1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................................................3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................4 CHAPTER I ...................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................5 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................5 1.

2 Objectives of Study ..............................................................................................................5 1.3 Purpose of the study .............................................................................................................6 1.4 Research Methodology .........................................................................................................6 1.5 Methodology ......................................................................................................................10 1.6 Limitation of the study: ......................................................................................................10 1.7 Research Design ................................................................................................................. 11 1.8 Sources of Data................................................................................................................... 11 1.9 Nature of Data .................................................................................................................... 11 1.11 Data Collection Techniques ..............................................................................................12 1.12 Data Analysis and Report Writing ....................................................................................12 1.13 Literature Review .............................................................................................................12 Industrial Sector Development In Nepal ..............................................................................12 Legal Aspects of hazardous waste disposal and statutory authority .....................................14 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................15 CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................16 DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS ............................................................................16 2.1 Summary results Industrial HW Survey .............................................................................16 A. Industry sector: Dry Cell Battery. ....................................................................................17 B. Industry Sector: Iron Galvanizing ....................................................................................18 C. Industry Sector: Paint manufacture ..................................................................................18 D. Industry Sector: Paper and Pulp manufacturing ..............................................................19 E. Industry Sector: Pesticides ...............................................................................................19 F. Industry Sector: Pharmaceuticals .....................................................................................20 G. Industry Sector: Soap and detergent ................................................................................20 H. Industry Sector: Textile Dyeing .......................................................................................20 I. Industry Sector: Vegetables Ghee and Oil .........................................................................21 J. General industrial waste.-All sectors ................................................................................21 2.2 Results of Biomedical HW Survey .....................................................................................22 A. Bhaktapur District Hospital .............................................................................................23

2 B. Bir Hospital ......................................................................................................................23 C. Patan Hospital ..................................................................................................................24 D. NMC and Hospital ...........................................................................................................24 E. Paropakar Maternity and Womens Hospital ....................................................................24 F.Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital ...........................................................................24 2.3 Summary and assumptions on Overall Industrial Production ............................................25 2.4 Summary of Biomedical HW Survey .................................................................................25 2.5 Quality of Information from Surveys and Desk Studies.....................................................26 2.6 Current Estimate of Industrial HW .....................................................................................27 2.7 Current Estimate of Biomedical HW..................................................................................30 CHAPTER III ...............................................................................................................................35 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................35 3.1 Findings ..............................................................................................................................35 3.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................37 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................39 Appendix I ....................................................................................................................................40 Appendix II...................................................................................................................................44 Appendix III .................................................................................................................................45 Annex I .........................................................................................................................................47

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been prepared as partial fulfillment of BBA 4th Semester, Summer Project, Ace Institute of Management. I am deeply indebted to Ace Institute of Management and Pokhara University for incorporating summer project in the degree program which provides a wonderful opportunity to carry out the practical research on any topic.

I also wish to especially thank to my course instructor and lecturer Mr. Prakash C. Bhattarai whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in every step of this project.

I also express my sincere gratitude to all the other respected faculties of the management department, librarian, lab technician and all other office staff for their assistance and co-operation given to me in regard to this work.

I also want to thank all my colleagues for their help, support, interest and valuable hints. I have tried to include all the relevant information regarding the topic of my study. But this project study may not have the inclusions thoroughly so I heartily welcome suggestions and comments for the improvement of the project.

Finally, I again send our warm greets and obligations to all those who involved in this project directly or indirectly.

Thanking you, Zhang Peng

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As per the Basel Convention Wastes are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law. Since these forms of wastes can be very dangerous, these wastes have to be managed very carefully and properly. In the developing country like ours, where we cannot find proper ways of treating such hazardous and toxic wastes how have we been coping with such factors? This research study is precisely aimed at answering these types of questions.

In the process of this research, many industries, hospitals and other organizations that produce hazardous wastes were visited. Vital information was gathered from which much important analysis could be made. Finally from those analysis, conclusions like most of the hazardous wastes are toxic or corrosive / alkaline in nature were found. This sort of information were taken into account when giving recommendations like, A feasibility study should be conducted for the establishment and operation of an industrial hazardous wastes collection, selling, buying, recycling centre and Conduction of Awareness programmes and information dissemination on HW and its consequences as well as on use, handling and disposals to the stakeholders and to those come across directly with these wastes. Thus, hazardous waste management is a sensitive topic and should be dealt with properly.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

There are several ways to defined Hazardous waste (HW): a. Hazardous characteristics e.g. toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness; b. Toxic components e.g. arsenic, mercury or PCBs; c. Types of material e.g. explosive, solvents; d. Waste from specific process e.g. refining, plating, clinical; e. Specific waste streams e.g. sludge from chemical treatment plant.

The above definitions are based on those used in the World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. There are many other definitions of hazardous wastes such as those assumed by UNEP and US EPA.

The preparation of the hazardous waste inventory for Nepal has focused on industrial and biomedical hazardous wastes. Sample surveys of hazardous wastes would be conducted in the manufacturing industries and health facilities situated across the Kathmandu Valley at various locations of importance and to provide indicative results for the whole country. The inventory surveys and the reporting would be coordinated by, a consulting company with experience, strength and capability in the area of industrial an urban environmental management.

1.2 Objectives of Study

The objectives of the study are: a. Identify and quantify the sources of HW in Kathmandu by doing the survey. b. Prepare a database from the results of the survey.

c. Identify the existing management and disposal systems of the hazardous wastes generated from these sectors. d. Provide information as a basis to develop technical guidelines to manage hazardous waste generated from different sectors

1.3 Purpose of the study

The literature suggests that based on value of production and numbers of employees, industrial and hospital are all potentially responsible for generating hazardous wastes in significant quantities. Work to estimate HW carried out in 2004 did not report on amounts of solid wastes for all the industrial sectors surveyed but the reported figures suggest significant quantities of raw materials containing hazardous substances were used by many industries. In the production process, these industries generate and dispose hazardous materials along with other wastes. The industrial sector is therefore the major sector of focus for this study. Biomedical wastes are also generated from the health service units such as hospitals, nursing homes and health posts in significant amounts based on studies conducted in 2003 and are another major focus for this study.

1.4 Research Methodology Research Design: The approach for the identification and quantification of industrial and biomedical hazardous wasted is mainly based on the survey of sample industrial enterprises, and hospitals with purpose to collect the first hand data through visit and filling-up questionnaires. The available first hand data from these enterprises and hospitals would be utilized for further analysis in support of the collected relevant secondary data from different sources to quantify the volume of hazardous wastes that are being generated by the specified sector industries and hospitals in Nepal.

Relevant reports and publications have been collected from MOEST, MOICS and

other organizations. These documents were reviewed. These include: a. Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS ) in Nepal, Part- & b. Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS ) in Nepal, Part- c. Hazardous wastes inventory report, July 2004 d. Baseline Study Report Of Sector Industries, 2003-04 e. Report on Industrial Wastes Survey in Nepal, October 1997 (MOICS) part and f. CBS Census of Manufacturing Establishment, 2001-02; published in 2003

In order to carry out survey, a list of five hazardous industrial sectors in Kathmandu was prepared for the further reporting, In the selection of the industries for hazardous waste survey, the criteria taken into considerations are the most representative industries, which are known to produce hazardous wastes. The industrial clusters are preferred for the survey because of generation of large volume of waste, similarity of wastes, potential of common effluent treatment plant, potential of waste exchange and use of 3 Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) concept, potential of information exchange, easy access and cost effective survey.

