LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Submitted by:Sorilla,Ray-ann Glomar,Sarah Navela,Glesel Submitted to: Sir George Quiambao

HEROIC LEADERSHIP AND RIZAL While the propagandists were divided into plan reform workers, assimilation advocates, and revolutionary leaders, Rizal tried to guide and unite them with his concept of nationalism. He performed a fourth ideal: the development of a free and independent nation with a fully independent and sovereign people through education. He favored reforms and the assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain, but only as a means of preparing his people for the ultimate goal-independence. This was an ambitious goal that had to start with the process of educating his people, of reorienting their attitude to prepare them to work for and to uphold freedom with dignity in an atmosphere of political and social equality, material prosperity, religious tolerance, and intellectual growth. Rizals nationalistic ideas did not sprout suddenly. They had their inception during his childhood and they grew and mellowed through the years, his writings and other involvements reflecting the servant-leader that he modeled.

ANALYSIS:

We chose this photo pertaining to heroic leadership because it shows one of the characteristic of being a leader.Being a heroic leadership doesnt mean that you have to die in order to attain this.But it is serving for others as long as your heart is true and truly loved your nation and the people and you have the patriotism and nationalism and the willingness to serve the country to provide people their needs you could be a heroic leader.It doesnt matter if you do a big things or small things as long as you have the same intention and pure love for your country.

HEROIC LEADERSHIP Rizal defined his life and leadership in Ultimo Adios, his final poem safely tucked inside the alcohol burner that he gave to his sister Trinidad, the day before his execution. In the poem, he remembered the distant past, his childhood, his friends, his family, and everything that motivated his actions and finally brought him to this destiny. He recalled the incidents that led him to dedicate his life and work to his country, and to his early dreams of a happy and free Philippines. His thoughts were drawn to his countrymen who were fighting a losing battle, a revolution he had condemned. They, too, were willingly sacrificing their lives for their country and these sacrifices for the country would not be in vain. From his country and people he wanted no monument but only a simple remembrance, a prayer for his repose. Once more Rizal recalled how he worked to arouse among his people the desire to improve themselves, how he stirred them into action to unite and to plan among themselves so that they could effectively work for reforms. He thought of the ideas and principles he had written which he has now bequeathing to his people. Faith, he remembered, inspired and impelled him to take on the self-imposed mission of working for his countrys redemption, faith in his fellowmen, faith in his country, faith that someday freedom, progress, and prosperity would be theirs to enjoy. He was bequeathing this sense of faith to his people. He wanted them to have faith in themselves, faith in their country, faith in the future. He wanted this message relayed from generation to generation: Land that I lovefarewell! O Land the sun loves! Pearl in the sea of the orient: Eden lost to your brood! Gaily go I to present you this hapless hopeless life; were it more brilliant, had it more freshness, more bloom still for you would I give itwould give it for your good. In barricades embattle, fighting with delirium, others donate you their lives without doubts, without gloom, The site doesnt matter: cypress, laurel or lily; gibbet or open field, combat or cruel martyrdom, are equal if demanded by country and home. 3

I am to die when I see the heaven go vivid, announcing the day at last behind the dead night. If you need colour, colour to stain that dawn with, let spill my blood, scatter it in good hour, and drench in its gold one beam of the newborn light. My dreams when a lad, when scarcely adolescent; my dreams when a young man, now with vigor inflamed; were to behold you one dayjewel of eastern waters! griefless the dusky eyes: lofty the upright brow: unclouded, unfurrowed , unblemished, and unashamed! Enchantment of my life, my ardent avid obsession: To your health! Cries the soul, so soon to take the last leap; to your health! O lovely; how lovely; to fall that you may rise! To perish that you may live! To die beneath your skies! And upon your enchanted ground the eternities to sleep! Should you find someday, somewhere on my gravemound, fluttering among tall grasses, a flower of simple frame caress it with your lips and you kiss my soul, I shall feel on my face across the cold tombstone, of your tenderness: the breadthof your breath: the flame. Suffer the moon to keep watch, tranquil and suave, over me; suffer the dawn its flying lights to release; suffer the wind to lament in murmur us and grave manner and should a bird drift down and light on my cross, suffer the bird to intone its canticle of peace. Suffer the rains to dissolve in the fiery sunlight, and purified rescinding heavenward bear my cause: suffer a friend to grieve I perished so soon: and on fine evenings, when someone prays in my memory, pray also: O my land: that in God I repose. Pray for all those who have fallen befriended by no fate: for all who braved the bearing of torments all bearing past: for our pitiful mothers, piteously breathing forth bitterness:

for orphans and widows: for those in tortured captivity and yourselfpray to behold your redemption at last. And when in dark night shrouded the graveyard lies and only, only the dead keep vigil the night through: keep holy the peace: keep holy the mystery. Strains, perhaps, you will hear- of zither, or of Psalter: it is I: O, land I love: it is I who sing to you! And when my grave stands wholly unremembered and unallocated (no cross upon it, no stone there plain): let the site be wrecked by the plow and cracked by the spade: and let my ashes, before they vanish to nothing, as dust be formed a part of your carpet again. Nothing then will it matter to place me in oblivion across your air, your valleys shall pass my wrath, A pure chord, strong and resonant, shall I be in your ears: fragrance, light, and colourwhisper, lyric and sigh: constantly repeating the essence of my faith. Land that I idolize: prime sorrow among my sorrows beloved Filipinas: hear me the parting word. I bequeath you everythingmy family, my affection: I go where flourish no slave, no butchers, no oppressors: where faith doesnt kill: where Gods the sovereign Lord. Farewell, my parents, my brothersfragments of my soul: friends of old and playmates in childhoods ravished house: offer thanks that I rest from the restless day. Farewell sweet foreigner, my crony, my delight! Creatures I love-farewell! To die is to repose.

CAST OF CHARACTERS Noni Buencamino as Elias Roeder as Basilio Richard Quan as Isagani Ronnie Lazaro as Francisco Mercado Cesar Montano as Jose P.Rizal Joel Torre as Ibarra/Simoun Jaime Fabregas as Luis Taviel de Andrade Gloria Diaz as Teodora Alonzo Pen Medina as Paciano Mercado Gina Alajar as Saturnina Tanya Gomez as Narcisa Tess Dumpit as Maria Imma Adlawan as Lucia Angie Castrence as Josefa Rowena Basco as Trinidad Ronnie Lazaro as Francisco Mercado Minco Fabregas as Padre Sanchez

INTERPRETATION The 1st stanza speaks about Jose Rizal about how he love his country,the Philippines.He describe the beauty of it.He adores it and his willing to present his life for the sake of our country if that what it takes he will give it for good even though his life is very meaningful and precious to him and to his family. The 2nd stanza speaks about the people who give their life to their country.It tells about the patriotism and nationalism of the people dedicated their life to our country and serving our nation.It also tells that it doesnt matter even though there is different struggles as long as they have similar intention. The 3rd stanza speaks about the love of Rizal for the privilege or the rights of every people. The 4th stanza speaks about the martyrdom of GOMBURZA and when the GOMBURZA executed.His love for the GOMBURZA and his willingness to fight for the freedom and rights of Filipino. The 5th stanza speaks about the freedom and rights of Filipino will get after his death it also talks about the desire on him to dedicate his life. The 6th stanza speaks about the grave of Rizal.He is afraid that after his death he may be forgotten but he didnt say in this stanza that he demands to have a monument or anything like that he just want that Filipinos may remember him in his cold tombstone he wants the flame of our breath or the love of us for him. The 7th stanza speaks about the moon,wind and dawn He wants to see it over his grave and the bird on the top of his grave that represents peace and a country without opressors. The 8th stanza speaks about the rain and sunlight.Rain means problems,sorrows and cries of people including him and sunlight represents taking away all of this a new beginning.He also tell in the evenings pray for him in his memory and in the hands of God he will remained. The 9th stanza speaks about to pray also the people who suffered and give their lives to the country and also pray for all the mothers,orphans and widows.Pray for yourself to behold the redemption. 7

The 10th stanza speaks about the Rizals tomb that in a graveyard he is along with other dead people in the night he doesnt want to be disturb to keep the holy peace and the mystery and when we heard a sad song it is him who sing to his beloved country. The 11th stanza speaks about when his grave no one remembered and if theres no cross or even stone above it let his ashes spread because it represent his words and thoughts. The 12th stanza speaks about being forgotten but Rizal doesnt care anymore He will keep his faith to him as he sing a hymn for his nation. The 13th stanza speaks about saying goodbye to Filipinas.Saying goodbye to his parents,friends and small children.He gives everything to the Philippines and He will go to a peace place where there is no slaves,no butchers,no opressors and where faith doesnt kill and the God who is above all. The last stanza speaks about Farewell tohisparents.hisbrothers,chidhoodfriend and playmates.He will now rest.For all the people he loved he said goodbye.He said to die is to repose which means to die is to rest and he will rest peacefully.

