International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 8, N.

1
ISSN 1827- 6660 January - February 2013
Manuscript received and revised January 2013, accepted February 2013 Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
314
Feasibility of Interconnected Distribution Network for the Integration
of Distributed Energy Resources Using GA Approach


Pushpendra Singh, D. P. Kothari, Mool Singh


Abstract This paper envisages the feasibility of proposed power system configuration, which
aspires at maximizing the electricity generation from green energy sources and furthermore to
initiate the involvement of the consumers. Once the proposed distribution network configuration
implemented, a power system based on distributed energy generation technologies is likely to be
able to provide opportunities for sustainable development. Main objectives of the proposed
network configuration are increased penetration of distributed generation (DGs) and
decarbonization of electric utility. The IEEE-14 bus with proposed configuration has been
simulated using MATLAB Simulink, which shows that interconnection of distribution networks
allow the operation of centralized electricity generation and distributed energy generation
efficiently. The outcomes of the proposed power system configuration have been compared with
genetic algorithm based optimization approach. Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All
rights reserved.

Keywords: Green Energy Sources, Smart Grid, Distribution Networks, Distributed Generators
(DGs) Genetic Algorithm (GA)


Nomenclature
P
Solar
Power extracted from solar system
I
0
Saturation current
A
c
Area of the cell
P
wind
Power extracted from wind
Density of air
A
w
The swept area
v Wind velocity
NB The number of buses
NG The number of generation buses
P
L
The T&D network real power loss
Q
L
The T&D network reactive power loss
P
i
Active power injection into bus i
Q
i
Reactive power injection into bus i
P
di
Active load on bus i
Q
di
Reactive load on bus i
P
gi
Active generation on bus i
Q
gi
Reactive generation on bus i
V
i
Magnitude of voltage at bus i
V
j
Magnitude of voltage at bus j

i
Voltage phase angle at bus i

j
Voltage phase angle at bus j
P
G conv
Power generation from conventional
sources
P
G green
Power generation from green enrgy
sources
P
gi
min

& P
gi
max
Min. & max. power gen. capacity of
generators
Q
gi
min
& Q
gi
max
Min. & max. reactive power gen.
capacity of generators
V
i
min

& V
i
max
Min. & max. voltage at buses
Y
ij
= G
ij
+ j B
ij
Are the elements of admittance matrix
I. Introduction
Electrical energy is essential for the sustainable
development of a nation. The electric energy demand is
growing unendingly with the increase in population and
altering life styles. There is an urgent need to meet the
increased energy demand with more consideration of
reliability and continuity of supply [1]-[40]. The
increased electricity demand can be met by (i)
Generating the additional energy from remotely located
centralized power plants (ii) decrease the distribution
network losses (iii) Reducing the electricity demand with
the use of energy efficient electric appliances (iv) from
distributed generators (i.e. solar panels and wind
generators) [16].
In order to meet the increased energy demand the
power generation capacity has to be augmented despite
increased environmental constraints [11].
There is need to generate the electricity from green
energy sources for reduction of green house gas
emissions and dependence on conventional fossil fuels
[19]. At present, electricity is being generated at remotely
located centralized generating stations, which is being
transferred through the transmission and distribution
networks. The transmission networks are designed
smartly and operate in well coordinated and intelligent
manner. However, the distribution networks are designed
only for unidirectional flow of power [22]. With the
penetration of distributed generators the power may flow