Location of industries was identified for the conduction of the survey. The industries situated at different locations were identified. A Total of five industries were listed for further reporting.

As per the terms of reference and as per the requirement of the information from the industrial enterprises in order to prepare an industrial hazardous waste inventory, a draft questionnaire was developed, with the review of literature/ questionnaires and discussions among the focus group. It was also expected that with the inputs, the shortcomings in the draft questionnaire were removed and an improved questionnaire was prepared to meet the objectives of the survey. The draft questionnaire is given in Appendix

Primary Data Collection for Industrial Hazardous Waste: After the finalization of the questionnaire for industrial hazardous waste survey, the main focus of survey would be concentrated on the first hand primary data of the hazardous solid and liquid wastes and their handlings and disposals. Altogether 10 industrial establishments would be targeted to survey as sample. Other relevant information covered in the questionnaire will be general information, production figures of last 3 years, raw materials consumption details, energy consumption, etc.

Primary Data Collection for Biomedical Hazardous Waste: The primary data would be collected from 6 health care institutions. In the sample selection of the hospitals for biomedical hazardous waste survey, the hospitals taken into considerations are hospitals within three districts of Kathmandu valley.

Questionnaire survey and direct consultation with different responsible persons together with visit of different sections of the hospitals and taking the relevant information about the generation, segregation system, and disposal methods of the biomedical hazardous waste would be the survey method and primary data collection.

After the finalization of the questionnaire for biomedical hazardous waste survey, the main focus of survey would be on the collection of first hand primary data of the biomedical hazardous wastes and their handlings and disposals. The relevant information covered in the questionnaire would be general information, no of hospital beds, bed occupancy rate, segregation practice; waste generation, handling of the wastes etc.

Secondary Data Acquisition for Industrial Hazardous Waste: In order to quantify the total hazardous wastes generation from specifies sectors of industries; secondary data were required to compute. The major sources of such secondary data are Census of Manufacturing Establishments of Central Bureau of

Statistics (CBS), Production and export figures of Trade and Export Promotion Centre (TEPC), Production statistics recorded by Department of Industry (DOI) and the sector industry associations. Industrial productions mentioned in the Economic Survey of Ministry of Finance, GON. The important secondary data acquired from the above mentioned organizations are: 1. Number of existing industrial establishments in the sector 2. Location of industrial establishments 3. Total production volume from the sector industries 4. Total production value in NPR 5. Industrial production index 6. Sector industry production index 7. Average unit price of the sector products 8. Export of sectoral products to India and overseas countries

Secondary Data Acquisition for Biomedical Hazardous Waste: Relevant study reports, literatures, related publications and documents on health care wastes are collected from MOHP, DOHS, NMC, NNJA, etc. These reports/ publications were reviewed in order to carry out further study of the biomedical hazardous wastes generation from the health care institutions.

The available first hand data from the hospitals would be utilized for further analysis in support of the collected relevant secondary data from different sources to quantify the volume of biomedical hazardous wastes that are being generated by the health care institutions in Nepal. The documentation of the record of biomedical hazardous wastes management in Nepal is limited. The other limitation of the study is the unwillingness of the concerned authority to provide the necessary information and data. In most of the health care institutions, there is no systematic way of record keeping system. This study was carried out within a short period of time and based on hospital sample survey, literatures review, available secondary data and consultation of

10

stakeholders and medical service providers as well as waste handlers

1.5 Methodology 1.5.1 Methods for estimation of total hazardous waste for Industry The primary data available from the questionnaires would be just sufficient to quantify the hazardous waste generated from the sample industrial enterprises. To estimate the total waste arising from the sectors, secondary data would be used.

1.5.2 Methods for estimation of total waste for biomedical waste This study focuses more on the management of health care risk waste (HCRW). The primary data available from the questionnaires would be the indication to quantify the biomedical hazardous waste generated from the sample health care institutions. To estimate the total amount of biomedical hazardous waste arising from the total health care institutions, secondary data would be used.

Conducting the sample survey of the health care institutions, the primary data on hospital bed occupancy rate and the average health care risk waste/patient/day will be calculated. From the secondary data, the total number of hospital beds would be calculated. From the secondary data, the total number of hospital beds would be calculated. And from the report of previous surveys on quantities of health care waste the average quantity of health care waste/patient/day would be know. Thus, the total wastes could be estimated by considering both primary and secondary data.

1.6 Limitation of the study: The data collected from the study may not actually match with the exact data and results. The main constrains for this could be availability of the time. The other limitation could be the method being used for the survey. Not all relevant areas were surveyed and the survey was limited to Kathmandu city only. With the survey, the sample sizes for analysis were found to be much smaller than the actual size of the data. The true significance of the survey/interview was

11

therefore felt to be limited due to the results being more a matter of chance and not trend that was actually observed. Due to the lack of availability of the data information, data were not able to be compared, as when data consistency for comparison was being sorted, some information as described in the journals was not known to the interviewee, and were not extracted. The measures introduced in this study could be refined and made more robust.

1.7 Research Design

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the situation of hazardous solid waste management. Hence, it is of utmost importance that various conditions prevailing in tourism sector are also considered while accessing the scenario hazardous solid waste management. Hence, the research design is quantitative and descriptive in nature.

1.8 Sources of Data

Both primary and secondary data will be used for the study. To receive in-depth knowledge on the technical aspects of hazardous solid waste management, it is required to consult and review existing literatures, reports, information bulletins, booklets etc published by various institutions and personnel working in the field hazardous solid waste management. To get first hand information on t hazardous solid waste management, interview.

1.9 Nature of Data

The study will require both quantitative and qualitative information. Hence primary as well as secondary data would be used in the process. So, the data will be collected first hand through general interview and detailed questionnaires. 1.10 Population and Sample

12

The population for this study would comprise all hotels hazardous solid waste management in Kathmandu. Also, a range of middle and top level staffs from various aspects would be interviewed.

1.11 Data Collection Techniques

Interviews would be scheduled with various middle and top level staffs. They would also be assigned to fill up certain questionnaires regarding the performance of hazardous solid waste management.. Other data would be collected from various published and unpublished sources.

1.12 Data Analysis and Report Writing

All the data/information will be entered in the computer using softwares. They will be refined and analyzed by using simple statistical tools. Qualitative approaches may be used to analyze the collected information. Different diagrams and graphs will be used as applicable. The findings will be presented in the summer project report.

1.13 Literature Review

Industrial Sector Development In Nepal

Industrial development in Nepal is still in its early stages but several industries are the backbone of economic development. The history of industrial development in Nepal shows that early industrial ventures were not very successful due to lack of adequate technical knows how management skill and experience, By the 1960s there were still very few registered industries in Nepal, but modern industries and small and cottage industries began and in the early 1970s the industrial sector took priority attention in development planning. Central Bureau of statistics (CBS) Records indicate manufacturing units increased from only 15 in 1950/51 to 3,633 in 1986/87.

