Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND ISSN 2347-3932

(Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013)

TECHNOLOGY (JMET)

ISSN 2347-3924 (Print) ISSN 2347-3932 (Online) Volume 1, Issue 1, July-December (2013), pp. 80-92 IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/JMET.asp

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IAEME

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF R744/R134a IN A SMOOTH HORIZONTAL TUBE

A.Ramanan1*, P.Senthilkumar2 Research Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai600119, TAMILNADU, INDIA 2 Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KSR College of Engineering, Tiruchengode637215, TAMILNADU, INDIA
1

ABSTRACT This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of the refrigerant mixture of R744/R134a flowing through the horizontal smooth tube. The refrigerant mixture is studied in different mass, heat flux and inlet temperature conditions. Experimental results on the heat transfer coefficient, inner wall temperature and exergy of mass flux from 40 to 80 kg/ m2 s in a horizontal smooth tube of 4 mm inner diameter are presented. It is found that the mixture combination of R744/R134a in 25/75 at a mass flux of 80 kg/ m2 s gives maximum heat transfer. Keywords: heat flux, mass flux, refrigerant mixture 1. INTRODUCTION Conventional refrigerants, such as the CFCs and their alternatives the HFCs, have potential environmental problems, so their use is being curtailed. CO2 is non-flammable and nontoxic with a zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), and a global warming potential (GWP) that is very small compared with other conventional refrigerants such as R134a; therefore, CO2 is a promising refrigerant for environmental, economical and safety reasons, and is being applied in automobile air-conditioning, heat pump or other low temperature refrigeration systems, as suggested by Lorentzen and Pettersen(1993) and Riffat et al. (1997).

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) 2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE 2.1. Experimental apparatus Fighure (1) represents the experimental system used to investigate the heat transfer of R744/R134a in a horizontal tube during evaporation and it was used similar to the set up and working as mentioned by Cho et al (1). The refrigerant loop consists of a pump, test section, a Coirolis-type mass flow meter, a pre-heater and a condenser. The liquid refrigerant is pumped via pump. Then the refrigerant passes through a Coirolis-type mass flow meter before entering the pre-heater. The pre-heater is used to control the vapor quality at the test section inlet. The refrigerant enters the test section in two-phase state. The test section consists of 5 mm outer diameter with 0.25 mm thick copper tube having length of 1.44 m. The wall temperature is measured using type-T, thermocouples, positioned on the surface. The refrigerant leaves the test section in two-phase or superheated state. It enters then a counter-current condenser where it is sub-cooled before entering the pump. Pressure is measured at the test section inlet and outlets. Flow boiling tests were then performed at different mass fluxes, heat fluxes and inlet temperatures.

MF

PREHEATER

Test section

CONDENSER

LIQUID RECEIVER R

Fig.1. Schematic experimental set up 2.2 Data reduction The thermo physical properties are calculated based on the measured temperature and pressure. The local heat transfer coefficient at each thermocouple is calculated based on the following equation h = q / (Tw -Tsat) Where, q- heat flux, Tw is the inner wall surface temperature and Tsat is the saturated temperature of the refrigerant deduced from the fluid pressure. The variations of the refrigerant thermo-physical properties in the test section were calculated with REFPROP 8.0. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are found to depend on some or all of the following parameters: heat flux, reduced pressure, vapor quality and often mass velocity; furthermore they might depend on surface roughness and channel geometry. Miyata et al. (2011) present a correlation to predict heat transfer coefficients with vaporization which takes into account nucleate boiling, forced convection evaporation and evaporation heat transfer through thin liquid film around vapor plugs in slug flow. Several equations have been proposed, but none is widely accepted.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) 3.1 Behaviour of R744/R134a mixture at different mass flux conditions The variation of heat transfer co efficient, inner wall temperature and exergy on the quality of refrigerant mixture flowing through the horizontal tube at different mass flux conditions of the refrigerant mixture of R744/R134a in combinations of 25/75,50/50 and 75/25 is shown in fig. 2-4(a-d). a. Mass flux-40 kg/ m2 s
20 Heat transfer coefficient Heat transfer coefficient 25/75 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 50/50 75/25 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25