Pushpendra Singh, D. P. Kothari, Mool Singh

Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 8, N. 1
315
in opposite direction too.
The existing distribution networks are not designed for
the integration of distributed generators, storage devices
and electric vehicles etc., as the existing system is
operating in vertically integrated manner. Green energy
sources may be suitable for meeting out the electricity
demand at consumer ends.
The availability of green energy sources is basically
found in distributed manner and power generation is
intermittent in nature [26], [37]. The distributed
generators may operate with the old fashioned designed
distribution networks, but at the same time the power
quality adversely be affected [6]-[7]. There is need to
operate the distributed generators in coordination with
utility grid to ensure the reliability and enhanced power
quality [24], [36].
There are many electricity generation sources i.e. coal,
hydro, gas, nuclear, wind and solar etc.
The dependence on the fossil fuels may be minimized
with minimal distribution network losses and increased
number and sizing capacity of distributed generators at
the consumer ends [4][7][11]. The new power system
configuration is needed to accommodating the higher
capacity of distributed energy resources and provide
sustainable power to the consumers and also reduce the
green house gas emissions [12] [19]-[20].
This paper evaluate the feasibility of proposed power
system configuration by comparing the MATLAB/
Simulation results with the results obtained from GA
approach, which will allow the integration of distributed
generators, energy storage devices for supplying the
power to the consumers efficiently.
II. Electricity Generation from
Green Energy Sources
In order to have a sustainable development the
electricity generating capacity must be sufficient to meet
the electricity demand with more environmental
constraints and clean energy mechanism. The electricity
can be produced with the distributed energy resources
(i.e. mini/micro hydro plants, solar, wind and fuel cells
etc.) as fossil fuel resources will no more be available for
a much longer period. It has been estimated that by the
year 2100 the electricity generation from green energy
sources will be about 80 percent of total electric energy
generation [15] [20]. The green energy technologies
considered in this paper are mini/micro hydro plants,
wind and solar energy resources for generating
electricity. The preferred electric system control
approach will always place those distributed generating
units in high loading order, which means those units will
tend to be loaded first and operated whenever the
resources are available to put out of place the power
produced by units using conventional fuels [28].
A. Solar Energy
Solar energy is a free source which is not only
naturally renewable but is also environment friendly. The
solar radiation received on the surface of the earth on a
bright sunny day at noon is about 1 kW/m
2
.
The daily global radiation is around 5 kWh per sq.
meter per day with sun shine ranging between 2300 and
3000 hours per year [1]-[2][6], [38],[39]:

P =I
o
A
c
Cos kW
P/A
c
=I
o
Cos kW/ m
2

B. Wind Energy
Wind is a commercially and operationally the most
viable green energy resource [40]. The power available
in the wind flowing over the earth surface has estimated
to be about 1.6 10
7
MW. This is more than the present
energy demand of the world. Currently wind provides
approximately 1% of the worlds electricity, and the
amount of installed capacity is continuously increasing.
The key factors that affect the integrated operation of
modern electrical systems are: (i) the low energy density
of wind (ii) the fluctuating nature of energy generation
(iii) the non-dispatchability of wind generation [6] [13]:

P
wind
=
1
2
A
w
V
3
Watts

Substituting an average value of wind density:

=1.225 kg/m
3
; P/A
w
=
1
2
V
3
Watts / m
2

Intermittent interruptions to power supply are power
system realities. Variable electricity generation from
green energy sources rely on resources that fluctuate over
the time period, and do not have integrated storage
capacity with the electric grid. Output from such plants
fluctuates upwards and downwards according to the
resource: the wind, cloud cover, rain, waves, tide, etc.
Output of green energy sources does not drop from
full power to zero or vice versa, but rather increases and
decreases on a gradient as weather systems alter.
Increased intermittent electricity generation leads to an
additional burden in terms of balancing demand and
supply [10][20]. If the output of green energy sources
varies during minimum demand periods, the utility may
have to decrease the electricity generation of base load
generating plants to integrate all variable energy sources.
The intermittent generations produce electricity during
peak load periods, they can displace more expensive
power plants, and their value will be higher.
However, the output of green energy sources is subject
to natural conditions, over which utilities have no control
[15] [18].