13

There were 4,271 units in 1991/92 but this declined to 3,557 in 1996/97; to 3,213 in 2001/02.

There have been some initiatives to encourage investment and privatization through the Industrial policy 1992 and Foreign Investment and One Window Policy 1992, and the creation of industrial centers with governmental land and buildings on lease for private ventures. However industrial growth in Nepal suffers from a number of problems and constraints including low domestic savings, a small domestic market, and shortage of skilled labor, inefficient bureaucracy, and high transport and operating costs, inadequate and inconsistent electrical power supply and, more recently, political instability.

Now, since the new government has come to power, we can hope that they would bring certain socialistic rules and regulation for betterment of industries and industrial workers. The broad view of Maoist supported government for making new & developed Nepal would definitely bring rise in the no. of industrial units in Nepal.

The largest numbers of factories in the country are carpet making, clay and ceramic products, grain mill products, furniture, textiles and clothing, plastics, bakery, metal products, pulp and paper, stone cutting, concrete, cement and printing. Large and medium scale manufacturing plants include jute, sugar, cigarettes, beer, production and refining of vegetable ghee and oil, soap, processed leather, acrylic yarn, bricks and tiles, sports shoes, transformers, knit-wear, spinning mills, pharmaceuticals. Cement, breweries and soft drinks. While industries such as jute, tea and sugar use local raw materials, other industries have to import raw materials from India and other countries. Mining is based on deposits of limestone magnetite, and talc. Besides large and medium scale industry, more than 85% Nepalese industries are cottage and small industries. Cottage industries are mainly based on the local production of traditional handicrafts. These industries are also seen as a way to engage the underemployed rural population and contribute towards export earnings.

14

In Nepal, cottage industries have included pottery, handmade paper and products woodwork, metal work, weaving, embroidery, and basket making, and draw on artistic traditions dating back centuries. However, even with the creation of cottage industries training centers across the country, many of these crafts have been in decline. This sector is large and although creation of hazardous waste is not significant from many of the typical cottage and small industries there can be significant hazardous waste in some processes. Therefore some economically important small carpet dying factories have been included in the inventory. Other small scale manufacturing will be much less significant than for the major industries because of the scale and nature of the processes.

Based on reported figures the contribution of the industrial manufacturing sector to the gross domestic product (GDP) is less than 10%. However the industrial Development perspective plan of Nepal Vision 2020 envisages production increasing to the point where industrial manufacturing will contribute 20% 2020

Legal Aspects of hazardous waste disposal and statutory authority

There are many currently no specific policies or regulation on the disposal of hazardous waste in Nepal. The Solid Waste Management and Resources Mobilization Act 1987 defined Hazardous Waste for the first time and prohibited storage, dumping and improper disposal in any public or private places. The solid waste management and resource centre was delegated responsibility for managing solid and hazardous waste in Kathmandu Valley but its regulatory activities have been altered by the Local Self Governance Act 1999 that devolved responsibilities for management of domestic solid waste but did not require local government to manage hazardous waste. The broad terms but did not require local government to manage hazardous waste. The broad terms used in the Environment Protection Act 1997 (EPA) and Environmental Protection Rules 1997 (EPR as amended) do not make specific provisions for the control of hazardous waste

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Conceptual Framework

The different independent variables are analyzed below to show their relationship with the dependent Variables.

Policies & Strategies of the Government

Proper Hazardous Waste Management

Awareness Programmes

Environmental Education

Reducing toxicity from the wastage

Responsibilities of the industries

Feedback from the concerned authorities

Development of Hazardous Waste Management Techniques

As regards to this project for the proper solid waste management, things considered included, policies and strategies of the government, various awareness programmes, effectiveness of environmental education, Reducing toxicity from the wastage, industries and feedback from the concerned authorities and finally development of solid waste management techniques.

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CHAPTER II

DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS

2.1 Summary results Industrial HW Survey The findings of the survey in 10 industrial enterprises are discussed below. The table below shows the annual total production of surveyed industrial enterprises, each industrial sector for the fiscal year 2006/07 in NPR and the sources of information. In the following text the potential wastes are classified in line with the Annexes to the Basel convention (i.e. Annex 1 Y1 to Y18, Y19 to Y45 and H1 to H13).

Table 3 Industries Sectors and Productions S.No Industry Sector Production Surveyed Production for Source of Guidelines for

the Information waste disposals

( ps,NPRx sector (Pt, 103) 1 2 Dry cell Iron Galvanizing 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Paint Paper Pesticides 642,313 1,584,396 588,175 1,065,992 1,883,940 588,175 5,091,330 1,505,984 1,289,396 9,410,000 DOI FNCCI Survey CBS FNCCI CBS FNCCI Pigment/solvent Base sludge Residues only Residues only Base sludge Acid Sludge Oil earth/cat 530,000 8,048,975 NPRx 103 530,000 14,517,907 Survey DOI Residues only Acid sludge

Pharmaceuticals 1,774,381 Soap Textile dyeing Vegetable &Ghee 1,159,810 1,124,584

Oil 7,450,215

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N.B. ps : Total Production of surveyed industries, pt: Total Production the industrial sector.

16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Production Surveyed (ps,NPRx 103) Production for the sector(Pt, NPRx 103)

Figure 2 Production sector-wise

A. Industry sector: Dry Cell Battery. A. dry cell battery is a galvanic electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture electrolyte. A. wet cell has liquid electrolyte, such as the lead-acid batteries in most cars. DOI records indicate there are five (5) dry cell (battery) manufacturing industrial establishments in operation in Nepal. There were 66.2 million batteries manufactured in the fiscal year 2006/07 (worth approximately 530million NPR). The factories produced 13.79 M/T of solid HW in the form of a chemical mix sweeping wastes, which are generated from store spillages in the processing areas (mostly zinc chloride and zinc oxide). As heavy metals these wastes are potentially toxic in nature. Under Basel Convention Annex 1, zinc compound wastes are classified as Y23 and H11. In addition the factories also generate 23.0 m of liquid waste containing ammonium chloride, which is potentially oxidizing and reactive with other chemicals. Ammonium chloride is a severe eye irritant and zinc chloride

18

is a corrosive material. Combustion of fuel from this sector is estimated to release 26.45 M/T of carbon dioxide and 0.11 M/T of sulphur dioxide emissions per year to the atmosphere.

B. Industry Sector: Iron Galvanizing Iron galvanizing units use large amounts of chemicals. Corrosive hydrochloric acid is used for the surface cleaning (i.e. in the pickling process). Other chemicals such as ammonium chloride, zinc chloride, sodium dichromates etc. are also required for different processes before dipping the iron material in zinc bath. The major hazardous solid waste generated is the mixed corrosive sludge from the pickling tank. Under Basel Convention metal treatment waste is classified as Y17. The hazardous liquid wastes are pickling waste (hydrochloric acid), Fluxing waste (ammonium chloride) and quenching waste (Sodium / potassium dichromate), which are corrosive and fall in the Basel category H8. The units surveyed produced 101,852 M/T of hazardous solid waste as sludge and 231,678m3 of hazardous liquid wastes, which are mostly corrosive, from the pickling tanks and quenching processes.

