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Elva Tang Period 1 Chapter #11:Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison Where one of the midnight judges William Marbury sued James Madison for taking away his position as justice of the peace. Marshall dismissed the suit, avoiding a direct political showdown. Showed that the federal government had the final say in what was constitutional or not Henry Clay American lawyer who represented Kentucky in House of Representatives Essex Junto Powerful group of New England Federalist lawyers who supported Alexander Hamilton and supported Hartford convention

Burr Conspiracy planters, politicians, and army officers who were suspected of treason and said to have been lead by Aaron Burr. Said to have tried to create independent nation

Elva Tang Period 1 Impressment The forcible enlistment of sailors. About six thousand American sailors were taken captive and killed by the British Chesapeake/Leopard Incident When the American ship, Chesapeake, was fired at close range by the British ships Non-intercourse Act allowed America to trade with all countries excluding Britain and France Macons Bill No. 2 completely repealed the Embargo act and allowed America to trade with Britain and France William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison a national hero and drove the Indians to an alliance with Britain but crushed dreams of Indian confederacy War Hawks new youthful leaders from the South and West. Despised British Orders in Council

Battle of Horseshoe bend fought during War of 1812, Andrew Jackson defeated Indian tribe Hartford Convention convention where New England Federalists met to discuss their issues with the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between America and Britain Treaty of Greenville 1795

Elva Tang Period 1 Ended the Battle of Fallen Timbers between coalition of Natives and American frontiersmen

Battle of New Orleans The last major battle of the War of 1812 where Andrew Jackson defeated an invading British Army that wanted to control the Louisiana Purchase area GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? The Federalists had created a bunch of new enemies from the Alien and Sedition Acts and in addition was not able to side with Britain and have a war with France. John Adams was even ruthlessly attacked by Alexander Hamilton who was in his own party. Thomas Jefferson on the other hand, was subjected to one of Americas first whispering campaigns, some of which included him having robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund and of fathering numerous children with his own slaves.

The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800 election was just as important as the 1796 election because instead of the Federalist Party winning, the Democratic Republicans took over. However, Jefferson had actually won by only a slight margin with the help of Aaron Burr who used his strength to change New Yorks vote and to affect the decisions of the South and West where universal white male suffrage was adopted. The South also had a larger advantage with the three-fifths clause granting slaves three-fifths of a vote, giving Jefferson another bonus in the election since Northern critics complained that he was a Negro President. Jefferson viewed his election as a revolution because he believed it was a return to the original spirit of the American Revolution since he thought that Hamilton and Adams had betrayed those ideals.

3.

If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.

Even though the Federalists were in power for only a short amount of time, they were still extremely powerful because they could either make or break Jeffersons presidency. They could choose between Burr or Jefferson, and were almost certain of choosing the former until a few Federalists decided to hope for change from Jefferson and chose him instead. This was important because even though the Democratic Republican was the winning party,

Elva Tang Period 1 all parties ended up accepting the new president. However, John Adams would be the last Federalist president of the United States and his party would eventually sink into political oblivion and soon disappear.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" The Revolution of 1800 was significant because it was the first party overturn in American history. Although the losing party naturally was afraid that the winners would take all the spoils of the office for themselves, Jefferson, keeping his word that we are all republicans, we are all federalists, showed unexpected moderation. Jefferson had also carried his frugal habits to etiquette and created the pell-mell rule at official dinners which was seating without regard to rank. He also started a tradition of sending messages to Congress to be read by a clerk rather than in person which could suggest too much of a monarchy speech. However, the Democratic Republican party was mainly unified in going against the Federalists. Now that they had accomplished that, they were at loss at what to do next and slightly fell apart.

Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. This statement was mostly true because Jefferson mostly left the Hamiltonian framework intact. He did not change the Federalist programs for funding the national debt at par and assuming the war debts of the states. He also did not attack the Federalist tariffs and the Bank of the United States and even decided to make it bigger and better. By accepting the main Federalist ideals, Jefferson proved that a change in the leading party was not truly a terrible thing for the defeated group. This would eventually lead to the two-party system in the future of American politics. However, he had changed one main element of the Federalist system which was the excise tax. He disliked this because it created more prominent social classes had heavy consequences towards farmers and the lower classes. Though this cost America about a million dollars a year in much needed revenue, the new secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin agreed with Jefferson and believed that the national debt hindered the economy.

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?

Elva Tang Period 1 The Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the last most important laws passed by the Federalist Congress and it created sixteen new federal judges and offices. The act of allowing judges to hold office for life seemed to be against the will of the people and Jeffersonians begged to repeal the act. Therefore, all the newly appointed midnight judges were taken from their positions except John Marshall whose powerful intellect and commanding personality shaped the American legal tradition more than any other. The Marbury v. Madison case gave Marshall a chance to determine that the federal government had the final say in constitutional matters.

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson had largely reduced the military to only about twenty-five hundred officers based on his republican ideals. He hoped that by doing so, the United States would set an example for the world by heavily reducing the military and making friends through peaceful coercion. However, pirates in the North African Barbary States had made a business of blackmailing and ravaging merchant ships in the Mediterranean. Jefferson had wanted to avoid war overseas, but when the leader was dissatisfied with his share of protection money and informally declared war on America, Jefferson was forced to send a small navy to the shores of Tripoli. After a few years of fighting, Jefferson was finally able to create a peace treaty and advocated a large number of tiny gunboats to guard American shores while not interfering with diplomatic incidents overseas.

The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston as envoys to buy New Orleans and as much land east as they could for a maximum of $10 million. If Napoleon had refused to sell the land, then the US would have had to make negotiations to ally with Britain and to go against Americas plan of neutrality. Luckily, Napoleon had agreed to sell all of Louisiana and to abandon his dream of a New World empire because of his failure to reconquer the sugar-rich island of Santo Domingo after Toussaint LOuverturehad put up a stubborn resistance. The mosquitos on the island had also spread yellow fever to the French soldiers leaving them with no choice but to retreat. Napoleon had decided that instead of allowing Britain to side with America over Louisiana, he would sell the land to the Americans and save the money for wars closer to home. He had also hoped that the United States would someday be a military and naval power strong enough to destroy the British.

Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike

Elva Tang Period 1 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?

By acquiring the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson had avoided a possible war with France once again and a possibly malignant alliance with England. At the same time, America had nearly doubled its land, laying its foundations as a future major power. Now, Jefferson would be able to visualize his ideal agrarian republic. He sent Lewis and Clark to explore the northern region of the Louisiana Purchase where they were aided by a Native named Sacajawea. Their explorations resulted in a rich harvest of scientific observations, maps, knowledge of Indians, and stories. Other explorers also went through the unknown West including Zebulon Pike which was next to the Mississippi River.

America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? For two years, America was able to bask in commerce pickings while Britain and France fought against each other. However, when the London government decided to issue a series of Orders in Council to close off European ports to foreign shipping, America began to be directly affected. At the same time, France struck back by seizing all merchant ships that entered British ports. This way, there was no way to trade with either nation without getting involved in the conflict. Impressment of American sailors also took place and they were killed by the British government. Also, an American ship named the Chesapeake was captured by British ships and shot at close range.

The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? The Embargo Act had more of a negative effect towards the American people rather than on France and Britain because there were so many goods that werent imported that the American economy slowly started to wither. This led to the reviving of the Federalist Party which bonded over the embargo act. After much protest, Congress finally gave in to the public and repealed the embargo three days before Jeffersons retirement. The NonIntercourse Act finally reopened trade with all the nations of the world except for Britain and France. The embargo had failed to work because of Britains resilience, Frances large wealth, and the American peoples failure to comply with the act. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? James Madison became president on March 4, 1809 but found himself at loss of what to do for the foreign policies. He was also dismayed to find that Congress took away the Embargo

Elva Tang Period 1 Act completely with Macons Bill No. 2 which completely reopened Americas trade once again. Madison believed that this was shameful of the United States because it showed that it could not survive without one of the countries as a commercial ally. Napoleon took advantage of this by ambiguously to lift trade restrictions if the French decrees disappeared. This created a partial blockade against Britain without him having to actually do anything. Sadly, Madisons gamble had failed which meant the end to American neutrality and the final step towards war.

Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The new youthful hotheads in the election from the South and West were commonly called war hawks by their Federalist opponents. They were tired of Britain terrorizing American merchants and wished to act on it. Eventually Tecumseh concluded that it was time to act and began to have a full-fledged unity and cultural renewal between Indians to fight against the whites. This led the war hawks to assume that the British were nourishing the Indians growing strength. This led the governor of Indiana Territory William Henry Harrison to gather an army and to fight back Tecumseh, which he managed to do so successfully.

"Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? Support for the War of 1812 came from the South and West but not from the Republicans in populous middle states such as Pennsylvania and Virginia. The reason was that pro-British Federalists sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans sympathy with Napoleon. They also were against the acquisition of Canada. New England governors refused to allow militia to serve outside their own states and in a sense America was at war overseas and at home.

Elva Tang Period 1 Chapter #12:The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement Agreement between Britain and the United States that largely limited naval armament on the Great Lakes Second Bank of the United States Revived bank that was in charge of internal improvements and a sound national currency Francis Cabot Lowell Overseas businessman who was partly responsible for bringing the Industrial Revolution to America Era of Good Feelings Refers to James Monroes presidency. However, there were many issues with tariffs, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands along with a deepening of sectionalism and conflicts over slavery Adams-Onis Treaty Spain gave up Florida and claims to Oregon in exchange for Americas abandonment of claims to Texas which later became part of independent Mexico Panic of 1819

Elva Tang Period 1 Economic, social, and political panic that caused deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors prisons Tallmadge Amendment No more slaves should be brought into Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there Missouri Compromise Missouri would enter as an unrestricted slave state while Maine became an independent state and slavery would be forbidden in the remaining territories. Only temporarily ended the conflict John Marshall Aggressive Chief Justice who strengthened the federal governments power in many court cases and disputed states rights Latin American Revolution Revolutions in Latin America that called for democracy. At first was threatened by Britain interference but later supported by them and America Monroe Doctrine Used John Quincy Adams ideas.Warned European powers of noncolonization and nonintervention. Proposed that if despots in Europe kept out of their hemisphere, then America would stop land hunting and keep out of the European hemisphere GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The fight in Canada was very important because Britain was weakest there. However, the Americans were once again, disunited and unorganized. America was actually better on water than on land because they handled everything much more skillfully when compared to Britain. Oliver Hazard Perry was in control of the fleet of ships on Lake Erie and successfully defeated the British, thus igniting the American spirit once again. Yet, the Americans were still far from acquiring Canada since they were still trying to protect their own land from the British. When the British tried to invade over the Champlain waterway, a weaker American fleet led by Thomas Macdonough was able to win the Americans another victory, thereby saving New York from being conquered, New England from further disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution.

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Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. About four thousand British forces landed in the Chesapeake Bay area and easily dispersed the American militia. They then entered Washington and burned the Capitol and White House. However, the soldiers at Fort McHenry held their ground and Francis Scott Key, inspired by the strong defense, wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. A third invasion by the British was aimed at New Orleans where Andrew Jackson was placed in command. The overconfident British boldly made a frontal assault on American cannoneers and lost over two thousand soldiers. The victory at the Battle of New Orleans restored the honor of the United States and sparked a new wave of nationalism and self-confidence. Yet, the angry British fought back by throwing a heavy naval blockade along Americas coast which devastated their economic life and bankrupted the Treasury.

