1. Define as a mechanical and/or chemical process: injection, mastication, deglutition, peristalsis, absorption, defecation. 2.

Which of the following yields nutrients? a.)bolus b.)chyme c.)feces 3. Is deglutition voluntary or involuntary? 4. What is cecum? Does the appendix have a digestive function? 5. Which digestive enzymes are considered in pancreatic juice?

1. Ingestion
is the simple act of putting food into the mouth.

Mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. As chewing continues, the food is made softer and warmer, and the enzymes in saliva begin to break down carbohydrates in the food. Deglutition or swallowing, is a complicated process that involves two major phases. is the process in
the human or animal body that makes something pass from the mouth, to the pharynx, and into the esophagus, while shutting the epiglottis.

Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus carry the food to the stomach, where it is churned into a liquid mixture called chyme. Absorption is the passage of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the
mucosal cells into the blood or lymph.

Defecation is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, and/or liquid waste material (feces) from the digestive tract via the anus.

2. a. bolus
In a way, all of them have nutrients. However, the bolus has been the least digested, and therefore will have the greatest quantity of nutrients.

3. Deglutition has 3 stages. First is the oral stage where swallowing is done by the tongue which is voluntary. Second stage is pharyngeal stage where food particles come into contact with swallowing receptors present around

the opening of the pharynx then spreading downwards and propelling food into the esophageal opening which is involuntary. Lastly, the esophageal stage where food from the pharynx is taken to the stomach which is also involuntary. 4. The cecum marks the beginning of the large intestine and is basically a big pouch that receives waste material from the small intestine. No, it only helps produce and protect good bacteria in the intestines. 5. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase.

1. External respiration is the exchange of gases in the lungs; oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases in the body tissues; oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells to the blood. Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products

2.

Ventilate the lungs Extract oxygen from the air and transfer it to the bloodstream Excrete carbon dioxide and water vapour Maintain the acid base of the blood 1. Exchange gases between the atmosphere and the blood. 2. Homeostatic regulation of pH through the regulartion of CO2 3. Protection from inhaled patholgens and irritating substances 4. Vocalization.

The organs of the respiratory system are designed to perform two basic functions. They serve (1) as a air distributor and (2) as a gas exchanger for the body. This system also effectively (1) filters, (2) warms, and (3) humidifies the air we breathe. Sinuses influence sound production, and the nose makes the sense of smell possible.

3. Spontaneous nosebleeds are fairly common, especially in children. When the mucous membrane (a mucus-secreting tissue) inside the nose dries, crusts, or cracks (the skin splits open) and is then picked, it is likely to bleed. Because the nose is full of blood vessels and is inconveniently situated in the middle of the face, any minor injury to the face can cause the nose to bleed profusely.

The nose contains many small blood vessels that bleed easily. Air moving through the nose can dry and irritate the membranes lining the inside of the nose, forming crusts. These crusts bleed when irritated by rubbing, picking, or blowing the nose. The lining of the nose is more likely to become dry and irritated from low humidity, allergies, colds, or sinusitis. Thus, nosebleeds occur more frequently in the winter when viruses are common and heated indoor air dries out the nostrils. A deviated septum, foreign object in the nose, or other nasal blockage can also cause a nosebleed.

4. The pleura is a slick, wet, shiny membrane. It is the outer most layer of tissue surrounding the lungs and also the inner most layer of tissue coating the chest wall. The pleura provide well lubricated surfaces of the chest wall and lungs to contact each other with minimal friction during respiration.

5. The diaphragm contracts, causing the lungs to expand. This creates a 'pressure difference' and air fills the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it 'squeezes'[ the lungs, forcing the unabsorbed air (and waste gasses) back out again.