C. Industry Sector: Paint manufacture The paint factories were surveyed with a total annual production of 7,570 M/T (worth around 642.3 million NPR). These units generated 19.53 M/T of hazardous solid waste consisting of pigments (17.03 M/T) and lime (2.5 M/T). Pigments are toxic and lime is corrosive. These solid waste from use of pigments is classified under Basel Convention as Y12. Hazardous liquid wastes generated in the paint industries are from washing of machines, floor and hand washing. The estimated total liquid waste generation is 1.093.1 m. This includes all arising from water based and solvent based paint manufacture, both of which include cobalt based (heavy metal) materials. Exposure to high levels of cobalt can result in lung and heart effects and dermatitis, but cobalt is an essential element and cobalt compounds are not generally treated as hazardous and are unlikely to pose a toxic threat. Cobalt

19

is not listed specifically under Basel Convention. The concern for these wastes arises mainly from the solvent based elements that are potentially flammable and toxic and are HWs classified as Y6 and Y42 under Basel Convention.

D. Industry Sector: Paper and Pulp manufacturing Pulp and Paper industries use large quantities of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), sodium sulphite, lime, and liquid chlorine (H8 and H5.1). The pulp and paper industries were surveyed with a total annual production of 29,243.6 M/T (worth 1.584 trillion NPR) associated with 1,692.75 M/T of hazardous solid wastes as sludge containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphite, which are corrosive / alkaline in nature. These units also produced around 4 million m of corrosive /alkaline liquid wastes from the beater and washing processes (Y35 and H8).

E. Industry Sector: Pesticides By their nature pesticides are hazardous and toxic. In 2006 the Department of Agriculture, Pesticides Registration and Management Division reported 131284.5 kg of all pesticides were imported and that the same amount was consumed. In addition there are only four pesticides operating in Nepal. They produce approximately 1,486M/T of produce (wroth approx 588 million NPR). These units are basically mixing and repacking units. The raw materials used in the formulation are toxic and some are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. The four units generate 5.81 M/T of hazardous solid waste mainly in the form of spilled ingredients and 406 m3 of hazardous liquid wastes from washing of floors or cleaning of machines prior to production of a new batch of products. Both of these wastes are potentially toxic in nature. According to Basel Convention, these solid and liquid pesticide residues are identified as HW and could be toxic or form leachate if not disposed of correctly (H11,H12.and H13). In addition to the waste from production there are approximately 75 M/T of stockpiled obsolete pesticides in Nepal that have been stored for several years at various locations under the control of Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Inputs Corporation Ltd.

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F. Industry Sector: Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceutical industries use various raw materials that are reactive and toxic in nature to produce different kinds of medicines. According to Basel Convention solid and liquid wastes are classified as Y3 (wastes pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines) and Y2 (wastes from production and preparation of pharmaceutical products). The major hazardous solid wastes are production waste mixtures of raw materials (Y2) quality control samples and expired medicines (Y3). Surplus materials, swept or cleaned and laboratory wastes (from quality control), are also included. The hazardous liquid wastes arise from washing of machines, bottles, floor, ceiling and walls. In the units surveyed 1,472 M/T of machines were produced per annum worth nearly NPR 1.8 Billion. This production generates 36.57 M/T of solid waste and nearly 36,000m3 of liquid HWs.

G. Industry Sector: Soap and detergent The major raw materials for the soap and detergent industries are industries are oil, fatty acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and silicates. Most of the solid or liquid wastes generated from these units are alkaline or corrosive in nature. The main solid waste is the sludge and spent lye and the liquid waste is the spent lye which contains common salt. These wastes are generated during washing in the soap making process. The surveyed units produced about 38,000 M/T of products wroth about NPR 1,160 million per year. They were found to generate 546 M/T of solid and 21,000 cm3 of liquid HWs. These solid and liquid basic wastes are classified as Y35 under Basel Convention.

H. Industry Sector: Textile Dyeing Washing and dyeing operations in the textile industry utilizes chemicals including sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, acetic acid, and dyes. This sector of industry does not generate significant hazardous solid waste except some residual sludge. The most significant HW is the washing and dying process sludge and effluents (classified as Y12 due to the use of dyes) that are potentially hazardous. The units

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studied produced 3,744 M/T of fabric worth nearly NPR 1,125 million. This generates about 52 M/T of semi solid sludge and nearly 159,000 m3 of liquid HWs in a year that may also be hazardous due to acidity and eco-toxic.

I. Industry Sector: Vegetables Ghee and Oil The vegetables ghee production and vegetables oil refining enterprises use mainly palm oil as a raw material. The imported crude vegetable oils are refined using various chemicals. The main solid HWs are spent bleaching earth, floor cleaning waste and sludge from oil and grease traps. These wastes also contaminated Nickel Similarly, the generated hazardous liquid wastes are the wastewater from washing process, filter cloth washing, and floor washing. The surveyed units produced around 149,000 M/T of the products worth NPR 7,450 million. They generated 1,274 M/T of semi solid and nearly 238,000 m3 of liquid HWs containing oil and grease (Y9). Based on this survey the alkaline solid waste (Y35) from de-gumming and acid distillation of the raw oil stock is reused in the soap industry or by the factories themselves to make soap. The waste bleaching earth contains much oil and is disposed of as a fuel such as brick kilns but is technically an oily waste (Y9). The production of hydrogenated vegetable oil uses nickel power as catalyst that is eventually spent and results in the accumulation a few tones of oily nickel waste in each factory, every month. This nickel based waste is sold on for treatment and nickel recovery. The nickel waste oils mixture is a hazardous waste (Y9) because of the oil although the nickel is unlikely to be eco-toxic in the pure metal form.

J. General industrial waste.-All sectors All industrial units will produce general factory waste in the form of cleaning waste and general refuse. There will be some oily and metallic waste from the maintenance workshops and other waste such as spent fluorescent light tubes that contain mercury waste (Y29).

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2.2 Results of Biomedical HW Survey The survey of biomedical wastes generation from health care facilities focused on hospitals mainly in the in the Kathmandu valley that were used to reconfirm data collected in recent years from other more detailed studies that focused on the main types of waste that have previously defined Nepal. Health care waste (HCW) has been defined as all types of general solid and liquid waste arising from health care facilities. WHO guidelines include Health Care Risk Waste (HCRW) as follows: i. tissue); ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. Pathological waste (e.g. body parts, foetus and placenta); Sharps (needles, scalpels and ampoules); Pharmaceutical waste (outdated and spilled medicines and vaccines); Genotoxic waste (including from cancer treatment); Chemical waste (discarded lab chemicals and insecticides) Heavy metal waste (broken thermometers, X-ray developing fluids); Pressurized containers; and Radioactive waste Infectious waste (including solid or bloody bandages, cotton an paper

Name of HCI (Hospitals )

No. of Bed s

Occu

Beds

HCW Kg/Da y

HCRW Kg/Da y

HCRW kg/patien t /day

Infectious HCRW

p ancy used/da y

Bhaktapur

75

46

34

100

20

0.59

Mix

with

municipal waste Bir 468 88 411 107 107 0.26 Mix with

municipal

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waste Patan NMC 320 42 83 80 265 33 113 60 113 10 0.43 0.3 Burned Mix with

municipal waste Paropkar 320 70 224 N/A N/A Mix with

municipal waste Trib Univ. Teaching 500 90 450 216 216 0.48 Pathologica l waste

burned Average 70 0.47

The average bed occupancy rate is 70% and the average HCRW generation is 0.47 kg/patient/day. This compares closely with the HCRW generation of 0.48 kg calculated in the MOHP Study in 2006/07.

