Marie Antoinette Torres A 20L Group 3

Nov. 27, 2012 Dec. 4, 2012

Colligative Properties

I.

Introduction A phase change is the change from one physical state to another, accompanied by a change in

energy of the system. From an ordered state, energy must be supplied to overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction to transform the substance into a less ordered state. The phase changes involved in this exercise were melting, freezing, and boiling. Melting is the conversion of a substance from solid to liquid. An increase in temperature and kinetic energy disrupts the arrangement of the solid until the intermolecular forces of attraction are overcome, resulting in the fluid motion of the particles. Freezing is the conversion of a substance from liquid to solid. Due to the decrease in temperature and kinetic energy of the liquid, a structure is formed and the liquid substance becomes solid. Boiling is the change from liquid to gas. It occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. Colligative properties are the properties of solutions that are dependent not on the nature of the solute, but on the amount present. The properties involved in this exercise were boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. In boiling point elevation, the boiling point of the solution increases as the concentration increases. In freezing point depression, the presence of a solute decreases the freezing point of the solution. The objectives of this exercise were: 1. 2. to describe colligative properties of solutions; to determine the effect of solute concentration on boiling point and freezing point of the solution; and

3.

to compute for the molar mass of an unknown solute using freezing point depression data.

II.

Materials A. Reagents Naphthalene

B. Apparatus Test tubes Iron clamp Thermometer 4 250-mL beakers Iron stand Iron Ring Bunsen burner

III.

Procedure Two grams of naphthalene were obtained and put in a test tube. Then, the tube was put in a

250 mL beaker. Distilled water was poured to the beaker until the water level is above the sample in the test tube. The beaker was then heated until the sample has melted and the temperature reached 90:C. After the sample has reached 90:C, the beaker was put off the flame. Its temperature was then recorded at 15 second intervals until the temperature reached 70:C. 0.20 g of an unknown substance and 2.0 g of naphthalene were mixed in a test tube. The tube was then put in a 250 mL beaker with a water level just above the sample. The beaker was then heated until the sample has melted and the temperature reached 90:C. After reaching that temperature, the beaker was put off the flame. The temperature of the sample was recorded every fifteen seconds until it dropped to 70:C.

100 mL of distilled water was obtained and put into a 250 mL beaker. The distilled water was then heated and its temperature recorded at 15 second intervals until it has reached its boiling point. 100 mL of distilled water was obtained and transferred into a 250 mL beaker. 1.5 g of an unknown sample was obtained and dissolved into the water. The solution was then heated. Its temperature was recorded every fifteen seconds until the solution has reached its boiling point.

IV.

Data and Observations

Table 1.1. Determination of the Freezing Point of Naphthalene Time (s) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255
Temperature (:C)

Phase Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Time 315 330 345 360 375 390 405 420 435 450 465 480 495 510 525 540 555 570

Temperature (:C)

Phase Liquid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid

90 90 88 88 88 87 86 86 84 84 83 82 82 81 80 80 79 79

78 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 76 74 74 74 74 74 74 72 72

270 285 300

78 78 78

Liquid Liquid Liquid

585 600 615

72 72 70

Solid Solid Solid

Figure 1. Cooling Curve of Naphthalene

Naphthalene
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 Naphthalene

Table 1.2. Determination of the Freezing Point Depression of Naphthalene Time (s) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105
Temperature (:C)

Phase Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Time 390 405 420 435 450 465 480 495

Temperature (:C) 74 74 74 74 73 72 72 71

Phase Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid

90 89 88 87 86 85 84 84

120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375

83 82 82 81 81 80 80 79 78 77 77 76 76 75 75 75 75 74

Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Liquid-Solid Solid

510 525

71 70

Solid Solid

Figure 2. Freezing Point Depression of Naphthalene

Napthalene + Unknown
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 Napthalene + Unknown

Table 1.3. Determination of the Boiling Point of Distilled Water Time (s) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Temperature (:C)

Phase Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Time 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285

Temperature (:C)

Phase Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid-Gas Liquid-Gas Gas Gas Gas

34 34 40 43 47 52 58 60 64 68 72

77 81 85 89 93 96 98 98 98

Figure 3. Heating Curve of Distilled Water

Distilled water
120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Distilled water

Table 1.4. Determination of the Boiling Point of Distilled Water + Unknown solute Time 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 Temperature 32 34 38 40 46 52 56 60 65 69 74 78 Phase Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Time 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 Temperature 81 85 88 93 98 99 99 99 99 99 99 Phase Liquid Liquid-Gas Liquid-Gas Liquid-Gas Liquid-Gas Liquid-Gas Gas Gas Gas Gas Gas

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300

Figure 4. Heating Curve of Distilled Water + Unknown Solute

distilled water + unknown solute

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 distilled water + unknown solute

Table 1.5. The Boiling Point of distilled water and dH2O + unknown solute at different concentrations Group 1 2 3 4 5 Amount of Solute (g) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Boiling Point of dH2O 99 98 98 98 96
Boiling Point of dH2O + unknown solute

100 98 99 99 97

V.

Discussion In the experiment, the freezing point of pure naphthalene was 76:C. The experimental value

was far from the actual freezing point of naphthalene. A possible source of error might be an incorrect amount of sample used in the experiment. The freezing point of the naphthalene solution acquired is 74:C. There was a 2:C difference between the pure naphthalene and the naphthalene solution. The presence of a solute decreased the freezing point of the solution. The presence of more solute makes it easier for the solution to crystallize as it cools. The molality of the solution is 0.29 m. This could be computed dividing the freezing point depression by the molal freezing point depression constant.

The moles of solute used in the solution could then be computed.

The molar mass of the solute is 344.82 g/mol.

The boiling point of distilled water in the experiment is 98:C while the boiling point of the solution is 99:C. The increase in the boiling point was caused by the presence of solute. The more concentrated the solution becomes, the more crystalline is its structure. Because of the structure becoming more ordered, it would take more energy to break the bonds of this structure. More energy would result to an increase in boiling point.

VI.

Conclusion The freezing point of a solution decreases as the amount of solute increases. More solute mixed

into a solution would create more bonds with the solvent molecules. As more bonds are formed, the structure becomes more crystalline. If the structure is becoming more crystalline, then it would be easier for the solution to take shape and freeze. Boiling point is directly proportional to the amount of solute present in the solution. The presence of solute increases the boiling point of the solution. As a solution becomes more concentrated, more bonds are formed. An increased amount of energy is required to break these bonds. A higher temperature is needed to produce an increased amount of energy.

VII.

References Guch, I. (2009). Fun With Colligative Properties. Available: http://misterguch.brinkster.net/colligativepropertiestutorial.html Helmenstine, A.M. Freezing Point Depression, What Freezing Point Depression Is And How It Works. Available: http://chemistry.about.com/od/solutionsmixtures/a/freezingpointde.-Nxc.htm Laboratory Instruction Manual for Chem 16.1 General Chemistry I Laboratory. Los Banos, Laguna: Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Banos.