AC System
Vsi /_
s
1: t V
pi
/_
p



R
se
Inverter
Solar
Panel
Filter


Fig. 1. Grid Tied/ Off-Grid Solar system

Pushpendra Singh, D. P. Kothari, Mool Singh

Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 8, N. 1
316
III. Genetic Algorithm
A global optimization technique known as genetic
algorithm has emerged as a candidate due to its
flexibility and efficiency for many optimization
applications. Genetic algorithm is a stochastic searching
algorithm. It combines an artificial, i.e. the Darwinian
survival of the fittest principle with genetic operation,
abstracted from nature to form a robust mechanism that
is very effective at finding optimal solutions to complex-
real world problems. Evolutionary computing is an
adaptive search technique based on the principles of
genetics and natural selection [3]-[6], [35]. They operate
on string structures.
The string is a combination of binary digits
representing a coding of the control parameters for a
given problem. Many such string structures are
considered simultaneously, with the most fit of these
structures receiving exponentially increasing
opportunities to pass on genetically important material to
successive generation of string structures. In this way,
genetic algorithms search for many points in the search
space at once, and yet continually narrow the focus of the
search to the areas of the observed best performance
[5][9].
The basic elements of genetic algorithms are
reproduction, crossover and mutation [7]-[8][27]. An
algorithm of the described process is presented below:
i. Code the problem variables into binary strings
ii. Randomly generate initial population strings.
iii. Evaluate fitness values of population members.
iv. Is solution available among the population?
If yes then go to step (ix)
v. Select highly fit strings as parents and produce
offsprings according to their fitness.
vi. Create new strings by mating current offspring.
Apply crossover and mutation operators to
introduce variations and form new strings.
vii. New strings replace existing one.
viii. Goto step (iv) and repeat.
ix. Stop.
IV. Smart Grid
As the concept of Smart Grid utility is yet to stabilize,
it has different connotations to different users at different
times. The differences generally are with regard to the
quantity of accruing benefits of this new technology and
the priority it deserves.
As of now the concept of Smart Grid provides merely
the basic structure that envisages new ideas and
innovative systems of efficacious power generation and
delivery [11]-[12], [36].
The archaic system of energy system and delivery
devised a century ago will not be compatible with the
new concept because it was designed to suit a centralized
and controlled business mechanism with remotely
located generation plants in less prohibitive
environmental checks to support overbuild and
accommodate load growth [13]-[14].
Presently however far more radical and challenging
strategies are called for to ensure reliable operations
taking care of low voltage, un-expected fluctuations &
outages, harmonic disturbances and host of social and
political issues. This has become necessary as the
consumers are increasingly becoming sensitive to their
rights and expectations especially in the context of fast
paced economic scenario [15]. Energy is now required to
run highly sophisticated and sensitive gadgets and
machines for various individual, social and industrial
uses. Besides the new technology has also to contend
with environmental constraints putting a cap on emission
levels and infrastructural overbuilds [16]-[17].
The existing infrastructure and utilities encounter
various limitations of designs in loading and life cycles,
so much so that the new crop of power engineers find it
increasingly difficult to cope with the system and are
opting out, underscoring the need for complete overhaul
of present methods and usher in new technologies [21]-
[22] [30]. Smart Grid envisages bold new systems
marking a complete shift from the past.
It opts for more open and consumer friendly cultures,
doing away with restrictive and monopolized markets
and controlled operations.
As against large and remote generation plants Smart
Grid recognizes the need for small, distributed,
renewable energy options such as wind, solar and fuel
cell power etc. so that power can be efficiently and
directly controlled and new systems are devised to take
in to account consumer responses, load variations and
price fixation [19]-[20][23].
V. Problem Formulation
The objectives of proposed power system
configuration is to allow the integrated operation of green
energy sources with distribution networks towards
making green economy and empowerment of the
consumers. The R/X ratio of distribution networks is
higher as compared to transmission networks, as a result
the voltage regulation and network losses considerably
affected. The present power system has been
reconfigured to meet out the proposed objectives. In
normal practice the inner ring is considered as infinite
bus where the voltage and angle specified as
0
1 0 / . The
outer ring of proposed designed system has been
considered as infinite bus. Thus, all the power system
components operate according to the proposed power
system configuration. The proposed power system for
increased integration of green energy sources are
formulated as below:

L gi di
MinP P P =



Min
G conv. gi gGreen P P P
=



subject to:

Pushpendra Singh, D. P. Kothari, Mool Singh

Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 8, N. 1
317
(i) The energy balance equation:

1 1
NG NB
i i
Pgi Pdi PL
= =
= +



1 1
NG NB
i i
Qgi Qdi QL
= =
= +


(ii) The inequality constraints:

min max
gi gi gi P P P



min max
gi gi gi
Q Q Q

min max
i i i
V V V

TABLE I
TEST SYSTEM RESULTS WITH PROPOSED CONFIGURATION
Network configuration Simulation Results Results from GA approach
Electricity
generation
from
conventional
power Plants
(MW)
T&D
network
Losses
(MW)
Voltage
in p.u.
Electricity
generation
from
conventional
power Plants
(MW)
T&D
network
Losses
(MW)
Voltage
in p.u.
IEEE-14 bus system 272.40 13.40 Min. voltage =1.010 (3) &
Max. voltage =1.09 p.u. (8)
270.16 11.16 Min. voltage =1.009 p.u.
(3) & Max. voltage =
1.091 p.u. (8)
25-Bus system
with radial
feeders