b. Mass flux-60 kg/ m2 s

c. Mass flux-70 kg/ m2 s

15 Heat transfer coefficient 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25 15 Heat transfer coefficient 10 5 0 0

d. Mass flux-80 kg/ m2 s

25/75 50/50 75/25

0.5

Quality

1.5

Fig.2 Variation of heat transfer coefficient at different mass fluxes The heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant mixture in three combination at the mass fluxes of 40, 60,70and 80 kg/ m2 s is shown in the above figure2 (a-d).In all the cases the heat transfer coefficient of mixture of 25/75 is higher than the mixture of 50/50 at the same time the highest value is for the mixture combination 75/25.The heat transfer coefficient at the mass flux 40,the mixture of 25/75 and 50/50 combination is almost same but for the mixture of 75/25 is well above and reduces drastically. The heat transfer coefficient for the mass fluxes 60, 70 and 80 follows the similar pattern in the flow. In all the cases the heat transfer coefficient is maximum for the refrigerant mixture of 75/25. The inner wall temperature along the test section at different mass flux conditions of 40, 60, 70 and 80 are shown in the following figure 3(a-d).

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. Mass flux-40 kg/ m2 s
310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1

b. Mass flux-60 kg/ m2 s

Inner wall temperature

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

c. Mass flux-70 kg/ m2 s

310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0

d. Mass flux-80 kg/ m2 s

Inner wall temperature

25/ 75 50/ 50 1.5

Inner wall temperature

25 /7 5 0.5 Quality 1 1.5

Fig.3 Variation of inner wall temperature vs quality at different mass fluxes

Inner wall temperature of the test section for three refrigerant mixtures namely 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 is following same pattern for all the mass flux conditions. The inner wall temperature increases along the test setion, lower value for 25/75 mixture followed by 50/50 mixture with the maximum value is for 75/25 mixture as evident from the above figure. The exergy of the refrigerant mixture flowing through the test section for three combinations at different mass fluxes is shown in thefig4( a-d).

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. Mass flux-40 kg/ m2 s
30 25/75 50/50 75/25 25 Exergy 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Quality 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5

b. Mass flux-60 kg/ m2 s

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

25/75 50/50 75/25

Exergy

c. Mass flux-70 kg/ m2 s

25 20 Exergy 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25 Exergy 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

d. Mass flux-80 kg/ m2 s

25/75 50/50 75/25

0.5 Quality

1.5

Fig.4 Variation of exergy vs quality at different mass fluxes Exergy variation of mixtures in all the three combinations at four different mass fluxes 4, 60, 70 and 80 are following the same pattern in general. The exergy of fluid decreases towards the end of tube. The exergy value of 25/75 mixture refrigerant lies in between the higher value of 50/50 and lower value of 75/25 mixtures. The exergy of the mixture approaches close value before end point of the tube for the mass fluxes 40,60and 70 kg/ m2 s. 3.2 Behaviour of R744/R134amixture at different heat flux conditions The variation of heat transfer co efficient, inner wall temperature and exergy on the quality of refrigerant mixture flowing through the horizontal tube at different heat flux conditions is shown in fig. 5-7.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. heat flux-15 Kw/m2s
20 Heat transfer coefficient 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 15 Heat transfer coefficient 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5

b. heat flux-18 Kw/m2s

25/75 50/50 75/25

c. heat flux-24 Kw/m2s

15 Heat transfer coefficient 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 Heat transfer coefficient 25/75 50/50 75/25 15 10 5 0 0