COMMENT: This poem My last farewell tells about how Rizal loved his own country.The patriotism and nationalism relies on him.The love of liberty in him and his willing to give his life to the Philippines and to the Filipinos to have a privilege.rights and freedom.He is accused and condemned by Spaniards but still he continue to fight for the rights of every Filipinos.To open the eye of Filipinos and see the reality that they shouldnt be contented being slaves that they also have rights and should be treated equally.

RIZALS LIFE Birth.Rizal was born on Wednesday,19 June 1861,in Kalamba,Laguna.He was baptized Jose Protacio and carried the surname Rizal(ricefield) Mercado (market) y Alonso Realonda. Kalamba is a small agricultural town nestling at the foot of Mt.Makiling as it slopes down to the Laguna de Bay.It was prosperous town devoted to the production of sugar.Despite their hardships as tenants of the Dominican friars whose estate covered practically the whole town,its inhabitants lived well. Its soil was fertile,its climate favorable.Its scenic beauty gave the young Rizal the right impetus for his poetic and artistic creativity.Its share of unhappiness alsoshaped his noble and heroic spirit.The sorroundings of his home opened to him the many wonders of nature.Verdant meadows all around,a fruit laden orchard and the gentle atmosphere of the familys rambling house left a deep impression on him. In the atmosphere Rizal learned the basic values of love and affection and loyalty which won for him the esteem and admiration of all who came in contact with him.

ANALYSIS: Rizal was born in kalamba,laguma on June 19.1861 Wednesday between eleven and midnight, a few days before full moon.It would have cost his mother life had she not vowed to the Virgin of Antipolo He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). Both his parents were educated.His father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, an industrious farmer whom Rizal called "a model of fathers," came from Bian, Laguna; while his mother, Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, a highly cultured and accomplished woman whom Rizal called "loving and prudent mother," was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother; at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed Interest doing arts he do sketches,drawings and sometimes molding a clay.At a very young age Rizal shows the interest in learning he even asks his mother what is justice and he is cautious in his sorroundings. 9

CAST OF CHARACTER OF JOSE RIZAL BIRTH Cesar Montano as Jose P.Rizal Jhong Hilario as Prisoner Servant Dominic Guinto as Young Rizal Ping Medina as Young Paciano Gloria Diaz as Teodora Alonzo Ronnie Lazaro as Francisco Mercado Gina Alajar as Saturnina Tanya Gomez as Narcisa Tess Dumpit as Maria Imma Adlawan as Lucia Angie Castrence as Josefa Rowena Basco as Trinidad

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Ancestry. Like most Filipinos, Rizal was of mixed racial origin. On his fathers side he descends from an industrious and intelligent Chinese merchant, Domingo Lamco, who married a Chinese meztiza, Ines de la Rosa. From the parian, the family migrated to Bian and became tenants in the Dominican estate. Lamcos only son, Francisco was keenwitted and liberal. He became quite well-to-do and popular enough, to be appointed municipal captain of Bian in 1783. The family adopted the surname Mercado to free th e younger generation from the prejudices that bothered those with a Chinese name. Franciscos wife, Bernarda Monica, was a Chinese meztiza. They had two children: Juan and Clemente, Juan married Cirila Alejandra, also a Chinese meztiza, had 14 children, including Francisco, Rizals father. Francisco Mercado and two of his sisters moved to Dominican estate in Kalamba where they became pioneer farmers. In recognition of their farming ability, the landlords gave them additional allotments, and promoted Francisco to overseer with compensation. Pioneer farming in the miasmatic forests of Kalamba exacted a heavy tool on the Mecado family. Undaunted, the young, ambitious, industrious, and thrifty Francisco held on to the Dominican lands. He also brought the holdings of others who, discouraged, gave up their farms. From these holdings, supplemented by income from the dry foods store of his wife, Teodora Alonso, the fortunes of the Rizal family were built Materially, socially, and professionally, the Alonso family was more progressive than the Mercado family. In those days when professionals were few, the Alonso clan had a number of lawyers, priests, engineers, and government officials. Rizals maternal great grandfather, Manuel de Quintos, a Chinese meztizo from Lingayen, Pangasinan, was a lawyer. His wife Regina Ursua (Ochoa), was a Japanese ancestry. Their daughter Brigida married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, an engineer. Lorenzos mother belonged to a professionally famous family Baliuag Bulacan. Lorenzo himself was wealthy and had a considerable investment in two American companies. His wife Brigida was well-educated and a good mathematician. The couple had five children, including Teodora Rizals mother. 11

Immediate Family Rizals parents were even more prosperous and renowned than their ancestors. The industry of the couple raised them to the privileged class, the principalia.they lived in a big rectangular house of adobe and hardwood with a red-tiled roof. They owned carriages and horses, symbols of wealth and respect in the town. Rizals father, Don Francisco Mercado, was born in Bian, Laguna. He studied Latin and philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. Rizal described him as a model of fathers. He was a man oh solid shoulder, strong constitution, rather tall than short, of serious and reflective mien, and with prominent forehead and large, dark eyes. Doa Teodora Alonso, Rizals mother, was born in Meisik, Sta. Cruz, Manila, to a distinguished and talented family. Doa Teodora was a remarkable woman. Rizal always spoke of her with a warmth and admiration. My mother is not a woman of ordinary culture. She knows literature and speaks Spanish better than I do she even corrected my poems and gave me wise advice when I was studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has read many books, From her side came Rizals literary talent. It is said that one of Rizals maternal aunts was a well-known poetess from Vigan. Both parents influenced Rizal and left their imprint on his character. From his father he inherited a profound sense of dignity and self-respect, seriousness and self-possession; and from his mother the temperament of the poet and the dreamer and bravery for sacrifice. Don Francisco and Doa Teodora were blessed woth eleven children: two boys and nine girls. They were, in the order of birth, Saturmina Paciano, Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, and Soledad. Rizals only brother, Paciano, was ten years old than he. Like their father, he had a college education in Manila. He was a second father to Jose and gave him wise counsel. Three months before the execution of Rizal, Paciano was captured, threatened. And tortured to give a signed confession that this brother was the leader of the 1896 revolution, The attempt was futile. No harsh words physical pain could make him turn against his younger brother. 12

After theexecution of his brother in 1896, Paciano joined General Aguinaldos army and rose to the rank of major general. When peace restored, he retired to his farm in Los Baos and led a quite life until his death in 1930. Early Manifestation of Talent and Patriotism, Rizal learned the alphabet at the age of three. Even as a boy he was reading, interest in sculpture, sketching, and painting. The familys well-stocked library provided him with the necessary incentives. He read books with his mother. After this he would form clay animal figures in the family playhouse in the backyard, then drew or painted. The scenic beauty of Kalamba, his mother, and other people provided themes for his literary ventures and artistic subjects. Knowing her sons potential Doa Teodora encouraged him to express his thoughts and sentiments in verse. He wrote his first poem, Sa AkIng Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children), when he was only eight years old. He also wrote in his diary: My mother finished the fable [of moth that ignored her mothers warning against fluttering too close to the flame --- and got burnt]. I was not listening; all my attention, all my mind, and all my thoughts were concentrated on the fate of the moth, young, dead, full of illusions the light seemed to be more beautiful, dazzling and attractive. I understood why moths fluttered around light what preoccupied me most was the death of the imprudent moth, but at the bottom of my heart, I didnt blame. Rizal envied the fate of the moth and thought the warm blue flame was so beautiful that it was worth dying for. That there are things worth giving up for life was a noble notion the entertained as a child.

