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POWER TO CONSTRUE
1. Legis interpretation legis vim obtinet.
Judicial construction and interpretation of a statute acquires the force of law.
That which was originally void, does not by lapse of time become valid.
Hoc quidem perquam durum est, sed ita lex scripta est.
It is exceedingly hard, but so the law is written.
Quando verba statute sunt speciali, ratio autem generalia, statum generaliter est intelligendum.
When the words used in a statute are special, but the purpose of the law is general, it should be read as the general expression.
11. Interpretatio talis in ambiguis simper fienda est ut evitetur inconveniens et absurdum.
Where there is ambiguity, the interpretation of such that will avoid inconveniences and absurdity is to be adopted.
14. Jurae naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et injuria fieri locupletiorem.
It is certainly not agreeable to natural justice that a stranger should reap the pecuniary produce of another mans work.
17. Ibi quid generaliter conceditur, inest haec exception, si non aliquid sit contras jus basque.
Where anything is granted generally, exemption from rigid application of law is implied; that nothing shall be contrary to law and right.
C. IMPLICATIONS
20. Ex necessitate legis.
By the necessary implication of law.
Cui jurisdiction data est, ea quoque concessa esse videntur sine quibus jurisdiction explicari non potuit.
When jurisdiction is given, all powers and means essential to its exercise are also given.
Where the parties are equally at fault, the position of the defending party is the better one.
Generis dictum generaliter est interpretandum. A general statement is understood in its general sense.
25. Verba accipienda sunt secundum subjectam materiam. A word is to be understood in the context in which it is used.
Verba mere aequivoca, si per communem usum loquendi in intellectu certo sumuntur, talis intellectus preferendus est.
Equivocal words or those with double meaning are to be understood according to their common and ordinary sense.
Verba artis ex arte. Words of art should be explained from their usage in the art to which they belong.
Verba generalia restringuntur ad habilitatem rei vel personam. General words should be confined according to the subject-matter or persons to which they relate.
26. Ubi lex non distinguit necnon distinguere debemus. Where the law does not distinguish, the courts should not distinguish.
27. Dissimilum dissimilis est ratio. Of things dissimilar, the rule is dissimilar.
B. ASSOCIATED WORDS
28. Noscitur a sociis.
A thing is known by its associates.
Referring each to each, or referring each phrase or expression to its appropriate object, or let each be put in its proper place.
CHAPTER VI STATUTE CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE IN RELATION TO OTHER STATUTES A. STATUTE CONSTRUED AS A WHOLE
36. Optima statute interpretatrix est ipsum statutum.
The best interpreter of the statute is the statute itself.
Injustum est, nisi tota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita indicare vel respondere.
It is unjust to decide or to respond as to any particular part of a law without examining the whole of the law.
Nemo enim aliquam partem recte intelligere possit antequam totum interum atque interim perlegit.
The sense and meaning of the law is collected by viewing all the parts together as one whole and not of one part only by itself.
Verba posterima propter certitudinem addita ad priora quae certitudine indigent sunt referenda.
Reference should be made to a subsequent section in order to explain a previous clause of which the meaning is doubtful.
Mutatis mutandis.
With the necessary changes.
The law provides for the future, the judge for the past. - Nova constitutio futuris formam imponere debet non praeteritis. - A new statute should affect the future, not the past.
Leges quae retrospciunt, et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae neque enim janus locatur in legibus.
Laws which are retrospective are rarely and cautiously received, for Janus has really no place in the laws.
Leges et constitutiones futuris certum est dare formam negotiis, non ad facta praeterita revocari, nisi nominatim et de praeterito tempore et adhuc pendentibus negotiis cautum sit.
Laws should be construed as prospective, not retrospective, unless they are expressly made applicable to past transactions and to such as are still pending.
Laws are understood to be adapted to those cases which most frequently occur.
Jus constitui oportet in his quae ut plurimum accidunt non quae ex inordinato.
Laws ought to be made with a view to those cases which happen most frequently, and not to those which are of rare or accidental occurrence.