d. heat flux-24 Kw/m2s

25/75 50/50 75/25

0.5

Quality

1.5

Fig.5 Variation of heat transfer coefficient vs quality at different heat flux The heat transfer co efficient of the mixture is high at the beginning and then starts decreasing sharply towards the length of the tube. The heat transfer coefficient is lowest for 50/50 mixture and slightly higher value for 25/75 mixture. The maximum value occurs for the mixture combimation of 75/25 in the beginning of the section and it starts decreasing towards end of the tube but the value reaches low at the end section of the tube. But for 24 Kw/m2s heat flux condition, the heat transfer coefficient has the lower value for 25/75 mixture followed by 50/50 and is higher value is for 75/25 ie at this mass flux blend behaves differently. Inner wall temperature of the test section increases steadily from the beginning for all the heat flux conditions and for all blends as depicted in figure6 (a-d)below.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. heat flux-15 Kw/m2s
310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1

b. heat flux-18 Kw/m2s

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

c. heat flux-21 Kw/m2s

310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0

d. heat flux-24 Kw/m2s

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 0.5 Quality 1 1.5

Fig. 6 Variation of inner wall temperature vs quality at different heat flux Variation of inner wall temperature of the test section for all the heat flux conditions are behaves in different way. At 15Kw/m2s the inner wall temperature is maximum for 25/75mixture and lower value is for 50/50 mixture between these two 75/25 mixture lies as the temperature increases towards the end of the tube as in fig a above. At 18Kw/m2s the inner wall temperature is maximum for 75/25mixture and lower value is for 25/75 mixture between these two 50/50 mixture lies as the temperature increases towards the end of the tube as in fig b above. At 21Kw/m2s the inner wall temperature is maximum for 75/25mixture and lower value is for 50/50 mixture between these two 25/75 mixture lies after first quarter of the tube as the temperature increases towards the end of the tube as in fig c above. At 24Kw/m2s the inner wall temperature is maximum for 25/75mixture and lower value is for 75/25 mixture between these two 50/50 mixture lies as close as to75/25 as in fig d above. The variation of exergy of the mixture on the quality along the tube at different heat fluxes for three blends is shown in fig7(a-d).

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. heat flux-15 Kw/m2s
30 25 Exergy 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25 Exergy

b. heat flux-18 Kw/m2s

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25

c. heat flux-21 Kw/m2s

25 20 Exergy 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

d.heat flux-24 Kw/m2s

25/75 50/50 75/25

Exergy

0.5 Quality

1.5

Fig.7 Variation of exergy vs quality at different heat flux Exergy of blends at 15 and 24 Kw/m2s vary in similar way as it decreases from beginning to end of tube. The maximum value is for 50/50 blend and approaches to close values for 25/75 and 75/25 blends, lower than equal refrigerant blend. At 18 and 21Kw/m2s the exergy is maximum for 50/50mixture and lower value is for 75/25 mixture between these two lies 25/75 mixture as above. 3.3 Behaviour of R744/R134amixture at different inlet temperature conditions The heat transfer coefficient at different inlet temperatures of the test section decreases from the beginning for all the blends as depicted in figure8 (a-d) below.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. inlet temperature -4oC
3 Heat transfer coefficient 2 1 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 Heat transfer coefficient 25/75 50/50 75/25 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5

b. inlet temperature 0oC

25/75 50/50 75/25

c. inlet temperature4oC
4 Heat transfer coefficient 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25 4 Heat transfer coefficient 3 2 1 0 0

d. inlet temperature 8oC

25/75 50/50 75/25

0.5

Quality

1.5

Fig.8 Variation of heat transfer vs quality at different inlet temperature conditions The heat transfer co efficient of the refrigerant mixture is initially high and start decreasing towards the end of the test section .The heat transfer coefficient is high for 75/25 mixture and lower value is for 25/75 for the inlet temperatures of -4oC and 0oC. In case of 4oC and 8oC the higher heat transfer coefficient is for 50/50 mixture and low for 25/75 mixture. Inner wall temperature of the test section increases steadily from the beginning for all the inlet temperatures and for all blends as depicted in figure9 (a-d) below.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. Inlet temperature -4oC
310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1

b. inlet temperature 0oC

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

c. inlet temperature4oC
310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0 0.5 Quality 1 310 305 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 0