The following paragraphs describe the different existing operating procedures at the hospitals and there is no reason to expect that these procedures are very different for other hospitals around Nepal. A. Bhaktapur District Hospital This hospital established and run by the government, is a general hospital situated in Kathmandu valley. The segregated syringes, needles and infected plastic materials are burned daily in the hospital compound. All other normal solid wastes are mixed with the municipal solid waste. B. Bir Hospital Bir Hospital is the oldest government medical facility in Nepal. In 2003, the National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) was established in Bir Hospital.

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Now it is a semi-government organization. Bir Hospital does not have proper storage, treatment and disposal facilities for the generated biomedical HWs. Pathological wastes are buried inside hospital compound. All other wastes including HWs are disposed in municipality container.

C. Patan Hospital Patan Hospital was originally established and run by missionary workers. Lately it is managed by the community with the assistance of government. Waste collection and segregation practices are relatively well managed in this hospital. The hospital has dirty utility rooms where wastes are collected from wards and kept for sufficient time in large buckets until they are filled. The clinical HWs are burned in the incinerator and the sharps are burned in separate place. The non-HWs are taken by municipality waste collector.

D. NMC and Hospital This hospital established and run by private sector, is a teaching hospital situated in outskirt of Kathmandu valley. Although segregation of waste is exercised in this hospital, some of the generated wastes are mixed with the municipal solid waste for disposal and others are disposed in the nearby river banks.

E. Paropakar Maternity and Womens Hospital The vision of this hospital is to develop Maternity Hospital as a centre of excellence for the reproductive health care services including newborn care, immunization to newborn babies, family planning services etc. Placental waste is disposed in a pit near by the hospital own land, Neonate dead bodies are buried in the earth near Bagmati river and syringes are burned in a drum. The other wastes including hazardous.

F.Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital This hospital, established under Tribhuvan University as a teaching hospital, is a

25

general hospital. Waste segregation and collection practices are relatively well managed in this hospital. The segregated biomedical HWs are incinerated in the incinerator. The general wastes are taken away by municipality waste collector.

2.3 Summary and assumptions on Overall Industrial Production The findings of survey given in the chapter 4.1 above were utilized for the estimation of the total volume of HW generation from the the sector industries in the country. The assumptions made for the estimation of the total wastes are as follows: a. The census output of industrial sector mentioned in the Census of Manufacturing Establishments 2001/02(CBS,2003) is taken as base value and available sector industry production index is used to find out the value of production for the fiscal year 2006/07(MOF,2007). b. The volume of production of several of the subject sector industries, taken from the FNCCI and Economic Survey of MOF and the figures production (2006/07) is multiplied by the average price of the product to find out present value in NPR. c. For the exportable products, the direct value is taken to estimate current production for the fiscal year 2006/07. In this, the total volume exported to India and overseas countries are taken from the given figures with consideration of small volume for local consumption. d. A one hundred percent survey was carried out for some of the industrial sectors, thus the total production of these industries is considered as the total national production. e. To estimate the total quantity of the production and the generation of HWs for the fiscal year 2006/07 and also to project these figures after five and ten years, the factors and the formulae given under Chapter 5.

2.4 Summary of Biomedical HW Survey The quantities of waste and its composition differ considerably from HCF to HCF. The quantities are among others determined by:1) The health care services provided by the individual HCFs ; 2) The size of the HCF; 3) The supply and share of

26

disposable materials used; and 4) the degree of segregation. There does not appear to be much initiative to minimize quantities of waste or substitution of hazardous materials at the health care facilities surveyed. Only in few cases a proper waste segregation takes place, which leads to less quantities of health care risk waste.At some health care facilities needles for certain kinds of inoculation (TB) and gloves are recycled, by steam. In some cases the segregated waste in remixed with municipally collected waste. The risks associated with the generation of health care waste are primarily financial and the environmental and public health consequences of improper disposal seem largely ignored. If the potential for minimizing the quantities of waste is not utilized the health care facility is wasting resources and the opportunity to save money on waste disposal. The present lack of enforcement and low rates for waste collection. However, do not encourage the health care facilities to make special efforts to minimize the quantities of waste. Likewise, as there is not regulation there are no particular benefits for the health care facilities to avoid HCRW generation and thereby to protect the environment and the public health.

2.5 Quality of Information from Surveys and Desk Studies Every factory in each sector could not be documented. The primary data collected from the sampled industrial enterprises, hospital and automobile workshops is based on the information provided from the records kept in the various enterprises. Some of the information, which was not documented, was also obtained through the interviews and discussions with the personnel of the enterprises and visual inspections during the visit. In certain cases professional judgment was also made to quantify the amount of waste materials. Where secondary data was used the different publication and sources are cited and efforts have been made to use reliable information from authorized or authenticated sources. The consultants and enumerators involved in the industrial and biomedical surveys were professionals having experience in conducting other assessments in industry such as Cleaner Production assessments. Implementation of Environmental Management Systems

27

and Occupational Safety and Health audits. Therefore, although the majority of these enterprises have a poor system of recording and maintaining the exact amount of wastes generated, efforts have been made to ensure a good standard and therefore the reliability and accuracy of the collected data is considered acceptable and fit for the purposes of this study. 2.6 Current Estimate of Industrial HW The preceding chapter highlighted the findings of the survey, which is based on the information available from the surveyed 10 industrial enterprises. The volume of HWs shown above is the wastes generated by the surveyed industries only. The actual generation of the HW from the industries surveyed has been used to project: The total quantity of HW generation by that particular sector broken down by types or categories as to toxic, corrosive, flammable and reactive; as well as by solid and liquid For this a factor has been determined as: Factor F= Pt/ps Where, Pt is the total production of the sector And ps is the total production of the sampled industries.

Thus the total Hw H= hs *F; where, hs is the quantity of HW for the individual surveyed industry and hs is the total of all these. The estimated industrial HWs for year 2006/2007 are given in the tables as follows:

Table 5 Hazardous Solid Waste (in M/T) S.N O. Sector Value (Quantit y) 1 Dry Cell 530.0 (N/A) 13.79 0 0 0 13.79 Toxic Corrosi ve Flammab le Reactive Total

28

Iron Galvanize

14,517.9 4.93 (170.8)

103.77

108.7 0

Paint

1065.9 (12.5)

28.26

4.15

32.41

Paper/pulp

1,883.9 (31.4)

0.22

2011.90

0.67

2012. 78

Pesticides

588.2 (1.5)

5.81

5.81

Pharmaceutic als

5091.3 (N/A)

104.9 3

104.93

Soap

1505.9

0.19

709.54

709.74

Vegetable Oil & Ghee

9410.0 (188.2)

1274. 0

1274.0 1

Total Figure)

(Round

2020

3030

5051

The sample survey shows that the industrial units in a particular sector are found to generate varying amounts of HWs. The maximum and the minimum generations of the HWs per unit production for each industrial sector are presented below. The variation is very wide.