Without
DGs
336.70 77.70 Min. voltage =0.853 (20) &
Max. voltage =1.09 p.u. (8)
331.37 72.37 Min. voltage =0.841 p.u.
(22) & Max voltage =
1.079 p.u. (1)
With 20 %
DGs
314.12 55.12 Min. voltage =0.925 (16) &
Max. voltage =1.096 p.u. (8)
308.63 49.63 Min. voltage =0.921 p.u.
(16) & Max. voltage
=1.110 p.u. (8)
With 40 %
DGs
293.60 34.60 Min. voltage =1.003 (15) &
Max. voltage =1.129 p.u. (8)
290.19 31.19 Min. voltage =1.005 p.u.
(16) & Max. voltage =
1.089 p.u. (8)
With 60 %
DGs
269.60 10.60 Min. voltage =1.014 (4) &
Max. voltage =1.27 p.u. (22)
266.85 7.85 Min. voltage =1.018 p.u.
(1) & Max. voltage =1.24
p.u. (23)
44-Bus system
with proposed
configuration
Without
DGs
386.70 127.70 Min. voltage =0.759 p.u. (25)
& Max. voltage =1.072 p.u.
(8)
392.28 133.28 Min. voltage =0.772 p.u.
(22)
& Max. voltage =1.06
p.u. (8)
With 20 %
DGs
279.71 84.71 Min. voltage =0.809 p.u. (25)
& Max. voltage =1.075 p.u.
(2)
275.49 86.39 Min. voltage =0.793 p.u.
(25) & Max. voltage =
1.081 p.u. (2)
With 40 %
DGs
179.43 40.43 Min. voltage =0.958 p.u. (44)
& Max. voltage =1.058 p.u.
(1)
175.81 37.73 Min. voltage =0.945 p.u.
(41) & Max. voltage =
1.048 p.u. (3)
With 60 %
DGs
95.53 10.53 Min. voltage =1 p.u. (17) &
Max. voltage =1.066 p.u. (1)
92.27 9.13 Min. voltage =0.985 p.u.
(4) & Max. voltage =1.07
p.u. (25)

TABLE II
SIMULATION RESULTS OF VARIOUS NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS
Network Configurations
Electricity Generation from
fossil fuel based centralized
power plants (MW)
T & D Network
Losses (MW)
CO
2
Emission in
Kilotons
Simulation results of 14-Bus system 272.40 13.40 266.952
Simulation results of 25-bus system
and distribution network (radial)
Without
DGs
336.70 77.70 329.966
With 20 %
DGs
314.12 55.12 307.838
With 40 %
DGs
293.60 34.60 287.728
With 60 %
DGs
269.60 10.60 264.208
Simulation result of 44-bus systemand distribution
interconnected network
Without
DGs
386.70 127.70 378.966
With 20 %
DGs
279.71 84.71 274.116
With 40 %
DGs
179.43 40.43 175.841
With 60 %
DGs
95.53 10.53 93.4234

Pushpendra Singh, D. P. Kothari, Mool Singh

Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 8, N. 1
318
Real power flow:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1

NB
i i j ij i j ij i j
j
P V, V V G cos B sin
=
= +

Reactive power flow:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1

NB
i i j ij i j ij i j
j
Q V , V V G sin B cos
=
=

A fourteen bus system with centralized power
generation having radial feeders in which power flows
only in one direction from grid to consumers, has been
modified according to the proposed configuration. If
distributed generators are connected with the radial
feeders, the electricity generations from primary energy
sources get reduced and at the same time power quality
of that feeder adversely be affected.
The fourteen bus system has been simulated according
to proposed approach, in which power may flow in both
directions and utilize the electricity produced from
distributed energy resources. This focuses especially on
minimization of electricity generation from conventional
power plants and also minimize additional power system
infrastructure.
VI. Results of Proposed Power System
Configuration

