ELG 4117 Optoelectronics and Optical Components

Lecture 6: Electromagnetic Theory of Light

September 23, 2013

Electromagnetic Optics
EM wave beam ray

Electromagnetic optics accounts for the polarization (vector nature) of the electric and magnetic fields in the light waves Wave optics is scalar approximation to electromagnetic optics Ray optics is the approximation to wave optics when the objects that the light interacts with are much larger than the wavelength

Vector nature of light determines the amount of light reflected and refracted at the boundaries; governs the light propagation in waveguides and laser resonators.
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Electromagnetic Wave

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Electromagnetic Wave

E ( r ,t ) H ( r ,t )

http://electronicsgurukulam.blogspot.ca/2012/04/how-electro-magnetic-wave-propagates.html

Described by coupled electric and magnetic field vectors, changing in time and space.

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Maxwell's Equations
In free space
E H =0 t H E = 0 t E = 0 H = 0 1 c0 = 0 0
0( 1 / 36 )109 F / m 0 ( 4 )10
7

Ex, Ey ,Ez

1 u satisfy 2 u =0 2 2 c0 t Hx,Hy,Hz
Wave equation stems from Maxwell's equations: Take ( E ) to prove.

H/m
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Maxwell's Equations
In a medium
In a medium with no free electric charges or currents, two additional vector fields are required:

D ( r ,t ) - electric flux density (electric displacement); B ( r ,t ) - magnetic flux density D H = t B E= t D = 0 B = 0

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These two extra vectors include medium response to the electromagnetic field.

Constitutive Relationships
D=0 E + P ; B =0 H + 0 M D H = t B E= t D = 0 B = 0 P - polarization density; M - magnetization density

In free space:

P =0 ;

D=0 E ;

M =0 ; B =0 H ;
Maxwell's equations reduce to those in free space.

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Boundary Conditions
In a homogeneous medium:
E , H , D , B are continuous.

At the Interfaces:
E t ,1= E t , 2 H t ,1= H t , 2 Dn , 1 = D n , 2 B n , 1= B n , 2

Tangential components of electric and magnetic fields, and normal components of electric and magnetic flux densities should be continuous accross an interface between two media.
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Intensity, Power, Energy

The flow of electromagnetic power is governed by Poynting vector:

S= E H S H
The magnitude of time-averaged Poynting vector is optical intensity:

I ( r , t )= S

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Poynting Theorem
Energy Conservation Law
Applying the vector product identity

( E H )=( E )H ( H )E
and Maxwell's equations, we arrive at

1 P M 2 1 2 S = 0 E + 0 H + E +0 H t 2 2 t t

Power densities delivered to electric and magnetic dipoles The power flow escaping from the surface of small volume equals the time rate of change of the energy stored inside the volume.
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Energy density stored in electric and magnetic field

Electromagnetic Waves in Dielectrics

E ( r ,t )
optical medium

P ( r ,t )

The medium is linear, if P(r, t) depends on E(r, t) linearly. The medium is nondispersive, if response is instantaneous. The medium is homogeneous, if the relation between P depends on E does not depend on position r. The medium is isotropic, if the relation between P depends on E does not depend on the direction of vector E.

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Linear, Nondispersive, Homogeneous, Isotropic

E P =0 E - susceptibility of the medium. D= E , =0 ( 1+) B = H , =0 - electric permittivity - magnetic permeability P

E H = t H E = t E = 0 H = 0

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Linear, Nondispersive, Homogeneous, Isotropic

E H = t H E = t E = 0 H = 0
Similar to free-space Maxwell's equations. Hence, each component of electric and magnetic fields satisfies the wave equation:

1 1 u 2 u 2 2 =0, c = c t c0 n = = 0 0 c

Nonmagnetic medium:

= 1+ =0 , n= 0

Poynting Theorem:

W S = t

1 2 1 2 W = E + H - energy density 2 2 stored in the medium

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Monochromatic Electromagnetic Waves

E ( r ,t )= Re [ E ( r ) exp ( i t )] H ( r ,t )= Re [ H ( r ) exp ( i t )] H =i D E =i B D = 0 B = 0
in linear isotropic homogeneous nondispersive medium:

= 2

H =i E E =i H E = 0 H = 0 U + k U =0 k = n k 0=
2 2

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Electromagnetic Waves

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