29

Table 6 Total maximum and minimum waste production S.NO. Sector 1 Solid Waste (M/T) Max Min 0.05 Liquid Waste (Cu.m) Max 8.0 Min 1.16

Dry Cell (per 1000 0.34 Pcs)

Iron Galvanize (Per 0.96 1000 M/T)

0.5

13.333

10.2

Paint (Per 1000 M/T) 33.92

1.10

2,638

4.5

Paper/Pulp (Per 1000 117.3 M/T)

0.02

230000

257.5

Pesticides(Per 1000 113.3 M/T)

1.7

22988

25.9

Pharmaceuticals (Per 453.6 1000 M/T)

9.9

242255

365

Soap (per 1000 M/T) 53.5

1.1

1612

2.1

Vegetable Oil &Ghee 13.52 (per 1000 M/T)

1.6

4444

160.3

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Sales
Dry Cell (per 1000 Pcs) Iron Galvaniz (Per 1000M/T) Paint (Per 1000M/T) Paper (Per 1000M/T) pestcides (Per 1000M/T) Pharmaceuticals (Per 1000M/T)

Figure 3 Solid Waste Production from different sectors The main reasons behind such variations may be due to fact that very few industries keep accurate records of the waste arising. Other reasons include: a. Variation in product type (e.g. some pharmaceuticals produce more of liquid products where as other produce more of solid products) b. Variation in raw materials (e.g. some paper industries use waste paper only where as others use agro residue for paper making) c. Variation in the size of the industrial units d. Technology used (e.g. physical refining versus chemical refining in vegetable oil industry)

2.7 Current Estimate of Biomedical HW The average bed occupancy rate seems to be 70%. And the average HCRW is calculated to be 0.47 kg/patient/day in the hospital. The total amount of HCRW in the surveyed health care institutions is 686kg/day (5 hospitals).

The foregoing chapter highlighted the findings of the sample survey of health care

31

institutions, and is based on the information available from the surveyed different health care establishments. The amount of biomedical HWs shown above is the HWs generated by the surveyed health institutions only. The actual generation of biomedical HW from the surveyed health care institutions has been used to calculate the total amount of biomedical HW generated in the country by using the secondary data. The total number of hospital beds from different types of health care institutions i.e. Medical colleges, Government hospitals, Eye hospital, Private hospitals and Military hospitals is given in table below: Table 7 Total Number of beds NO. Type of Health Care Institution NO. of beds

Medical colleges

8243

Government

7205

Eye hospitals

2279

Private Hospitals

4810

Military Hospitals

420

22957 Total

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No. of beds
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Medical college Government Hosptial Eye hospitals Private Hosptials Military Hospitals No. of beds

Figure 4 Numbers of beds in different hospitals

A number of surveys have been conducted in the Kathmandu Valley to establish an overview of the health care waste management. Two of them include surveys of the quantities of health care waste (HCW) and health care risk waste (HCRW). The first survey was conducted in 1997 and included measurements of the quantities of waste generated at 11 hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley. The average quantity of waste estimated for all 11 HCFs is given in table below. Another survey conducted in 2001 by the Environment & Public Health Organization (ENPHO) for Kathmandu Metropolitan City, shows somewhat higher figures. Table 8 Average quantity of waste Location Year Health Care Waste (HCW) Health waste (HCRW) Kathmandu Valley Kathmandu Municipality (Source: Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal, MOHP, 2006) 1997 2001 0.54kg/patient/day 1.7kg/patient/day 0.16kg/patient/day 0.48kg/patient/day Care risk

33

The ENPHO study calculates with an occupancy rate of around 65% in average. The difference between the two surveys indicates a solid increase in the amounts of waste generated at the health care facilities in the valley, which corresponds very well with the development of the sector within recent years. However, as the first survey probably also include smaller health care facilities; this is also part of the explanation for smaller amounts of waste. A survey in South Africa shows a quantity of HCRW at the same level as the ENPHO study, namely 0.6351 kg/patient/day.(Ref. Draft report "Health Care Waste (HCW) Generation and Characterization Study for Health and Treatment Facilities", prepared by Data Management & Statistical Analysis CC, January 2003).

If it is assumed that all health care facilities in Nepal having beds are generating approximately the same amounts of waste per patient per day as in ENPHO's survey, and that the bed occupancy rate is 70%, and that health post and sub health posts (not having beds) are generating 0.5 kg HCRW per day, and that outreach clinics are generating 0.1 kg HCRW per day, the total amounts of health care risk waste can be estimated as follows: Table 9 Total quantity of HCRW Types Kg HCRW

Small HCFS (186x0.5) Health Posts (698x0.5) Sub-Health Posts (3129x0.5) Outreach Clinics (14512x0.1) HCFs with beds (22957 bedsx0.7x0.5) Total per day

93 349 1564 1451 8035 11492

Total per year

4194580

34

Notes: 1) For HCF with beds: 0.5 kg/patient/day 2) For Health Post and Sub HP: 0.5 kg/HCF/day 3) For Outreach clinics: 0.1 kg/HCF/day.

The estimate should be considered as indicative only, as there are many factors influencing on the amounts of waste, and there are considerably variance from HCF to HCF. In addition to this it also has to be taken into consideration that it is seldom possible to reach such a high quality of segregation of waste in HCRW and HCW as during the survey where there are focus on the subject. In daily practice it must be expected that some considerable parts of the health care general waste is mixed with the health care risk waste, thereby generating larger amounts that have to be considered as health care risk waste.

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CHAPTER III FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

3.1 Findings The overall finding of the study is that the industries are not much aware on the hazardous natures of the raw materials and wastes generated. All the wastes being generated are disposed to natural environment without much care. Most units do not differentiate between the normal waste and hazardous waste from other processes turning all the wastes into hazardous wastes unnecessarily.

Most Industrial units do not have proper storage and handling systems for hazardous materials. Workers are often not provided information about the hazardous nature of the substances they have to handle. This results in poor work environment and low productivity. Wherever, personal protective equipments are provided, the workers do not make effective use of such equipments.

Solid waste Generated

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2006/2007 2011/2012 2016/2017 Solid waste Generated

Figure 5 Estimated Solid waste generated for upcoming years The generation of hazardous solid and liquid wastes from all the sector industries is

36

observed to be in an increasing trend for the projected periods. The total amount of hazardous solid waste generated is estimated to be 5,051 M/T per annum for the fiscal year 2006/07 and the quantities of such waste after five and ten years have been projected to be 5,732 M/T and 6,589 M/T per annum respectively. Similarly, the total amount of hazardous liquid waste generated is estimated to be 6,404,872 cu. m. Per annum for the fiscal year 2006/07 and the quantities of such waste after five and ten years have been projected to be 7,088,305 cu. m. And 7,879,080 cu. m. Per annum respectively.

