CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

APPRECIATION
Thanks God, we give thanks to the Almighty for His grace and we can set up a report entitled highway laboratary (CC 302)'. Appreciation and gratitude goes to Mr. Ghani as lecturer highway engineering for their help, cooperation, guidance, advice and practical ideas that poured along the run. Thankfully we have colleagues who help others and help each other work, here are our group members, Roffandi, Hilmi, Syahiruddin, Zaim, Luqman, Nurul Shafiqa, Noor Syafiqah, Asyikin, Effah and Amiera are always striving to complete this highway laboratary work. Moreover, not least thank you to friends, colleagues and all those who have helped us either directly or indirectly. Hopefully reports this produced a certain extent helped to increase the effectiveness student learning and enhance students' knowledge in the subjects studied civil engineering in general and in particular Highway Engineering.

Thank you.

FLAKINESS INDEX

CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongated particles contained in it. In the case of gravel it is determined by its angularity number. For base course and construction of bituminous and cement concrete types, the presence of flaky and elongated particles are considered undesirable as they may cause inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads. Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete road construction as the workability of concrete improves. Angular shape of particles are desirable for granular base course due to increased stability derived from the better interlocking. When the shape of aggregates deviates more from the spherical shape, as in the case of angular, flaky and elongated aggregate, the void content in an aggregate of any specified size increased and hence the grain size distribution of a graded aggregate has to be suitably altered in order to obtain minimum voids in the dry mix or the highest dry density. The angularity number denotes the void content of single sized aggregates in excess of that obtained with spherical aggregates of the same size. Thus angularity number has considerable importance in the gradation requirements of various types of mixes such as bituminous concrete and soil-aggregate mixes. Thus evaluation of shape of the particles, particularly with reference to flakiness, elongation and angularity is necessary.

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OBJECTIVE
This test is to determine the suitability of the material. Elongation is means of classifying coarse aggregates. Aggregates Particles are classified as elongated when they have a length (greatest dimension) of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size. The objective of the test is to determine the Elongation Index of coarse aggregate. For base course and wearing course aggregates the presence of elongated particles are considered undesirable as they may cause inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads.

Methodology Three samples of aggregates weighing 2.5kg each are prepared. Aggregates passing 50mm BS sieve and retained on 37.5mm BS sieve. Aggregates passing 37.5mm BS sieve and retained on 28mm BS sieve. Aggregates passing 28mm BS sieve and retained on 20mm BS sieve. Each sample is gauge in turn of thickness on metal gauge. The passing material of each sample is weighed.

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CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

THEORY
The flakiness index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least dimension (thickness) is less than three fifths (0.6) of their mean dimension. The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3mm. The values given in parentheses (if provided) are not standard and may not be exact mathematical conversions. Use each system of units separately. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.

THESE SIZE MARKED ON GAUGE

50 16 TO 12.5 40 12.5 TO 10
8.55

40 TO 25

50 TO 40

25 TO 20

63 TO 50

20 TO 16

80

63

100

90

6.75

10.80

10 TO 6.3 13.50

27.00 33.90

70

ALL DIMENSIONS IN MM

Fig. 1: Thickness gauge

16.95

19.50

31.5 TO 25

25

35

FLAKINESS INDEX

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APPARATUS
The following apparatus is required.

NO

NAMES

INSTRUMENT

1)

Sieve

2)

Thickness gauge

3)

Weighing scale

FLAKINESS INDEX

CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

4)

Tray

5)

Sieve shaker

FLAKINESS INDEX

CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

PROCEDURE
(After done setup apparatus, follow the procedures below)

Test Procedure :

1. The sample was sieved through IS sieve sizes 63, 50, 31, 5, 25, 20, 16, 12, 5, 10, and 6.3 mm.

FLAKINESS INDEX

CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

2. Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed (WI gm).