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Cast of characters of Jose Rizal the movie ancestry (1998) Cesar Montano as Jose P. Rizal Pen Medina as Paciano Mercado Gloria Diaz as Teodora Alonzo Gina Alajar as Saturna Tanya Gomez as Narcisa Tess Dumpit as Maria Imam Adlawan as Lucia Angie Castrence as Josefa Rowena Basco as Trinidad Ronnie Lazaro as Francisco Mercado ANALYSIS: Rizal was a product of the mixtures of races. In his veins flowed the blood of both east and west- Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish. His great-great grand father on his father side was Domingo Lameo who was full blooded Chinese and his maternal great-great grand father was Eugenio Ursua of Japanese Ursua. The surname Mercado means market and Rizal (means ricefield). The house of Rizals family, where he was born was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during Spanish times. It was two storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hardwoods, and roofed with res tiles. The house was high, a solid and massive earthquake-proof structure with sliding shell windows. Thick walls of lime and stone bounded the first floor the second floor was made entirely of wood except for the roof. At the back of their house has an azotea. The Rizals family belonged to the middle class family. Rizals parents were able to live well. From the farms they harvested rice, canes, etc. and they raised chicken, pigs, and turkey Don Francisco and Dona Teodora was blessed with eleven children. Saturnina (1850-1913) was the oldest of the rizal children nickname Neneng. Paciano (1815-1930) the only brother of Rizal and confident of Rizal. Narcisa (1852-1939) her pet name was Sisa. Olimpia (1855-1887) ypia was her pet name. Lucia (1857-1919) she married to Marciano Herbosa. Maria (1859-1945) Biang was her nickname. Jose (18611869) the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; his nickname was Pepe. Concepcion (1862-1865) her pet name was Concha she died of sickness at the age of 3; her death was Rizals first sorrow in life. Josefa (1865-1945) her pet was Panggoy she died an old maid at the age of 80. 14

Trinindad (1868-1951) Trining was her pet name; she died also an old maid in 1951 age of 83. Soledad (1870-1929) youngest of the Rizal children; her pet name was Choleng.. Formal education in the Philippines, Soon Rizals passion for education superseded all the learning that his home could provide. Thus, when he was nine years old, his parents sent him to Bian for formal schooling in the basic curriculum of that age: the four Rs. He followed a regular daily routine, attended to his studies assiduously and excelled in them. Besides taking formal lessons in Latin and Spanish, Rizal availed of the services of a local painter and soon became one of the best painters of the school. On 10 June 1872, Rizal took the entrance examination at San Juan de Letran College. He passed the qualifying tests in Christian doctrine, reading, and arithmetic. This entitled him to admission at the Ateneo where he studied from 1872 to 1877 and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with the highest honors. This degree entitled him to admission in a university, When Rizal first attended class he was placed at the tail end because he was new and untried. He understood Spanish but spoke it incorrectly. However, in a week, he was promoted and after a month, he was the top emperador or student of his class. He was a consistent medalist and his grades in all subjects were excellent. At the Ateneo he ventured into the wider vistas of knowledge and became attracted to history, philosophy, science, poetry. Rizal grew in the art rhetorics and the art of developing independent judgment. Ateneo had taught him that the mind could conquer nature and matter. Undecided on which field to go into after graduation, he enrolled in courses in philosophy and letters at the University of Santo Tomas and courses inland surveying and agriculture at the Ateneo. Before he was 21 years old, he completed the surveyor and expert assessors course with a grade of excellent He then decided to take up medicine at the University of Santo Tomas because he wanted to know how to treat the failing eyesight of his mother. His academic performance at the university below his standard at the Ateneo; his general average was only good. He resented the discriminatory practices in the university classrooms. Feeling that the hostility oh the Dominican friars and their uninspiring methods of instruction were not conductive growth, he quit the university. 15

ANALYSIS: The formal education in Philippines- The first teacher of Rizal was his mother he learned at the age of three alphabet and the prayers. Dona Teodora who first discover that her son had a talent for poetry. Accordingly, she encouraged him to write poems. Private tutors to give him lessons at home the first was Maestro Celestino and the second, Maestro Lucas Padua. On Sunday afternoon in June 1869 Jose left Calamba for Binan he was accomplished by Paciano, who acted as his second father Paciano brought his younger brother to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz the school was in the house of the teacher w/c was a small nipa hut about 30 meters from the home of Joses aunt. In the afternoon of his first day in school, when the teacher was having his siesta, Jose met the bully, Pedro. He was angry at this bully for making fun of him during his conversation with the teacher in the morning. Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter readily accepted, thinking that he could easily beat the Calamba boy who was smaller and younger. The two boys wrestled furiously in the classroom, much to the glee of their classmates. Jose, having learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel, defeated the bigger boy. For this feat, he became popular among his classmates. In academic studies, Jose beat all Binan boys. He surpassed them all in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects. End of Binan Schooling Before the Christmas season in 1870, Jose received a letter from his sister Saturina, informing him of the arrival of the steamer Talim which would take him from Binan to Calamba. He left Binan on Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870, after one year and a half of schooling in that town. Four months after the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and with Dona Teodora still in prison, Jose, who had not yet celebrated his eleventh birthday, was sent to Manila. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish. On June 10, 1872 Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila. He took the entrance examinations on Christian doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at the College of San Juan de Letran, and passed them. He returned to Calamba to stay a few days with his family and to attend the town fiesta. His father, who first wished him to study at Letran, changed his mind and decided to send him to Ateneo instead. Rizals First Year in Ateneo (1872-73). On his first day of class in the Ateneo, in June, 1872, Being a newcomer and knowing little Spanish, Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class. He was an externo, hence he was assigned to the Cathaginians, occupying the end of the line. After the first week, the frail Calamba boy progressed rapidly. At the end of the month, he became emperor. 16

He was the brightest pupil in the whole class, and he was awarded a prize. To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during the noon recesses, At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal. With such scholastic honors, Last Year in Ateneo (1876-77). His studies continued ti fare well. As a matter-of-fact, he excelled in all subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits. Rizal finished his last year at the Ateneo in a blaze of glory. He obtained the highest grdes in all subjects-philosophy, physics, biology, chemistry, languages, mineralogy, etc. In April 1877, Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated on the University if Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and Latters. He enrolled in this course for two reasons; (1) his father liked it and (2) he was still uncertain as to what career to puRsue. It was during the following term (1878-79) that Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rectors advice to study medicine, Another reason why he chose medicine for a career was to be able to cure his mothers growing blindness. During his first school term in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-78), Rizal also studied in the Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor). Rizal, as usual, excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in the Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography. At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course, but could not be granted the title as surveyor because he was below age. The title was issued to him on November 25, 1881.

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Literary and artistic talents, While continuing his studies at the Ateneo, Rizal took time to develop his skills in sculpture and writing. Of his attempts at the plastic arts, two places are preserved at the Ateneo: the image of Our Lady carved in batikulin, and the image of the Sacred Heart. His first poem during this stage of his life was Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration), dedicated to his mother who had just been released from prison for undictine accusation without evidence. Historical events inspired several of his poem. Y Es Espaol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He Is Spanish: Elcano, the First to Circumnavigate the World); El Combate; Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo); El Embarque: Himno de la Flota de Magallanes (The H Departure: Hymn to Magellans Fleet); El Hroismo de Colon (The heroism of Columbus); Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John ii) were some of these poems. He also composed two poems which express his relevant on education and religion. His academic excellence and his literary and artistic gifts qualified him for membership in the Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of natural Science, both exclusive societies at the Ateneo. He also joined the Marian Congregation (Sodality of Our Lady) and the Apostleship of Prayer. He became the secretary of the Marian Congregation and a prefect of the Academy of Spanish Literature. To compensate for his inability to show better academic performance at the University of Santo Tomas, he gave vent to literary expression. He joined a literary contest among mestizos and Filipinos sponsored by the Liceo Literario de Manila in 1879. He submitted his poem A La Javentud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) which won the first prize, a feather shaped silver pen decorated with a gold ribbon. The following year the Liceo sponsored another contest In honor of Miguel de Cervantes, the national poet of Spain. Again he won the first prize. A third major work during this period was Junto al Pasig (Besides the Pasig), a piece that aroused the hostility of some friars.