Most of the hazardous wastes are toxic or corrosive / alkaline in nature. Some tendency has also been noticed that the industries try to hide some of the hazardous wastes, mainly the flammable ones as they readily understand the adverse consequences and complaints by immediate neighbours. The amount of total hazardous solid and liquid waste as shown above is high because of the fact that the industrial units mix the hazardous waste with non-hazardous and total quantity becomes hazardous. This fact indicates that there is a great challenge and hence tremendous opportunity for the government and environmentalists to promote awareness and segregation to reduce the quantity of hazardous wastes. This can be achieved more easily by promoting cleaner production and 3R principles before carrying out any treatment or disposal.

As the country does not have specific legislation for prevention and proper disposal for the hazardous waste, initiative must be started in this direction soonest possible. Timely prevention of undesirable chemicals, switching to more

environment-friendly substitutes can be carried out under an effective legislation. Otherwise, amelioration after contamination can be very costly and sometimes it may be irreversible.

Total estimated biomedical hazardous waste generated from all the Health Care Institutions for year 2006/07 is calculated to be 4,195 M/T. The volume of these

37

waste in next ten years is expected to double of the quantity estimated for year 2007 Nepal presently does not generate very large amount of Biomedical Hazardous Wastes. However, it is a major concern with regard to the environmental and human health point of view. The country does not have adequate policies, legislation, standards, guidelines, programmers and appropriate institution to deal with these types of waste. Even the existing policies and regulations have not been implemented properly.

There are no separate rooms for storage of the waste and the waste is usually kept in the backyard of HCI before the municipality picks them up. The HCIs witch manage their own waste collect the wastes and temporarily store it inside their compound before sending to the municipality containers or burying.

Private hospitals are located in crowded residential areas mostly in rented house with limited space. Those hospitals do not have enough space for proper incineration of the hazardous wastes. Also, they don't have enough space for burying the waste. They are compelled to send all types of wastes to the municipal solid waste container.

3.2 Recommendations Considering this present study as base, the recommendations in this field are as follows: A feasibility study should be conducted for the establishment and operation of an industrial hazardous wastes collection, selling, buying, recycling centre. Conduction of Awareness programmes and information dissemination on HW and its consequences as well as on use, handling and disposals to the stakeholders and to those come across directly with these wastes. Although the quantity of HW generated in Nepal is low, these wastes are mixed with other wastes and disposed to environment without much

38

care. This practice is alarming and will be extremely detrimental to living conditions. This challenge can also be viewed as an opportunity that the industries, hospitals and automobile workshops can be provided inputs such that they practice waste segregation and 3R principles to reduce the amount of HW significantly. Programmes could be developed to promote such waste segregation and 3R principles in the relevant organizations. It will also be necessary to develop HW disposal site separately from the normal municipal waste disposal system. Most of the hospital does not have the treatment facility. They used to bury the biomedical HW in a pit within the hospital compound. To reduce the negative impacts, the pit should be away from hospital staffs, patients, visitors, workers and water sources and each time the waste should be covered with sufficient soil and lime. The pit side should be protected from contaminating water. Similarly the incinerators used by many of the hospitals are not of up to the standard. Cleaner technology incinerators with built in pollution control devices are appropriate for the hospitals .Segregation of pollution prone hospital wastes from incinerating wastes is essential. There is lack of awareness among the hospital staffs, patients, visitors and workers about the potential health risk associated with the unmanaged biomedical wastes. Waste handling personals and other hospital staffs should be trained for proper handling and disposal of hospital wastes. Hospital should provide protective clothing and equipments for waste handlers. So, awareness programmes and information dissemination on biomedical hazardous wastes and its impacts should be conducted for all stakeholders. Conduction of waste survey work to all the big and medium sized health care institutions is recommended by managing sufficient resources and manpower and sufficient time.

39

REFERENCES

1World Bank Group 1998 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. 2Govt of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, (2001 -2002), Census of Manufacturing Establishments. 3Preparation of Hazardous Waste Inventory, MOPE July 2004 (DEVS) Consult Nepal Ltd 4Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal. Assessment of Present state and Establishment of a Framework Strategy and Action Plan for Improvement, Ministry of Health and Population, June 2006. 5Methodological Guide to the Undertaking of Inventories of Hazardous Waste within the Framework of Basel Convention. SBC 99/009 (E) Geneva May 2000. 62001 Census District Development Profile of Nepal 2004, ISRSC. 7National Planning Commission Ninth Plan 1998. 8Industrial Development Perspective Plan of Nepal Vision 2020, UNDP, Kathmandu Sep 2002 9Economic Survey 2006/2007 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance. 10 10. Concept paper on health care waste management, Bimala Shresta, Department of Community Medicine and Family Health, Teaching Hospital, March 1997. 11. Environmental impact assessment of Medical Waste management in Kathmandu (draft November 2001) environmental and Public Health organization (ENPHO) FOR THE Kathmandu Valley Mapping Programme, Kathmandu Metropolitan City. 12. Guidelines for Establishment, Implementing Policy, Standard and Infrastructure of Private and non-government organization Health Care Institution (Hospital and Nursing Home), 2061 (2004), Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal 13. Guidelines for the Management of Hospital Waste in Nepal- Nepal Health Research Council/ WHO-2002.

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Appendix I HAZARDOUS WASTE DEFINITION Basel Convention Wastes are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law; Waste Streams Y1 Clinical wastes from medical care in hospitals, medical centres and clinics Y2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products Y3 Waste pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines Y4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and pharmaceuticals Y5 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preserving chemicals Y6 Wastes from the production, formulation use of organic solvents Y7 Wastes from heat treatment and tempering operations containing cyanides Y8 Waste mineral oils unfit for their originally intended use Y9 Waste oils/water, hydtocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions Y10 Waste substances and articles containing or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Y11 Waste terry residues arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment Y12 Wastes from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnish Y13 Wastes from production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticzers Y14 Waste chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known Y15 Wastes of an explosive nature not subject to other legislation

Y16 Wastes from production, formulation and use of photographic chemicals and processing materials Y17 Wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics Y18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations Wastes having as constituents: Y19 Metal carbonyls Y20 Beryllium; beryllium compounds Y21 Hexavalent chromium compounds Y22 Copper compounds

41

Y23 Y24 Y25 Y26 Y27 Y28 Y29 Y30 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 Y35 Y36 Y37 Y38 Y39 Y40 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 Y45

Zinc compounds Arsenic; arsenic compounds Selenium; selenium compounds Cadmium; cadmium compounds Antimony; antimony compounds Tellurium; tellurium compounds Mercury; mercury compounds Thallium; thallium compounds Lead; lead compounds Inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride Inorganic cyanides Acidic solutions or acids in solid form Basic solutions or bases in solid form Asbestos (dust and fibres) Organic phosphorus compounds Organic cyanides Phenols; phenols compounds including chlorophenols Ethers Halogenated organic solvents Organic solvents excluding halogenated solvents Any congenor of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan Any congenor of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin Organohalogen compounds other than substances referred to in this Annex