3. Separate the flaky material by using the standard thickness gauge.

FLAKINESS INDEX

CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

4. Three samples of aggregates weighing 2.5 kg each are prepared. 5. Each sample is gauged in turn of thickness on the metal gauge.

6. The passing material of each sample is weighed.

FLAKINESS INDEX

CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

RESULTS & CALCULATION

Passing Sieve (mm) 28 20 14 Average

Retained Sieve 20 14 10

Sample (Nos) 14 200 200 39 %

Passing (Nos) 10 16 75

Flakiness Index (%) 71.43 8 37.5

The flakiness index of aggregate passing sieve size 28, 20, 14 mm and retained on sieve size 20, 14, 10 mm was calculated as follows:

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CC 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Flakiness index (%)

(Number of Aggregate passing / Total number of Aggregate) x 100

a. = 71.43 % b. =8% c. = 37.5 %

Average = Summation of All Fraction / Number of Fraction

= 39%

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DISCUSSION
The shape test give only a rough idea of the relative shapes of the aggregates. Particular care has to be taken while carrying out the test for angularity number. Based on the result obtained, each sample collected has about less than 15% flaky aggregates. This shows that the samples are quite suitable to be used for bituminous mix. But, the appropriate percentage of flaky aggregates in each sample is determined by the specification stated in respective manual used for different purpose. For sample passed 37.5mm and retained on 25mm sieve has flakiness index 11.58% while sample, which passed 25mm and retained on sieve 20mm has the flakiness index about 8.22%. This makes the average flakiness index become 6.6%. Aggregates that flaky could always lower the workability of concrete and also affects its long-term durability. In bituminous mixtures, flaky aggregates make for a harsh mix that can crack or break up during the compaction process.

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RECOMMENTDATION
The more sample weight more difficult to count the aggregate but we can calculated using the right calculation. Sample are not been forced to pass the metal gauge plate. Its to make sure that we get the accurate data. We the process, we need to have different tray to make sure all aggregate counted and not missed.

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CONCLUSION
The value that we get from this test is 15.1% for flakiness and not exceeds 20% the lab requirement. Elongation value is 0% because the aggregate is rounded so no any retain value. Aggregate quality for road construction will also influence the road performance. The flakiness and elongation rocks are not suitable for road construction because this type of rocks will make the road surface not balance and easy to damage. In order to calculate the flakiness index of the entire sample of aggregates first the weight of each fraction of aggregate passing and retained on the specified set of sieves is noted. As an example let 200 pieces of the aggregate passing 50 mm sieve and retained on 50 mm sieve be = W1g. Each of the particle from this fraction of aggregate is tried to be passed through the slot of the specified thickness of the thickness gauge; in this example the width of the appropriate gauge of the thickness gauge is
=

(50 x 40) x0.6 = 27.0 2

Let the weight of the flaky material passing this gauge be w1g. Similarly the weights of the fractions passing and retained the specified sieves, w1, w2, w3, etc. are weighed and the total weight w1+w2 +w3+... = W g is found. Also the weights of material passing each of the specified thickness gauge are found = w1, w2, w3 and the total weight of material passing the different thickness gauges = w1 + w2+w3--... = w g is found. Then the flakiness index is the total weight of the flaky material passing the various thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.

Flakiness Index =

( w1 w2 w3......)100 w perent 100 percent W1 W 2 W 3..... W

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REFERENCES
Book References Bambang I., Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for TransportationStudies, Vol. 6, pp. 13021312.Workability and Resilient Modulus Of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Containing Flaky Aggregates Shape ; 2005. Highway Materials (A Guide Book for Beginners), Ratnasamy Muniandy, Radin Umar Radin Sohadi, Penerbit UPM, 2001. Highway Engineering, Paul H. Wright, 6th edition, John Wiley & Son, Inc. 1996

Internet References
www.highways.gov.sk.ca/docs/reports_manuals/manuals/STP_DOC/stp204-

http://www.durocrete.com/Flakiness.pdf http://www.easts.info/on-line/journal_06/1302.pdf

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