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ANALYSIS:

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Perspective from a distance, Rizals years abroad exposed him to other societies and to foreign accounts of the Philippine, providing him a clearer perspective of his countrys problems. After he quit the University of Santo Tomas, and on the advice of Paciano, he sailed for Europe on May 1182,and arrived in Barcelona by the middle of June. While in board the Salvadora on his way to Europe, he realized he was the lone Indio among 37 passengers. Most of them were returning from the Philippines after some months or years of service. A number of them spoke ill country. About this accident, he wrote in his diary: Criticism flowed freely. I discovered that in my poor country all Spaniards, friars and lay officials alike, are consumed with the desire to suck the blood out the Indio. There might be exceptions as they said, but they are rare. Rizal was deeply distressed by shipmates remarks, but seeing that he was the only Indio abroad the ship he suffered the pain in silence. He moved to Madrid where medical education was cheaper. In Bian and Ateneo he followed a strictly organized schedule because he wanted to do so much within so short a time. Now, he enrolled at the Central University of Madrid for the licentiate in medicine and for a degree in philosophy and letters. He also took up lessons in painting and sculpture at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, as well as lessons in French and German at the Ateneo de Madrid. During his free hours, he attended lectures and frequented the theatre. Time was short for the numerous studies of Rizal, but he spent it well to acquire proficiency in various fields of learning. By 21 June 1884, his assiduous devotion to his studies yielded its first fruit. He completed the required number of courses for the licentiate in medicine with good grades. The next year he proceeded to courses for a doctorate in medicine, but he did not complete his thesis. However, the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred on him posthumously in 1961, on the centenary of his birth. In 1885 he completed his second course for which he received his license in philosophy and letters. This entitled him to a university professorship.

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He went to Paris for further studies in ophthalmology. Together with other foreigners, he worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Louis de Weckert, leading ophthalmology in France. After four months training, he learned the techniques of eye operation. His limited allowance and his desire to know more about eye ailments prompted him to go to Germany where the cost of living was lower than In Paris. He practiced in a hospital of Heidelberg under the supervision of the hospital director, Dr. Otto Becker, a renowned German doctor. Then, Rizal went to Berlin where he worked as an assistant in the clinics of Dr. Schultzer and Dr. Xavier Galegowspi, eminent German ophthalmologists. For more thorough work on the improvement of conditions in the Philippines, he searched European libraries for books written about the Philippines, he joined scientific societies to deepen his knowledge about his country. Even while he was visiting the villages and cities and Spain, France, Germany, and other European countries, he was constantly alert for methods he could adapt to his country.

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ANALYSIS:

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European influences on Rizal, Nineteenth century Europe ha ad profound influence on Rizal. When he left Europe in 1887, he was a determined and mature nationalist who knew what he wanted for his country and how he could work for her cause. Such a transformation was due largely to the influences Europe had upon him. His thirst for knowledge was heightened by the new spirit of science and the technical revolution that was then taking place in an atmosphere of freedom. While he studied languages, history, geography, ethnology, anthropology, and psychology, he observed developments in chemistry, pharmacology, medicine, public hygiene, agriculture, and other phases of European life. His observations not only gave him invaluable lessons but also made him more aware of the backwardness of his country, The liberal ideas of national leaders, statesmen, economic and political philosophers were read and discussed freely in Europe. And freedom as exercised and enjoyed by the Western people left a lasting impression on Rizal, and would affect his novels, poems, and essays. After Spain he stayed longest in Germany. The strong sense of nationalism in that country had a special attraction for him. The Germans utilized the concept of nationalism as the moving and educational institutions. It became a bond uniting different social and religious classes and promoted greater tolerance. As a lover of truth, Rizal was inspired by the Germans in their practice of and belief in the principles of free and independent research and their thorough observation and objective presentation of facts. The German were studious and hard-working and their love for learning and their industry were traits he wanted his people to develop.

24

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Manifestation of perspective: Blueprint and strategies for nationbuilding. Rizals political convictions and concepts of nationalism matured between 1882 and 1887. From a distance he gained a clearer perspective of his countrys problems. He saw his country abused, maligned by the vices of the Spaniards and the Filipinos alike, helpless with her oppressed people, unhappy and yet beautiful. He saw that the prolonged subjugation of his people was caused primarily by two factors, namely, the absence of national sentiment or national consciousness and the poor training and education of the people. The Filipinos needed direction and he could give it. The paramount problem was the formation of a national consciousness or the creation of the idea of a nation on the minds of the Filipino people. This meant making the people realize the sordid facts of their existence, the causes of their sufferings, the difficult work they would have to do, and the sacrifices they would have to endure to be freed from colonial bondage. Upon being stirred from their inertia of servility and apathy. They should be organized to direct their thought and action toward building a nation of empowered individuals who would make responsible and independent judgment and who would think in terms of the welfare of the whole community. Hence, a national community would be created where the fruits of Filipino labor would accrue to the general benefit of the people and not to a foreign master or any special group. Rizal visualized the talented Filipino students in Madrid as the nucleus a of activities seeking solutions to the problems of their country. He proposed to them the writing of a book which would deal with the various aspects of Filipino life, similar to Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin and Eugene Sues The Wandering Jew. The book was to be the project of the Circulo Hispano-Filipina with each member contributing a chapter. But when details were discussed at a meeting, the members could not agree on the division of work. Most of them wanted to write about the Filipino women and were scarcely interested in the other topics of the proposed book. Disgusted, Rizal decided to carry on the work by himself. This was to be the Noli Me Tangere. For economic and aesthetic reasons he deleted sentences, characters, and even a chapter, and finally finished the book on 12 February 1887. Running short of funds, he had to look for the cheapest book printer, and eventually hot the Berliner Buchrukerei-Actien-Gessel-Shaft-Setzerinnen Schule de Lette Verriens to print the book. 26

He was charged P300 for 2,000 copies and had to borrow the amount from hi sfriend, Maximo Viola. The book came out in March 1887. His mission accomplished, he was ready to come home.

27

Some results. Back in the Philippines, the friars were beginning to feel the effects of the Propaganda Movement. Anti-friar sentiment was growing; social and political discontent was already very obvious. On 01 March 1888, a public demonstration against the friars was held in Manila. The demonstrators presented a petition asking for the expulsion of the friars and the secularization of parishes. But the petitioners were either imprisoned or exiled. Another petition asserting Filipino rights was signed by the tenants of Dominican estate in Kalamba asking either for a written contract between them and the landowners or an outright sale of the lands to them at reasonable prices. The tenants were sued by the Dominican estate, and the courts, Governor Valeriano Weyler ordered the ejection of the tenants or the burning of the houses of those who refused to leave. Rizals family was among the victims of this persecution. Not knowing the severity of the punishment inflicted on the members of his family but apprehensive of what could happen to them, Rizal continued his work with the propagandists with renewed zeal. As the news and stories of oppression in the Philippines spread, Rizal hastened to reassure his fellow-reformists in a letter dated 2 April 1889, that such persecution would only serve to stir more discontent among the people and make them more determined to ask for reforms. He knew that the Filipinos fight for their rights had begun. He had led the Filipino intelligentsia into action. There could be no turning back. He concluded hi letter with these words: The fight has begun; he who wavers shall fall. Let us now show the world and out enemies that we are not afraid of the friars threats. After arousing the people to action, Rizal feared the possibility of their resorting to arms as a desperate means of relieving themselves of their miseries. With this in mind, Rizal wrote El Filibusterismo to show his countrymen the price they should be willing to pay and the problems they would have to solve first before plunging the country into revolution. Among the concerns he asked them to consider before girding for battle were: Were there enough dedicated and highly trained leaders among them? Were the soldiers trained, and well armed? Could the collective strength of the country insure a good chance of victory? Were the people united and educated enough to assume their respective during the war? How effective was their means of communications? 28

The revolution in El FIlibusterismo failed because its leaders failed to consider these concerns. This was why we objected to the plan of the Katipunan to rise up in arms in 1896.