d.inlet temperature 8oC

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 1.5

Inner wall temperature

25/75 50/50 75/25 0.5 Quality 1 1.5

Fig.9 Variation of inner wall temperature vs quality at different inlet temperature conditions The inner wall temperature of the tube increases steadily towards the end. The inner wall temperature is high for 25/75 followed by 50/50 and low for 75/25 mixture at the inlet temperature of -4oC.In case of 0oC, the inner wall temperature is lowest for 75/25mixture and maximum is for 50/50 in the first half of the section and in remaining section is for 25/75 blend.In case of 4oC and 8oC, the inner wall temperature is lowest for 50/50mixture and maximum is for 25/75 in between these two lies the 75/25 mixture. Exergy of the test section decreases from the beginning for all the inlet temperatures and for all blends as depicted in figure10 (a-d) below.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) a. inlet temperature -4oC
40 30 Exergy 20 10 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 Exergy 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1

b. inlet temperature 0oC

25/75 50/50 75/25

1.5

c. inlet temperature4oC
30 25 Exergy 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 Quality 1 1.5 25/75 50/50 75/25 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

d. inlet temperature 8oC

25/75 50/50 75/25

Exergy

0.5 Quality

1.5

Fig.10 Variation of exergy vs quality at different inlet temperature conditions In all inlet temperatures the maximum exergy appears at 50/50 blend. The lower exergy is for 25/75 blend at the inlet temperatures -4 and 0oC. In case of 4oC inlet temperature the low exergy is for 25/75 in the first half of the section and in second half of section it is for 75/25 mixture. In case of 8oC inlet temperature the low exergy is for 25/75 in the first half of the section and in second half of section it is for 75/25 mixture but the values approaches very close . 4. CONCLUSIONS Experimental results for the flow boiling of R744/R134a as 25/75,50/50 and 75/25 mixture combination in a horizontal tube under variations in the mass flux , heat flux and inlet temperature were presented. The behaviours of the local heat transfer coefficient, inner wall temperature and exergy of different blends were investigated and the following conclusions could be drawn from this study: The heat transfer coefficient initially high and starts decreases towards the end of the in all cases experiment in general. The blend variation influences the heat transfer coefficient as it is clearly evident from the plots.- In the low heat flux conditions, it was possible to observe a significant influence of heat flux on the heat transfer coefficient. In the high heat flux conditions, this influence tended to disappear.
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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) The inner wall temperature increases in all conditions for all blends towards end of the tube at the same time variations in blend influences and similarly the exergy decreases from the beginning to towards end of tube with the influence of blend. To fully exploit the opportunity with natural refrigerants, it is necessary to rely on acceptable general predicting procedures are still far from satisfactory, and an increased research effort on this matter definitely desirable. 5. REFERENCES Jin Min Cho,Yong Jin Kim and Min Soo Kim (2010) Experimental studies on the characteristics of evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2 /PROPANE mixtures in horizontal and vertical smooth and microfin tubes,IJR,33,170-179. 2. Jin Min Cho, Yong Jin Kim and Min Soo Kim(2010) Experimental studies on the evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2 and CO2 /propane mixtures flowing upward in smooth and micro-fin tubes with outer diameter of 5mm for an inclination angle 45 0,IJR,33,922-931. 3. Jin Min Cho and Min Soo Kim (2007) Experimental studies on the evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2 smooth and microfin tubes of diameters 5 and 9.52 mm,IJR,30,986-994. 4. Cooper, M.G., 1989. Flow boiling-the apparently nucleate regime. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 32, 459-464. 5. Kandlikar, S.G., 1990. A general correlation for saturated two phase flow boiling heat transfer inside horizontal and vertical tubes. J. Heat Transfer 112, 219-229. 6. Kandlikar, S.G., 2002. Two-phase flow patterns, pressure drop and heat transfer during boiling in mini-channel flow passages of compact evaporators. Heat Transfer Eng. 23 (1),5-23. 7. Alberto Cavallini, Davide Del Col, Luisa Rossetto(2013) Heat transfer and pressure drop of natural refrigerants in minichannels (low charge equipment),IJR36,287-300. 8. J.B. Copetti, M.H. Macagnan, F. Zina (2013)Experimental study on R-600a boiling in 2.6 mm tube,IJR,36,325-334 9. Dongsoo Junga,*, Heungseok Leeb, Dongsoo Baeb, Jongchul Ha(2005),Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants on various enhanced tubes, International Journal of Refrigeration 28, 451455 10. Ju Hyok Kima, Jin Min Chob, Il Hwan Leeb, Jae Seung Leeb, Min Soo Kimb(2007),Circulation concentration of CO2/propane mixtures and the effect of their charge on the cooling performance in an air-conditioning system, International Journal of Refrigeration 30, 43-49 11. Yong Jin Kim, Jin Min Cho, Min Soo Kim( 2 0 0 8 ) Experimental study on the evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2 flowing upward in vertical smooth and micro-fin tubes with the diameter of 5mm, i n t e r n a t i onal journal o f r e f r i g e ra t i o n 3 1, 771 779 12. Ju Hyok Kima, Jin Min Chob and Min Soo KiM(2008) Cooling performance of several CO2/propane mixtures and glide matching with secondary heat transfer fluid, International Journal of Refrigeration ,Volume 31, Issue 5, Pages 800-806 1.