The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. Tsar Alexander I of Russia, who was weary of its ally Britain using all of its strength against America while Napoleon was conquering Europe, wanted to propose a treaty. Eventually, five American peacemakers went to the Belgian city of Ghent in 1814, some of which included John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, to sign the Treaty of Ghent. The British wanted a neutralized Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes area in addition to control of the Great Lakes and Maine. The Americans rejected these terms and the British, desperate to protect itself at home, called it off. In the end, both sides simply agreed to cease fighting and to restore conquered territory. There was nothing generally gained or lost during this war.

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? As the war progressed, a few New England extremists proposed secession from the Union and rumors of the treacherous Blue Light Federalists had begun. The greatest form of discontent with the Federalists was the Hartford Convention which was meant to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. The final report given was actually very moderate and only demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring twothirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed. Most of these reflected Federalist fears that the New England industrialists were falling behind the agrarian South and West. As a result, delegates abolished the three-fifths clause, limited the president to one term, and prohibited the election of two successive presidents from the same state which was aimed towards the

Elva Tang Period 1 Virginian Dynasty. The Hartford resolutions marked the end of a successful presidential campaign of the Federalist party and made serious damage to the acts of nullification in America.

The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? The War of 1812 was a small war, but had also allowed the Republic to show that it would resist would it thought was wrong. Other countries had developed a new respect for Americas fighting prowess. However, the war had also blatantly identified sectionalism with the discredited New England Federalists. Yet, war heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison emerged and manufacturing flowered even with the British blockade, thus increasing more American independence. The war had also sparked Canadian patriotism and nationalism after many Canadians had felt that they were betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent.

Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? Nationalism manifested itself in the new distinctively nation works of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper who obtained international recognition as the nations first writers of importance to American scenes and themes. School textbooks were now being written by Americans specifically for Americans. The intellectual magazine North American Review also began publication the year the Battle of New Orleans was won. American painters celebrated by landscaping their native lands onto their canvases. Also, a revived Bank of the United States was voted by Congress in 1816 and a better national capital was built in the place of the burnt one in Washington. The army increased to ten thousand men and the navy finally legitimately beat the pirates in North Africa. A naval hero of the War of 1812 called Stephen Decatur recaptured the nationalist mood by claiming America to always be in the right in foreign affairs.

"The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years? Nationalism was evidently seen in manufacturing where Americans took pride in the factories that they had built due to the embargoes and the war. After losing the war, Britain turned to winning in the marketplace by cutting their prices even lower. The nationalist Congress responded by passing the Tariff of 1816 which was the first tariff in American history to be instilled for protection rather than revenue. Henry Clay contributed to the nationalist spirit by developing a profitable plan for home markets. He called this plan The

Elva Tang Period 1 American System which had three main parts which began first with a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals.

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? James Monroes presidency was a continuation of the Virginia Dynasty that first began with Washington. Even Federalists in New England dubbed his new presidency as an Era of Good Feelings because though he was not great, he was an experienced, levelheaded executive who had a talent for listening to the public. However, the small issues of tariffs, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being strongly contested. Sectionalism was also deepening and the conflict over slavery was worsening.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 was the first national financial panic since President Washington too office. Many factors caused this, but the main cause was over speculation in frontier lands and the Bank of the United States had become deeply involved in this gamble. This financial issue caused a major setback to the nationalistic spirit that had just been born. The bank had decided to foreclose the theoretical wildcat banks and mortgages on many farms which led western debtors to view the national Bank of the United States in a negative way. The lower social classes were also severely hit and many debtors were imprisoned.

Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? The explosive expansion was in part a continuation of the old westward movement trend which had begun back in the early colonial days. Also, the bribe of cheap land greatly attracted European immigrants to the west, especially after the war. It was also ignited by the absence of Indians in the Northwest and South and the building of new highways to the Ohio Valley. Despite all this, the West was still scanty in population and influence. It was not strong enough politically to make its voice heard and had to side with other sections. Because of this, the West was now able to slowly ask for demands such as cheap transportation and cheap money issued by its own wildcat banks.

Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11. Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?