29

Philippine sojourn, He came on 6 August 1887 with some misgivings n the rejection to his plan and ideas. Warm and affectionate receptions awaited him in Kalamba. He was besieged with well-meaning admonitions and numerous questions by his family, friends, and acquaintances. But even before he could get settled, he wrote Dr. Blumentritt that he felt he would have to leave the Philippines again as he was beginning to feel the pressure of the groups he had antagonized in his novel. Meanwhile, he opened a clinic, operated on his mothers eyes, and established a gymnasium. By this time the Noli had already aroused a great deal of discussion, speculation, and apprehension. Despite the protection of the liberal-minded Governor Emilio Torrero, Rizals activities had to be limited because he received daily threats. He was not allowed by his parents to eat in other houses. Spaniards and some Filipinos whispering campaign against his character launched. They wanted to break down his morale and drive him out of his country. Governor Terrero apprehensive assigned Jose Taviel bde Andrade, a lieutenant of the Guardia civil, as Rizals personal escort. Meanwhile the special committee that studied the Noli recommended the absolute prohibition of the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book. The committee fond the book heretical, impious, and scandalous in its religious aspect, and unpatriotic and subversive to public order. It felt that the book would be harmful to the Spanish government and its administration of these islands. As the controversy over his novel raged, Rizal got involved in the Kalamba tenants fight to correct generations-old abuses committed against astir over impending trouble. Security for the Rizal family became a problem. All advised Rizal to leave. On 3 February 1888 he secretly departed for Hongkong and breezed through Japan and United States. He arrived in London on 24 May 1888. Free from Spanish persecution but far from his people, Rizal renewed his research work in the rich library of the British Museum. To vindicate his race from the calumnies of prejudiced Spanish writers, he annotated Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas written by Antonio de Morga, which was a fair presentation of 16th century Philippine culture and civilization. Excerpts from his dedicatory remarks read: it is necessary to first lay bare the past in order to better judge the present and to survey the road trodden during three centuries. 30

Only in knowing the historical past could they hope to rectify the prejudicial comment on the defects of the Filipino race. With this knowledge said Rizal we can proceed to study the future. Rizal must have surmised that once the Filipinos were convinced that their ancestors led a free, happy, and prosperous life of industry and perseverance, they would realize that much criticized indolence of the Filipinos was not hereditary but was caused by other factors. Somebody must explain to them what these factor were and once these obstacles to self-improvement were removed, the Filipinos would be inspired to work, study, and improve themselves. He published his annotation in January 1890. Then, while traveling from London to Madrid, Barcelona, and Paris, he contracted Filipino exiles and induced them to work for reforms which would lighten the sufferings of their countrymen back home. Together they planned a more active and better organized Propaganda Movement which Rizal became the enthusiastic leader. Besides writing essays for La Solidaridad, the official organ of the Propaganda Movement, he found time to write a second novel, El Filibusterismo which he dedicated to Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora as victims of the evil I am trying to fight. Father Burgos had been very active and outspoken in the fight for racial equality; advised Filipino liberals to study abroad, preferably outside Spain; was respected and admired by Paciano Rizal who lived in the house of his teacher-priest and who often worked for and with the priest. He published this work in September 1891.only a few copies of the book and La Solidaridad reached the country because of the policy of strict censorship. With the publication of El Filibusterismo and after three and half years of active propaganda work, Rizal wanted to return home once more.

31

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Hongkong sojourn, but Rizals family vigorously opposed his coming home, so he stayed in Hongkong for seven months. His parents, brother, and younger sisters, feeing from Spanish persecution, joined him later. While working in his eye clinic, Rizal negotiated with the representatives of the North Borneo Company for permission to establish a Filipino colony in Borneo in order to help the victims of persecution In Kalamba. He was granted permission by the British governor to establish a Filipino settlement on a 190,000-acre property in North Borneo proximate to the Philippines indistance and ecology. But the plan was disapproved by Eulogio Despujol who said that it was not proper for Filipinos to develop other lands when the Philippines was short of manpower. Rizal thought of another scheme to address the problems of his country the formation of a civic association of patriotic Filipinos to be called La Liga Filipina (Philippine League), he wrote its constitution and by-laws. The brunt of Spanish wrath, the sufferings of his people haunted Rizal. He had to come home. Together with his sister Lucia, he arrived in the Philippines on Sunday, 25 June 1892. The next day he went to Malolos San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacoor, where he exhorted his countrymen to join the Liga Filipina. The favorable reception of his project encouraged him to organize the league in July 1892. Even before Rizal left Hongkong for Manila, a trap had been laid for him. As early as 21 June 1892 a clandestine case had been filed in Manila against him for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation, on 7 July 1892, Rizal was summoned to Malacaang. He was confronted with leaflets entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars), a satire against the rich Dominican friars who had violated their vow of poverty. These leaflets were allegedly found In his sister Lucias pillow upon their arrival from Hongkong. Despite his protestation of innocence, he was arrested and brought to the Royal Fortress of Santiago for detention. On the evening of that day the Gaceta de Manlia published Governor Despujols decree ordering the deportation of Rizal to an Island in the south. He was being deported for having written and smuggled into the country leaflets which mocked the friars and maligned the Pope. He was accused of dedicating his second novel, El Filibusterismo, o the memory of the three priests who had been proven traitors to the nation but whom he extolled as martyrs. He was also accused of advocating separation from Spain as the only means of salvation for the Philippines. 33

The decree of deportation further charged Rizal with seeking to deCatholicise, which is equivalent to denationalize this Philippine land which will always be Spanish and such , always Catholic. Likewise the decree declared that the purpose of his works and writings was nothing else but to uproot from loyal Filipino breasts the treasure of our Holy Catholic Faith, the unbreakable keystone of national unity in this land. Without a trial, followed by an eight-day confinement in Fort Santiago he was surreptitiously escorted under heavy guard to the steamship Cebu for deportation to Dapitan. Rizal arrived in Dapitan on the night of 17 July 1892. After adjusting to his strange environment and new status, he engaged in useful activities. He practiced his profession and became a public health advocate, a farmer, a teacher, a businessman, a community development leader, an engineer, a scientist. He took time to study the Malayan language and several Filipino dialects, besides dabbling in sculpture, painting, sketching, and writing poetry. He bought 16 hectares of agricultural land in Talisay where he built a house, a school, and a clinic, and where he was visited by his mother, sisters Trinidad and Maria Cruz and Narcisa Lopez and nephews Mauricio Cruz and Teodora Herbosa and Estanislao Hebosa. He won the respect and admiration not only of the town people but also of the military governor. Two months before the end of Rizals exile, Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited him to inform him about the Katipunan and its revolutionary plans and to tell him that he was being considered for the headship of the new nation. Rizal objected to the revolutionary plans, saying that an uprising would be suicidal. There were others means -- peaceful means of seeking reforms. In spite of the consideration extended to him by the Spanish government through which he enjoyed certain liberties within the confines of Dapitan, Rizal was not happy because he was not a free man. Twice he wrote Governor General Ramon Blanco: the first letter in 1894 requested pardon for him, and the second letter in 1895 asked for his freedom and a review of his case. If this was not possible, he asked to be allowed to serve as a volunteer surgeon in the Spanish army in Cuba where a revolution was then ranging.

34

On 30 July 1896, when Rizal had given up all hope of being set free, he received a letter from the Governor informing him of the approval of his request to go to Cuba. The next day, after a four-year exile, he left for Manila on board the steamer Espaa. Upon arrival in Manila Bay he was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla, held incommunicado except with his family, to wait for the warship which was scheduled to sail for Spain. On board the Spanish warship, Rizal learned through the newspapers about the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. This did not surprise him. ANALYSIS: Rizal stayed in hongkong because his family for almost 7months his family also went to hongkong to be with him.while rizal is in hongkong back in Philippines there are secret plan against him because of the leaflet found under the pillow of lucia which pertains to the friars.Rizal established La Liga Filipina which aims To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogenous organization;Mutual protection in every want and necessity; Defense against all violence and injustice;Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and Study the application of reforms was a progressive organization created by Dr. Jos Rizal in the Philippines in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila in 1892. But the Spaniards treat this as an organization that was against to them When rizal returned in manila a clandestine case filed against him and has been deported to dapitan on the night of july 17 1892 while in dapitan he was restrain to discuss and write any subject connected with politics while in dapitan rizal engaged in many activities like being a farmer,teacher.scientist,engineer and many more bulid a clinic and he lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero. The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the prisoner) were warm and friendly. Carnicero came to know that Rizal was not a common felon, much less a filibustero. He gave good reports on his prisoner to Governor Despujol.With his prize from the Manila Lottery and his earnings as a farmer and a merchant, he bought a piece of land near the shore of Talisay near Dapitan. On this land, he built three houses- all made of bamboo, wood, and nipa. The first house which was square in shape was his home. The second house was the living quarters of his pupils. And the third house was the barn where he kept his chickens. The second house had eight sides, while the third had six sides. he began adapting to his new home. He helped the local residents by offering free education to all children, befriending his student Jose Asiniero (Hernando), and rendering his services as a doctor e met his fiance Josephine Bracken (Page) who brought her blinded stepfather George Taufer (Holmes) but later on she left him for her beloved Rizal. 35

They decide to marry, but are refused a Church wedding on political grounds. The couple settles for a common-law marriage despite initial opposition from Rizal's family, and have a stillborn son Rizal names Francisco.Jose Rizal's sisters once suspected that Josephine Bracken, his love interest in Dapitan, was a spy from Spain. After two months exiled in dapitan Dr.pio Valenzuela visited him and tell him all the plans of katipunan to start a revolution but rizal objected and tell that what they planned to do is suicidal.Rizal wrote a letter to Governor General Ramon Blanco the first leteer requested pardon for himself and the second one is the review of his case because jose rizal felt like he was not a free man.he almost gave up when he receive a letter from governor that,the request for his freedom is granted he sailed to cuba to be a volunteer surgeon but on board rizal learned through newspaper that the outbreak of Philippine revolution was starting.