The increased penetration of DGs in electrical power
networks may cause a considerable mismatch between
electricity demand and supply at any point in the
distribution network.
This happens due to the irregular energy generation
from solar and wind generators. The mismatch may also
due to the use of active loads, including the charging of
plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The results
obtained from the proposed power system configuration
are shown in Table I with various level of penetration of
distributed energy resources.
The electricity generations from centralized power
plants get reduced. The losses and electricity generation
from centralized power plants with adoption of the
proposed configurations get reduced considerably. Table
I shows the comparison of Results obtained from
MATLAB simulation and GA approach for finding the
feasibility.
VII. Environmental Impact
21
st
century has been witnessing serious threat to the
progress of human civilization due to dearth of energy,
the primary infrastructure for the advancement in
technology. As on date more than 90 % of global energy
requirements are fulfilled by burning of fossil fuels with
the consequent release of harmful pollutants that impose
serious implications to the environmental security for the
future generations. An average carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
emission for electricity generation from coal based
thermal power plant is approximately 0.98 kg of
CO
2
/kWh [19] [22]. This intensity factor is modified by
multiplying with factor 1.5 which accounts for 30% loss
of energy in transmission and distribution and 20% of
loss due to the use of inefficient electric equipments at
power plants in India. Hence, the revised intensity factor
for CO
2
emissions in India is 1.47 kg of CO
2
per kWh of
electrical energy generation from coal based thermal
power plants [25]. With new proposed system
configuration large amount of CO
2
emission get reduced
as shown in Table II.
VIII. Conclusion
In this paper, the integration strategies of DG in
network reconfiguration for loss reduction and
maximization of distributed energy resources penetration
are presented. The proposed power system configuration
allows the integration of distributed energy resources
with the distribution networks. The interconnection of
distributed generators to the existing distribution network
poses enormous and inordinate technical challenges as
potential technical issues. The conventional fuel operated
power plants connected at inner ring of the proposed
configuration will continue to play an active role to
handle the intermittency of electricity generation at outer
ring and also stabilize the grid operation. The proposed
configuration with the help of MATLAB simulation and
GA based approach, showing the integrated operation of
power system, which has reduced distribution network
losses, reduced electricity generation from conventional
power plants and also reduced green house gas
emissions. The new power system configuration will
boost the green house gas emission mitigating efforts and
also empower the consumers as they can produce
electricity for their use and if excess electricity is
generated, electricity may be stored in the batteries of
electric vehicles or sell back to the utility at competitive
cost.
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Authors information
Pushpendra Singh, obtained his
B.E.[Electrical] fromJ ECRC, J aipur University
of Rajasthan, J aipur] in 2004, M.Tech. [Power
Systems] from Malaviya National Institute of
Technology, J aipur (India) in 2009. He is a
Research Scholar in Department of Electrical
Engineering of Malaviya National Institute of
Technology (MNIT), J aipur (India). His field of
interest includes Power System operation, Smart Grid Modelling,
Power quality, Power Electronics.

Dr. D. P. Kothari, obtained his B.E [Electrical],
M.E. [Power Systems] and Doctoral Degree in
Electrical Engineering fromthe Birla Institute of
Technology & Science, Pilani. His fields of
specialization are Optimal Hydro-thermal
Scheduling, Unit Commitment, Maintenance
Scheduling, Energy Conservation (loss
minimization and voltage control), and Power
Quality and Energy Systems Planning and Modelling. Prof. Kothari is
the recipient of UGC National Swami Pranavananda Saraswati Award
for 2005 and National Khosla Lifetime achievement Award [2005]

Pushpendra Singh, D. P. Kothari, Mool Singh

Copyright 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 8, N. 1
320
from Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, National Award for
Science and Technology [2001] fromthe UP Government at the annual
convention of ISTE, Bhubaneswar, Eminent Engineering Personality
fromthe Institution of Engineers [2001]. Prior to his assuming charge
as Vice Chancellor of VIT University, he was the Professor of Centre
for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. He also
served as Director i/c, IIT, Delhi [2005], Deputy Director
[Administration], IIT, Delhi [2003-06], Principal, Visvesvaryaya
Regional Engineering College, Nagpur [1997-98], Head, Centre for
Energy Studies, IIT, Delhi [1995-97]. He is a Fellow of the Indian
National Academy of Engineering [FNAE], Indian National Academy
of Sciences [FNASc], Institution of Engineers [FIE] and Fellow- IEEE.

Dr. Mool Singh, obtained his B.E [Electrical],
M.E. [Power Systems] and Doctoral Degree in
Electrical Engineering from the Malaviya
Regional Engineering College (MREC), J aipur.
He is working as a Professor in Department of
Electrical Engineering of Malaviya National
Institute of Technology (MNIT), J aipur (India).
His fields of specialization are Green Energy
sources, Smart Grid, Power Quality, Energy Security, Energy Systems
Planning and Modelling.