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print), ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013) 13. C.Y. Park, P.S. Hrnjak (2007)CO2 and R410A flow boiling heat transfer, pressure drop, and flow pattern at low temperatures in a horizontal smooth tube, International Journal of Refrigeration 30 ,166-178, 14. John R. Thome*, Jean El Hajal(2004) Flow boiling heat transfer to carbon dioxide:general prediction method, International Journal of Refrigeration 27,(2004) 294301 15. Rin Yun, Yongchan Kim *, Kookjeong Seo, Ho Young Kim(2002) A generalized correlation for evaporation heat transfer of refrigerants in micro-fin tubes, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 20032010 16. John R. Thome*, Jean El Hajal(2004)Flow boiling heat transfer to carbon dioxide:general prediction method, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 ,294301 17. Mao-Yu Wen a,*, Ching-Yen Ho(2005)Evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), and a mixture of R-290/R-600 in the three-lines serpentine small-tube bank, Applied Thermal Engineering 25 (2005) 29212936 18. Xiaoyan Zhang , Changfa Ji , Xiuling Yuan (2008)Prediction method for evaporation heat transfer of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures flowing inside internally grooved tubes ,Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008) 19741983 19. R. Mastrullo a, A.W. Mauro a, A. Rosato a,*, G.P. Vanoli(2010)Carbon dioxide heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops during flow boiling: Assessment of predictive methods, . i n t e r n a t i o n a l journa l o f r e f r i g e r a t i on( 2 0 1 0 ) 1 -1 8 20. Kwang-Il Choia, A.S. Pamitrana, Chun-Young Ohb, Jong-Taek Ohc(2007) Boiling heat transfer of R-22, R-134a, and CO2 in horizontal smooth minichannels, International Journal of Refrigeration 30 (2007) 1336-1346 21. Abhishek G. Ramgadia, Arun K. Saha (2013) Numerical study of fully developed flow and heat transfer in a wavy passage, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 67 (2013) 152-166. 22. Er. Pardeep Kumar, Manoj Sain and Shweta Tripathi, Enhancement of Heat Transfer using Wire Coil Insert in Tubes, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 796 - 805, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. 22. D. Tcheukam-Toko, B. Allahdjaba, A. Kuitche and R. Mouangue, Study of Turbulent Flow in a Heated Horizontal Tube, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 167 - 180, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499. 23. Kavitha T, Rajendran A, Durairajan A and Shanmugam A, Heat Transfer Enhancement using Nano Fluids and Innovative Methods - An Overview, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 769 - 782, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359.

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