36

Rizals arrest and return to the Philippines, On 3 September 1896, Rizal left our Barcelona on board the Isla de Panay. On the last day of the same month he was officially notified by the captain of the ship that he was under arrest and that he was to be confined in his cabin. Even before this official notification, he had heard rumors on Philippines. On 3 October 1896, the Isla de Panay docked in Barcelona. Three days later, Rizal was taken to the Fortress of Montjuich. That same afternoon he was made to board the steamer Colon, which was bound for Manila. It was carrying soldiers to fight the Filipino revolutionists. All throughout the trip, Rizal jotted down his thoughts and kept a record of his activities. Before his journal was confiscated, he wrote an accurate prognosis. I think that God is doing me good by allowing me to turn to the Philippines in order to disprove so many charges against me, either it will give me justice and acknowledge my innocence, and then I shall have alll my rights restored, or they will condemn me to death and then I shall have expiated my supposed crime in the eyes of society, she will forgive me later, without any doubt, I shall be given justice, and become one martyr more, On 3 November 1896, the Colon reached Manila. Rizal was immediately brought to Fort Santiago under heavy guard. He was tried and condemned as a traitor. But history has made its verdict: he was a martyr. His only crime was that he loved his country too well. He was condemned to die for having stirred the people into united action against Spanish tyranny. How this condemnation?

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THE DEBACLE OF HIS DEATH On the early morning of 29 December 1896, Rizal was formally notified of the courts verdict: death: he was to be shot at sunrise of the next day. The news of the decision spread like wildfire. Tension gripped Manila as the Spaniards feared that the rebels would enter the city and liberate Rizal. The verdict had been reached after an unprecedented one-day trial held the day after Christmas by a military court composed of six officers and presided over by Colonel Jose Tagores Arjona. The Auxiliary Advocate General Enrique de Alcocer was prosecutor. Accused of founding illegal associations and of promoting and inducing rebellion, the first being the necessary means to the second, Rizal was defended by lieutenant LuIs Taviel de Andrade, brother of his bodyguard in Kalamba in 1887-1888. Fishing for evidence, Proofs of Rizals guilt had been gathered by Captain Francisco de Olive and the preliminary investigation was conducted by a special judge, Colonel Rafael Dominguez. On 20 November, the farcical preliminary investigation began. Rizal was made to classify persons as friendly, not suspicious, or hostile from a list of names shown him. Then he was subjected to a continuous two-day inquisitorial interrogation and he answered the questions without benefit of counsel. He was not even allowed to confront those who testified against him. In two short days, Rizal had to make a rapid identification from the line-up of some 27 characters whose faces he did not see and w hose voices he could not hear but whose words would be utilized to convict him. He was questioned on several items, among them, his participation in various political activities, his association with certain people, and his knowledge of certain circumstances. The investigators had to fish for evidence from Rizals correspondence, written six to eight years prior to the organization of La Liga Filipina which was alleged to be the cause of the revolution, from his poems to Talisay and Kundiman, and from speeches of Katipuneros that ended with: Long live the Philippines! Long live Dr. Rizal! thet questioned him on his membership In the Masonic Lodges, on Dr. Valenzuelas visit to Dapitan, on Rizals appointment as honorary president of the Katipunan, on the display of his picture at the secret session room of the Katipuneros. The evidences dug up yielded nothing but flimsy dedications which could not definitely prove that Rizal favored a rebellion and plotted it. Desperate for more proofs of Rizals guilt, Captain Olive had Paciano tortured

to unconsciousness. Even under torture, Paciano denied his brothers guilt and kept quite most of the time, silently enduring blow after blow, one kind of torture after another. He matched his younger brothers courage in facing death and in defying Spanish tyranny. When the authorities were through with him, Paciano, almost dead, had to be carried home on stretcher.he remained paralyzed and speechless for several days.

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The trial, inconclusive as the evidences were, Judge Rafael Dominguez recommended a speedy trial, which the Governor and Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pea approved. The latter suggested a trial by the military court and ordered the investigating officer to begin the corresponding confiscation proceedings to the amount of at least a million pesos. At the trial, when Alcocer addressed the judges in an overflowing courtroom, he concealed his empty logic with his bombastic eloquence. Every sentence stirred the vengeful atmosphere of the courtroom. Alcocer opened with a description of the bloody war in the Philippines and in Cuba. Then he traced the Spanish education of Rizal and his activities abroad. He cited Rizals literary works, from his prize-winning poems to the two novels and other publications which supposedly showed his separatist tendency. Alcocer attempted to show that Rizals writings were designed to incite anti friar and anti-Spanish feelings; to show he planned to work through the Masonic lodges so that the friars might be expelled from the Philippines; and that the center of his activities were Hongkong, Madrid and Manila. The prosecutor depicted Rizal as a dedicated agitator of the native masses and as a man lacking in sincerity, obsessed by an overwhelming hatred for Spain, whose Machiavellian cunning directed the Supreme Council of the Kaipunan. He denounced Rizal as having resorted to excuses and evasions to escape punishment. Concluding his rhetorical masterpiece, Alcocer exposed Rizal as the soul of the rebellion, considered by his countrymen as a superior being whose commands had to be obeyed without question. Ultimately, Alcocer asked for the death penalty. In case of pardon and unless all others penalties were remitted with it, he asked that the prisoner be absolutely and permanently deprived of civil rights and subject to police surveillance for life. He should also be compelled to pay an indemnity of P20,000. For the defense, Taviel de Andrade appealed to the impartially of the judges who should not be carried away by the strong current of prejudice caused of prejudice caused by the insurrection. He argued that the incidents presented by the prosecutor happened several years before the rebellion broke out in 1896 and that had Rizal been accused before 10 August of that year, no court would convict him on the same evidences. Referring to Rizals works, Taviel de Andrade argued that the prosecutors impression on Rizals writings was a misconception and that in them, Rizal had only asked for the recognition of and respect for the rights of the people. 40

A person, he argued,could not be condemned for voicing the sentiments of his people. Neither could he be condemned for organizing the Liga because its aim was to unite the people for the promotion of commerce, industry, agriculture, and the arts. Anyway, he said the Liga was short lived because Rizal was deported to Dapitan before it could be substantially organized. Taviel de Andrade bolstered the defense by citing the technically of the law: that Rizals guilt had not been proved by the confession of the accused, by reliable witnesses presented by expert testimony, by official documents, by visual proof, or even by definite and conclusive indications. Taviel de Andrade proceeded to explain that the witnesses presented by the prosecution were biased against Rizal for they were actually co-accused on the same case, having been apprehended when the Katipunan was discovered. They naturally had to save themselves by presenting Rizal as the only instigator and promoter of the revolution. Referring to the Liga, Taviel de Andrade argued that the statues of the organization which Rizal wrote did not show any evidence of illegality. He also called the courts attention to the fact that Rizal had not written anything or discussed with anyone any subject connected with politics since 1892. Valenzuelas visit to Dapitan should have been taken as an argument in Rizals favor, for Rizal actually told Valenzuela that he disapproved of the uprising. Taviel de Andrade concluded that Rizals guilt had not been proved legally; therefore, the accused should be acquitted and all rights should be restored in the name of justice. The simple and brilliant defense was lost in the hostile courtroom. Rizal was given a chance to say something In his defense. Impeccably dressed as usual, he took the floor and read his Additions to My Defense. It was a refutation of the connection and activities imputed to him, which were used as the bases for the two charges against him. He called the courts attention to the fact that the Liga died shortly after it was organized because of his exile to Dapitan and that it was revived without his knowledge. To prove that the Liga did not serve the revolutionists purposes, Rizal showed that they disregarded it and organized the Katipunan. In other words,if the Liga aimed at a revolution, the revolutionists would not have abolished the said society in favor of the Katipunan. Referring to the organizational meeting of the Liga which lasted only for a night, Rizal asked the court. Can anyone believe that I could have organized this whole rebellion in a single night, in a single meeting where the discussion centered on commerce and similar topics? If the few who were present at the meeting had taken me seriously, they would not have let the Liga die. 41