US Environmental protection Agency Hazardous waste is waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludge. They can be discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the by-products of manufacturing processes. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) govern the management of hazardous wastes. There is not a single comprehensive list of hazardous wastes that is continuously updated, as hazardous waste identification is a process that involves many steps. To be considered a hazardous waste, a material first must be classified as a solid waste. EPA defines solid waste as garbage, refuse, sludge, or other discarded material (including solids, semisolids, liquids, and contained gaseous materials). If a waste is considered solid waste, it must then be determined if it is hazardous waste. Wastes are defined as hazardous by EPA if they are specifically named on one of four lists of hazardous wastes (F, K, P, U) or if they exhibit one of four characteristics (characteristic wastes)

42

Listed Wastes Wastes are listed as hazardous because they are known to be harmful to human health and the environment when not managed properly, regardless of their concentrations. EPA has studied and listed as hazardous hundreds of specific industrial waste streams. These wastes are described or listed on four different lists that are found in the regulations. These four lists are: The F list-The F list designates as hazardous particular wastes from certain common industrial or manufacturing processes. Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources. T K list- The K list designates as hazardous particular waste streams from certain specific industries. K-listed wastes are known as wastes from specific sources. The P List and U List (Discarded commercial Chemical Products) These two lists are similar in that both list pure or commercial grade formulations of certain specific unused chemicals as hazardous. A P or U waste code may be applicable, provided that the material is an unused commercial chemical product (CCP).A CCP is a substance that consists of the commercially pure grade of the chemical, any technical grades of the chemical, and all formulations in which the chemical is the sole active ingredient.

Characteristic Wastes Even if the waste stream does not meet any of the four listings explained above, it may still be considered a hazardous waste if it exhibits a characteristic. EPA has designated the following four characteristics: ignitability(D001), corrosivity(D002), reactivity(D003) and toxicity (D004-D043). Ignitability - Ignitability wastes create fires under certain conditions or are spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 140 F. Corrosivity - corrosive wastes are acids or bases (PH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage thanks, drums, and barrels. Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with water. Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbede. g , containing mercury, lead, etc. . When toxic wastes are disposed of on land,

43

contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute ground water. Toxicity is defined through a laboratory procedure called the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure(TCLP) If wastes are not listed or do not exhibit any hazardous waste characteristics, they are considered nonhazardous solid waste (as opposed to hazardous wastes).Nonhazardous solid waste disposal and recycling is regulated on a state level. Therefore, you may wish to contact your state solid waste official for more information on solid waste management. SAYEN Hazardous waste is an inevitable by-product of hunman activities. In the past, this was not a major problem because almost everything was reused or recycled and whatever remained was taken care of by nature. However, the intorduction of new materials and changing consumption patterns, especially in urban areas, have resulted in increasing volumes of waste and, as a result, breakdown of traditional systems of waste management has taken place. Urbanisation in Nepal is characterized by rapid and haphazard growth, and this has exerted tremendous pressure on the urban envionment as well as on the capacities of the government and the people to manage this change. The rate of urban growth is at 6.5% per annum,which is the highest in South Asia, and also a cause for major concern. Households are the main sources of solid waste in Nepal. This accounts for about 83% of all solid waste generated in Nepal. In comparison, agricultural waste accounts for 11% and industral waste for 6% of the tatal solid waste. Due to the low level of industrialisation and limited use of hazardous chemicals, such as pesticides and persistend organic pollutants, it is safe to say that Nepal probably generates very little hazardous waste compared to other countries. Out of sight, out of mind,is the most common response to the problem of solid waste managerial level than technical. If left unchecked, the waste management problem is expected to become more become more sewere in the future because of the continued increase in the amount of waste generated and in the generation of potentially hazardous waste.

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Appendix II LIST OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS SURVEYED S.NO. Name of the Industrial Unit Address Contact Person 1 Mahavir Shree Devkota Sadak, Mr. Madan International Old Baneshwore Gopal Khemka 2 3 AL-TECH(P)Ltd. Barjar Johnson and Nikolson Pvt. Ltd Bagmati paper industries Thimi, Bhaktapur Bhaktapur Industrial Area. Sinamangal, Kanthmandu Mr. Deepak Mr. Ramesh Sainju

5 6 7 8 9

Deuraji Janta Pharmaceutical P. Ltd. Nebico (P) Ltd. Godawari Marble Industries Pvt. Ltd

Mr. Narayan Lal shrestha Dhapasi, Kathmandu Mr.Hari Bhakta Shrestha Balaju, Kathmandu Mr. Ramesh shrestha Godawari,kathamandu Mr.Krishna Gopal

LIST OF HOSPITALS SURVEYED S.NO Name of HCI Address 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bir Hospital Neapl Medical Hospital Teaching Hospital Bhaktapur Hospital Parpkar Maternity Hospital Patan Hospital College

Contact Person Ratnapark, Kathmandu Dr. Ramesh Stapith Teaching Attarkhel, Kathmandu Dr. Ram Keval Maharjgunj, Dr.Mahesh kathmandu Shah Bhaktapur ,Kathmandu Dr. prema Shah Thapathali, Dr. Bindu Kathmandu Maskey Lagankhel,Lalitpur Dr. Rabindra Khatiwada

45

Appendix III Survey Questionnaire for Industrial Units General Information 1. Name of the Organization:

2. Address:

3. Contact person: 4. Type of Industry: 5. No. of Employees: 6. Location of the industry: (Residential, Industrial Area) 7. Production figures for last three years: Year Production 8. Waste Generated for last three years: Year Waste Generated

9. Are you aware of the Basel Convention (YES/NO): 10. Is your industry according to the norms of EPC and ERP (YES/NO):

Survey Questions 1. How much waste is produce by your industry daily? 2. Do you segregate Hazardous and non-hazardous wastes? 3. How do you manage the waste generated from your industry? 4. What are the raw materials consumed in your industry? 5. Where do you get the raw materials from? 6. What is the daily energy consumption in your industry?

46

7. Are your workers and staffs aware of the waste generation and its proper management? 8. If No, what are your plans to make them aware? 9. What would you do to improve your waste management? 10. Any other suggestions?

Survey Questionnaire for Health Care Institutions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of HCI: Address: Contact Person: Type of Hospital: No. of Beds: Bed Occupancy rate for last three years:

Year Bed Occupancy rate

7. Waste Generated for last three years: Year Waste Generated

8. Are you aware of the Basel Convention (YES/NO) 9. Is your industry according to the norms of EPC and ERP (YES/NO) 10. Do you normally use reusable or use and throw products for medical purpose?

47

Annex I

Objective 1: Indicator Public

To know the level of solid waste in Kathmandu Variables Illiteracy Indifference Questions Do you manage your waste? What do you know about Public Solid waste management? Data Source

Government policy

Laws Rules Monitoring

What are the rules for waste management? Government Officials

How effective are those laws?

48

Objective 2: Indicator Variables

How to manage waste properly Questions Data source

Recycle, reuse, reduce

Recycle Reuse Reduce

How to reduce waste?

How to reuse waste? How to recycle waste?

Experts

External Factors

Government NGOs Public

What is the attitude towards waste management? Related Subjects

What sort of plans are there?