and equal roots , the quadratic equation has not real roots.

The relation between Roots and Coefficients of quadratic equation If and are the roots of the quadratic equation then,

To form a quadratic equation, from roots of the equation If and are the given roots, then the quadratic equation can be formed by using by formula,
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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

( Equation which can be converted/reducible to quadratic equations ( ) ( )

Some identities used in this chapter are, ( ( ( ( ( OR ( OR OR ( ( ( (

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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

3. Equations in two variables Methods of solving simultaneous equations 1. Graphical method 2. Determinant method (Cramers Rule) Determinant method (Cramers Rule): if the two equations, then | If | | | and | | where, | | and are

Conditions of consistency of simultaneous equations If 1. If 2. If 3. If and are the two simultaneous equations, then

then equations have unique solution then equations have no solutions then equations have infinitely many solutions

Tips to form the simultaneous equations in the word problems If the given words come in the word problems, use proper signs for given words to prepare the equations. is less / smaller / younger than greater than / exceeds multiple of / times Two consecutive natural numbers: Two even/odd consecutive numbers: and ( and (
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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

4. Probability If one coin is tossed, { } ( { } { ( ( ( } ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( } ( } (

If two coins are tossed simultaneously, { If a Die is thrown, {( ( If two dies are thrown, {( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( } (

If three coins are tossed simultaneously, or one coin is tossed three times,

If a coin is tossed and die is thrown simultaneously,

Playing cards Total cards = 52 26 Red cards 13 heart 1 king 1 queen 1 jack 1-10 13 diamond 1 king 1 queen 1 jack 1-10 26 Black cards 13 spade 1 king 1 queen 1 jack 1-10 13 club 1 king 1 queen 1 jack 1-10
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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

Probability of an event Property of probability

( ( )

( (

( ( ( ( (

Addition theorem of Probability

Tips: a) If color is asked: 26 cards of each color b) If sign is asked: 13 cards of each sign c) If number is asked: 4 cards of each number d) If king, queen or jack is asked: 4 card of king, 4 cards of queen and 4 cards of jack e) Perfect square: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, and so on. f) Primary numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and so on. g) At least 4 means: 4 and more than 4 are allowed h) At most 4 means: 4 and less than 4 and zero(none) also allowed i) Greater/more than 8 means: 9, 10, 11, 12, and so on. (but not 8) j) Less than 8 means: 7, 6, 5, 4, and so on zero also. (but not 8)

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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

5. Statistics - I Measures of Central Tendency 1. Mean for grouped frequency distribution a) Direct method 4 columns Class Intervals Class Mark ( frequency (

Total

frequency

Class mark;

total frequency

b) Assumed mean method/shift of origin method 5 columns Class Intervals Class mark ( Frequency (

total

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ALGEBRA

c) Step-Deviation method/ shift of origin and scale method 6 columns Class intervals Class mark ( Frequency (

Total

Class width

and

where,

2. Median for grouped frequency distribution 3 columns Cumulative frequency Class intervals Frequency (less than type)

median Class

Median

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ALGEBRA

3. Mode for grouped frequency distribution If class intervals are of inclusive type, make 3 columns and if class intervals are of exclusive type, 2 columns 2 or 3 columns Class intervals Class boundaries Frequency (

Mode

4. Inter-relation between measures of central tendency Mean Mode (Mean Median)

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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

5. Statistics - II 1. Pie Diagram 3 columns Measure of Central angle Component No. of Component (

Total

No. of component

Graphical Representation of Statistical Data 1. Histogram 1. Make class intervals continuous if they are not continuous(extended class intervals). 2. Take extended class intervals on X-axis and Frequencies on Y-axis 2. Frequency polygon and frequency curve 1. Make two additional Classes of zero frequency. 2. Make three columns viz. Class intervals, Class marks, and Frequency. 3. Take Class marks on X-axis and frequency on Y-axis.
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YASHASHREE CLASSES

ALGEBRA

3. Ogive curves or Cumulative frequency curves 1. Less than cumulative frequency curve: 4 columns Take class intervals on X-axis and frequency on Y-axis Extended Classes Frequencies ( Upper Class boundaries ( Less than cumulative frequencies

Addition: from up to down

Total

2. More than Cumulative frequency curves Take class intervals on X-axis and frequency on Y-axis Extended Classes Frequencies ( Lower Class boundaries ( More than cumulative frequencies

Addition: from down to up

Total

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