Explaining the passages of bitter criticism in his letter, Rizal asked the court to consider that these were written when his family had been stripped of their two residential houses and their warehouses, as well as their lands and others properties, and when his brother and all his brothers-in-law were deported. Concerning the rebellion, Rizal reiterated his counsels arguments that he had nothing whatsoever to do with political affairs from 6 July 1892 to 1 June of the year. If he knew of and favored the rebellion, he could have easily escaped from Dapitan because he owned a number of vessels and was allowed even week-long trips by his guards/ instead he had started a small hospital, purchased land, and sent for his family to live there with him/ since his docility at Dapitan was questioned, Rizal explained that he had resigned himself to his exile because it give him time to write but not for the other reasons that the prosecution alleged. To the testimony of the one of the witnesses that Rizal sent letters to the revolutionists through hi s family, he called the attention of the judges to the fact that not a single letter had been presented in court as evidence. To further convince the court of his innocence about the rebellion, he argued that had he known about the date and time of the outbreak of the revolution he could have taken the necessary precautions avoid possible arrest. He could have jumped ship at any of the ports of call on his way to Cuba but did not because, as he said, my conscience was clear. Rizal reiterated Taviel de Andrades defense logic that Valenzuelas visit to Dapitan should be an argument in his favor because he advises against revolution and dissuaded Valenzuela from pushing It through. He called attention to the absurdity of the accusation that he was the leader of the rebels by asking: What kind of a chief is he whose followers say yes and he say no? Death for Rizal was certain and he knew it. But he had to make his last stand against the injustice of the judicial procedure. After the court had heard his defense, he was brought back to his cell to await the verdict. That was shortly after high noon of the same day. That same afternoon, the findings of the court and its decision were forwarded to Governor Camilo de Polavieja who refeffered it to Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pea for confirmation that same evening. The next day being a Sunday, the Governors approval of the verdict and the consequent release of the order for Rizals execution were deferred to Monday.

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ANALYSIS: Rizal was accused and they said that he is the prime mover of the rebellion and the consequence of this is he must punished with death.Jose Taviel De Andrade defended him he said that Jose Rizal did not intend to destroy and wage war in spain and even though Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo where no respect given to spain and the annotation of Morgas book which considered to be indestructible bond of union between spain and Philippine archipelago and criticize colonial regime.But Rizals idea about this theories and regime is how Philippine should be governed by spain and the right nd liberties that should be granted to the Filipinos.Jose Taviel also added that if it is the cause of uprising of many Filipinos it is due to many reasons and they had no evidence against him.They also asked why Dr.Pio Valenzuela visited him in dapitan Jose rizal admitted that they had a conversation but he objected to a the plans of katipunan.Jose Rizal was given a chance to defend himself he said that if he knew the rebellion why they did not inform him earlier and how come hes able to communicate with them if he is exiled in dapitan and restrained to discuss any subject connected to politics and all he wanted to his country is liberty but not through revolution through education.

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The long last day, After the death sentence was read to Rizal on 29 December, he was ordered to endorse the document. He refused, reiterating his innocence and objecting to the part of the sentence referring to him as a Chinese mestizo. His arguments were futile. He had to sign the document as required by law. He had only 24 hours to live. He wanted to see his family and with the permission of the guard he sent a note to them: I should like to see some of you before I die, though it may be very painful. Let the bravest come. I have some important things to say. It was a busy day for him. Visitors came: a newspaperman, his defense counsel, priests, mostly Jesuits who were working for his retraction from Masonry, and members of his family. In between these visit he managed to write his last letter to his good friend, Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt: When you receive this letter, shall be dead. I shall be shot tomorrow at seven oclock, but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am going to die with a clear conscience. Farewell my best, my dearest friend, and never think ill of me. With this letter he sent a book which he himself bound when he was at Dapitan. On the same day, he wrote Paciano: My Dear Brother, It was been four and a half years that we have not seen each other or have addressed one another in writing or orally. I do not believe this is due to lack of affection either on my part or yours, but because knowing each other so well, we had no need of words to understand each other. Now that I am going to die, it is to you I dedicate my last to tell you how much I regret to leave you alone in life bearing all the weight of the family and of our old parents. I think of how you have to enable me to have a career. I believe that I have tried not to waste my time. My brother: if the fruit has been suffered much because of me. I am sorry. I assure you brother, that I die innocent of this crime of rebellion. If my former writings had been able to contribute towards it, I should not deny absolutely, but then I believe I expiated my past with my exile.

Tell our father that I remember him, but how? I remember my whole childhood, his tenderness and his love. Ask him to forgive me for the pain I caused him unwillingly. By nightfall his mother came, accompanied by Maria, Trinidad, Narcisa, his niece Angelica, and little Mauricio, his favorite nephew. First to enter his cell was his mother. In tears, mother and son rushed to each others arms but were separated by the guards. He knelt and kissed her hand. What could mother and son say to each other at that moment? With grief and tenderness their neither could say anything for a while. Then Rizal asked his mother to seek the authorities permission for the family to bury his body. After a few minutes, Doa Teodora left. She had to follow up a personal plea to the Governor General for clemency for her son. Only by one the others came. He looked around his cell for something to give each one: to Angelica he gave a handkerchief, to Narcisa he gave his wicker chair, to Mauricio a belt and a watch with chain. To Trinidad, who understood English, he gave a little alcohol burner saying aloud that he did not have anything better to give her. He had this burner in his cell to heat his food because his meals were always cold when brought to him. And as he handed the burner to her, he whispered in English: There is something in it. He had nothing more left to give to Maria, but he confided to her that he would marry Josephine. When gift-giving on his last day was planned, there was no other way of smuggling his last message to his people, a legacy to the future generations to inspire them to continue the work he had begun. When all the members of the family had gone, Josephine came for w a very brief visit. Not much was said between them. There was nothing he could really do for her. His thoughts were interrupted by voices and footsteps outside his cell door. The hands he lay down to rest. He felt a personal satisfaction because he knows he had fulfilled his self-imposed mission. And now without fear and hesitation, he was laying down his life for his country. Father Vicente Balaguer narrate what transpired in Rizals cell from dusk that day to dawn the next morning, before the prisoner was brought at Bagumbayan. In a report submitted to his superiors and cabled to a Barcelona paper, La Juventud, where it was printed 15 days later, Father Balaguer said that he and his colleagues showed Rizal the retraction drafted

by Archbishop Nozaleda. It was too long to suit his purpose. He preferred the draft that had been prepared by Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit superior. He made certain changes, wrote his own retraction, and signed it. He went to confession and then tried to sleep. On the first hour of 30 December 1896, Father Balaguer said Rizal went to confession again. At Rizals request, Father Balaguer said Mass for him. He received Holy Communion. After the Mass, Father Jose Villaclara, one of his favorite Ateneo teachers who had been with him a good part of the previous day, suggested the reading of the Acts of Faith, Hoper and Charity. He then turned to Thomas a Kempis Imitation of Christ. While waiting for Josephine, he wrote a final letter to his family: I ask for your forgiveness, for the pain I cause you, but someday I shall have to die, and It is better that I die now in the plenitude of my conscience. Dear parents and siblings: give thanks to God that I may preserve my tranquility before my death. I die resigned, hoping that with my death you will be left in peace and harmony. Ah! It is better to die than to live suffering. Console yourselves. I enjoin you to forgive one another the little vexations of life and try to live in peace and harmony. Treat our old parents as you would like to be treated by your children later. Love them very much in my memory. Bury me in the ground. Place a stone or a cross over it. My name, the date of my birth and of my death nothing more, if later you wish to fence in my grave, you can do so. But no anniversary celebrations, I prefer Paang Bundok. The report goes on to say that Josephine arrived at five oclock. The formalities of wedding ceremony were cut short. The overcautious commanding officer stood between the couple while a guard watched Rizal closely during the brief ceremony. Father Balaguer asked the couple to clasp each others hand. The commanding officer refused to allow this act because of the regulation not to let any visitor touch the prisoner. But the priest insisted that this was an important part of the ceremony. Over the clasped hands of Rizal and Josephine, Father Balaguer intoned the sacramental prayers and then pronounced them man and wife. After the ceremony Rizal gave Josephine his limitation of Christ with the dedication: To my dear and unhappy wife. 30th of December 1896. They were both quiet for a while, conscious of the approaching hour of the

execution. They had so much to say to each other but they had very little time. Rizal finally managed to ask her: What is to became of you? she could not tell him in the presence of the guard that she would join the revolutionists, so she answered that she would give lessons in English. Time was up and she had to go. She bade him a tearful goodbye. Speechless, Rizal looked at her for the last time: Farewell, sweet foreigner, my crony, my delight! With Josephine gone, he had a few more minutes to write his parents. To his father he wrote: Forgive me the sorrow with which I repay the anxieties and toil you underwent to give me an education. I did not want this nor I did I expect it. Farewell, father, farewell. His note to his mother began: To my very dear mother: Sra. Doa. Teodora Alonso . At 6 in the morning of December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal He could not go on. For a man who could always write down his thoughts with facility and ease, his pen failed him for the first time.