Elva Tang Period 1 Sectional tensions were increasingly being revealed in 1819 when Missouri asked Congress for admission as a slave state. However, the House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment which stated that no more slaves should enter Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents who were already there. This greatly angered the slaveholding southerners and saw this amendment as an ominous threat to sectional balance. Because Missouri was the first state west of the Mississippi River from the Louisiana Purchase, the emancipation amendment might set a dangerous precedent for the rest of the region. Therefore, if Congress could not retract the peculiar institution in Missouri, then it might not be able to do so in the older Southern states as well. This issue also raised many moral questions in the north who were determined to stop the spread of human bondage into the new territories.

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The deadlock in Congress finally ended in 1820 with three compromises led by Henry Clay. It was decided that Missouri would enter as a slave state but then free-state Maine, which was at that time a part of Massachusetts, would become a separate state. Thus, the balance between North and South was kept at twelve states each for fifteen years. Both the North and the South got something and gave up something. This Missouri Compromise lasted for thirty-four years and saved the shaky union. However, the dispute over slavery foreshadowed the future breakup of the Union and the compromise had failed to completely resolve the issue.

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

The Supreme Court continued to be dominated by the aggressive Chief Justice John Marshall who strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states in his McCulloch v. Maryland case. Marshall declared that the bank was constitutional and thus ruled that the doctrine of loose construction was its most famous formulation and derived from the consent of the people and permitted the government to act for their benefit. Two years later, Marshall was able to defend the federal power in the Cohens v. Virginia case which struck a serious blow at the states rights.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.

Elva Tang Period 1 John Marshall continued to make decisions that reinforced judicial barriers against democratic attacks on property rights. The famous case of Fletcher v. Peck declared that a legislative grant by Georgia was a contract and stated that the Constitution forbid state laws that impaired contracts. This protected property rights against popular pressures and was a clear assertion of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws that collided with the federal Constitution. A similar policy was held in the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward which safeguarded business enterprise from the domination of state governments. Daniel Webster was an Expounding Father who constantly explained his Federalistic and nationalistic philosophies before the Supreme Court.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. The nationalistic President Monroe and secretary of state John Quincy Adams shaped foreign policy to reflect nationalism. They negotiated the Treaty of 1818 which allowed Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with their Canadian neighbors. It also provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the unoccupied Oregon Country without a surrender of the rights or claims of America or Britain. General Andrew Jackson seized the two most important Spanish posts in Florida and exceeded his instructions to Monroes surprise. In a sense, Andrew Jackson had a more radical stance on expanding American territory by going above and beyond in his actions than John Quincy Adams.

The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? Great Britain and other despotic nations were determined to restore the old order and attempted to rid the world of democracy. They ended rebellions in Italy and Spain and sent powerful fleets and armies to Spanish America. The Americans were alarmed and afraid that this would mean the end of security and democracy in the United States. However, Britain suddenly ceded from participating in the crushing of liberties in the Spanish Americans and British foreign secretary George Canning proposed to combine Britain and America in warning other nations in acquiring Latin American territories.

Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?

Elva Tang Period 1 John Quincy Adams early on had suspected Britain of using this proposal in order to hamper American expansion. He believed that the British were afraid of the aggressive Yankees one day taking over Spanish territory in the Americas, thus jeopardizing Britains lands in the Caribbean. He used his ideas in the Monroe Doctrine where the president warned the European powers of noncolonization and nonintervention. The United States boldly told the despots in Europe to keep their monarchical systems out of their hemisphere and in return they would stop their hunt for land and would not interfere in the wars on the European hemisphere that the Greeks were then fighting against the Turks for independence.

Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The European monarchs were deeply angered by the Monroe doctrine and resented it from the beginning, especially because America had such a small military and such a large declaration. Even if they wanted to ignore it they couldnt because the British navy was a big threat they would have to face. The Monroe Doctrine in reality did not have much significance until President Polk revived it in 1845. It was mainly concerned with self-defense than with Latin Americas. It was mainly an expression of the nationalism that emerged after the War of 1812 and also deepened the idea of isolationism.

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