Demographic transition: Describe the phenomenon of countrys high birth and rates changing over time to low birth

and death rates. Stage 1: Pre transition Best way to understand what happens to a countrys population is to compare birth rates and death rates at various points in history. Using Sweden as an example you can see that the birth rate was relatively stable, while the death rate went up and down in response to specific events such as wars and famines. A pre-transition country has a distinctively shaped population pyramid. (Shaped like a literal pyramid) Stage 2: Early-transition No country in the world is still at the pre-transition state; every country has progressed to at least the early transition stage. In early transition, a dramatic drop occurs in the death rate. In a country, the death rate dropped while the birth rate remained high. It remained high because many children were still needed to help raise food and to ensure there was at least one caregiver for aging parents. Religious teachings also reduced the use of birth control. Early transition in Sweden occurred when a growing understanding of the causes and prevention of disease, along with improvements in sanitation, caused the death rate to decrease. Stage 3: Late Transition People began to realize that although women were continuing to have 10-12 children; they found that seven or eight were surviving instead of two or three. This caused some new problems - inheritance of property and forcing family members to move away to find property to farm. It is important to note that for countries that are now developed, late transition occurred at the same time as the beginning of mass intercontinental migration in the 1800s and early 1900s Swedens late transition is characterized by a falling birthrate in conjunction with a declining death rate that began in early transition. Stage 4: Post transition In the post- transition stage, the birth rate has declined to the point where it approximates the death rate. Both are at low level. If the birth rate equals the death rate, the natural increase will be zero and the population will be stabilized. Life here is highly urbanized and people generally have small families. There is a high dependency load, particularly of old people. Countries have only begun to reach this stage in the late 1970s in Europe. Swedens population has stabilized in the trans-transition stage. A generalized model of demographic transition: no one is entirely sure whether there should be a fifth stage.

1.) Indicator Typical birth rate Typical death rate Pre-transition Unstable(high) Unstable(high) Early Transition Stable (high) Unstable decreasing (high - medium) Increasing (small high) pyramid Agricultureindustry rural Late Transition Decreasing (high-low) Stable Decreasing (medium low) Decreasing (high small) Block-like Industry-service Post-transition Stable (low) Stable (low)

Typical natural increase Major population figure Dominant economic activity Population is primarily urban or rural? When occurring (developed countries) When occurring (developing countries)

Small increase& decrease literal pyramid Agriculture

Stable (low) Bullet shape Industry service

Very rural

urbanized

Highly urbanized

1750-1840

1850 - 1890

1890-1980

1980 - 2012

1900 - 1920

1920 - 1970

1970 - 2000

2.)

3.) There are several reasons for the decline of the death rate. 1. Increased health care over the time the medicine found way and better techniques how to treat different diseases and injuries. But also the hygiene has increased rapidly, what was one of the most significant reasons for the declining of the death rate. Fresh drinking water also counts to the increased hygiene. 2. Living and environmental conditions improve the standard of life has improved; a lot of people dont have to work that physical anymore, than they did centuries ago. Most people in developed countries have more than the needed food and water. 3. No major epidemic diseases. This is also due to the increased health system and hygiene. Hundreds of years ago, a disease could hardly be treated, so that a big part of the world population has died from a single disease. 4. Country is not in major or civil war in the developed countries arent that many/no civil wars anymore. The reason for this is, that most of the population is happy with what they have and dont want to risk it with a fight. Furthermore most nations are controlled by the UN, which tries to prevent any war.