ANALYSIS: Dec. 29, 1896. At 6:00 7:00 a.m. Sr. S. Mataix asks Rizals permission to interview him. Capt. Dominguez reads death sentence to Rizal. At 7:00 8:00 a.m. Rizal is transferred to his death cell. Fr. Saderra talks briefly with Rizal. Fr. Viza presents statue of the Sacred hearth of Jesus and medal of Mary. Rizal rejects the letter, saying , "Im little of a Marian, Father." At 8:00 9:00 a.m. Rizal is shares his milk and coffee with Fr. Rosell. Lt. Andrade and chief of Artillery come to visit Rizal who thanks each of them. Rizal scribbles a note inviting his family it visit him. At .9:00 10:00 a.m. Sr. Mataix, defying stringent regulation, enters death cell and interviews Rizal in the presence of Fr. Rosell. Later, Gov. Luengo drops in to join the conversation At 10:00 11:00 a.m. Fr. Faura persuades Rizal to put down his rancours and order to marry josephine canonically. a heated discussion on religion occurs between them ion the hearing of Fr. Rosell. At 11:00 12:00 noon. Rizal talks on "various topics" in a long conversation with Fr. Vilaclara who will later conclude (with Fr. Balaguer, who is not allowed to enter the death cell) that Rizal is either to Prostestant or rationalist who speaks in "a very

cold and calculated manner" with a mixture of a "strange piety." No debate or discussion on religion is recorded to have taken place between the Fathers mentioned and Rizal.At 12:00 1:00 p.m. Rizal reads Bible and Imitation of Christ by Kempis, then meditates. Fr. Balaguer reports to the Archbishop that only a little hope remains that Rizal is going to retract for Rizal was heard saying that he is going to appear tranquilly before God.At 1:00 2:00 p.m. Rizal denies ( he is allowed to attend to his personal necessities).. At 2:00 3:00 p.m. Rizal confers with Fr. March and Fr. Vilaclara Dominguez in conjunction with the testimonies of Fr. Pi and Fr. Balaguer. At 3:00 4:00 p.m. Rizal reads verses which he had underlined in Eggers german Reader, a book which he is going to hand over to his sisters to be sent to Dr. Blumentritt through F. Stahl. He "writes several letters . . . ,with his last dedications," then he "rest for a short.At 4:00 5:30 p.m. Capt. Dominguez is moved with compassion at the sight of Rizals kneeling before his mother and asking pardon. Fr. Rosell hears Rizals farewell to his sister and his address to those presents eulogizing the cleverness of his nephew. The other sisters come in one by one after the other and to each Rizals gives promises to give a book, an alcohol burner, his pair of shoes, an instruction, something to remember. At 5:30 6:00 p.m.The Dean of the Cathedral, admitted on account of his dignity, comes to exchange views with Rizal. Fr. Rosell hears an order given to certain "gentlemen" and "two friars" to leave the chapel at once. Fr. Balaguer leaves Fort Santiago.At 6:00 7:00 p.m. Fr. Rosell leaves Fort Santiago and sees Josephine Bracken. Rizal calls for Josephine and then they speak to each for the last time.At 7:00 8:00 p.m. Fr. Faura returns to console Rizal and persuades him once more to trust him and the other professors at the Ateneo. Rizal is emotion-filled and, after remaining some moments in silence, confesses to Fr. Faura At 8:00 9:00 p.m. Rizal rakes supper (and, most probably, attends to his personal needs). Then, he receives Bro. Titllot with whom he had a very "tender" (Fr. Balaguer) or "useful" (Fr. Pi) interview.At 9:00 10:00 p.m. Fiscal Castao exchanges views with Rizal regarding their respective professors. At 10:00 11:00 p.m. Rizal manifests strange reaction, asks guards for paper and pen. From rough drafts and copies of his poem recovered in his shoes, the Spaniards come to know that Rizal is writing a poem At 11:00 12:00 midnight Rizal takes time to his hide his poem inside the alcohol burner. It has to be done during night rather than during daytime because he is watched very carefully. He then writes his last letter to brother Paciano.At 12:00 4:00 a.m. Rizal sleeps restfully because his confidence in the goodness of God and the justness of his cause gives him astounding serenity and unusual calmness. Rizal last day was very significant he do all things he needed to do he wrote letter to his brother.mother and father.In his last day he reads a bible a lot meditate the words of God and confessed to a priest.His mother accompanied by his sisters and relatives visited him for the last time Rizal asked his mother to bury his body and put a tombstone with his date of birth and date

of death on it he doesnt want any celebrations and if his mother could provide a fence he also wanted that. Rizal looked around his cell and give something to each one of them Rizal gave an alcohol burner to Trinidad and said that there was something in it.It contains a fourteen stanza poem without a title.He used a paper with a size 13 by 15 centimeters.Rizal had taken out the cotton wick, trimmed it thin, rolled his paper around the much thinned cotton wick, re-inserted the wick neatly into its original holder and gave it to Trinidad the one who understand English so they wont suspected anything.

The execution, Now it was time to leave. Dressed in black from head to foot, Rizal walked out of his cell, his arms loosely bound, elbow to elbow. He was flanked by Taviel de Andrade and Father Vilaclara and Estanislao March. A bugler and a drummer led the detachment of Filipino soldiers that escorted him to the Luneta de Bagumbayan. The firing squad was composed of Filipinos who were members of the regular army. His last glimpse of the Ateneo gladdened him somewhat. I spent seven years there, he remarked to his escorts. At the execution square, he was blessed and given the crucifix to kiss. The srmy physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, felt his pulse and found it normal and steady. Just before the order to fire was given, Rizal requester\d that he be shot in the front, for he was not a traitor. But the explicit orders were otherwise. His second request, that his head be spared, was granted. The orders were barked, and a volley of shots was fired. As bullets pierced him, Rizal tried to turn right about and fell.

ANALYSIS: The dreaded day finally came at 4:00 5:00 a.m. Rizal picks up Imitation of Christ, reads, meditates and then writes in Kempis book a dectation to his wife Josephine and by this very act in itself he gives to her their only certificate of marriage.At 5:00 6:15.Rizal washes up, takes breakfast, attends to his personal needs. Writes a letter to his parents. Reads Bible and meditates. Josephine is prohibited by the Spanish officers from seeing Rizal, according to Josephines testimony to R. Wildman in 1899.At 6:15 7:00am Rizal walks to the place of execution between Fr. March and Fr. Vilaclara with whom he converses. Keeps looking around as if seeking or expecting to see someone. His last word, said in a loud voice: "It is finished". Rizal has one final request Mi Ultimo Pabor.He requested to face the firing squad because he was not a traitor but they dont granted his last wish but he requested another favor that his head be spared or to leave unhurt and they granted his second request.At 7:00 7:03am Sounds of guns. Rizal vacillates, turns halfway around, falls down backwards and lies on the ground facing the sun. Silence. Shouts of vivas for Spain.

We took out the dimensions of the paper Rizal used: 13 by 15 centimeters Rizal had taken out the cotton wick, trimmed it thin, rolled his paper around the much thinned cotton wick, re-inserted the wick neatly into its original holder and Presto, done!!!

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Heroic leadership...1 My Last Farewell.3 Interpretation..6 Reaction&Analysis7 Cast of characters..8 Rizals Life.........................9 Reaction&Analysis...10 Cast of Characters11