NWT Addictions Report 2010

NWT Addictions Report
Prevalence of alcohol, illicit drug, tobacco use and gambling in the Northwest Territories
December 2010
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The aim of this report is to present detailed findings from the 2009 NWT Addictions Survey. Topics covered include the prevalence of alcohol use, tobacco, illicit drugs and gambling activities. The 2009 NWT Addictions Survey included core content from the Canadian Tobacco Use and Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) while the alcohol, illicit drug and gambling items in the questionnaire were derived from the core content of the Canadian Addictions Survey (CAS). This report will help to provide reliable data on alcohol, illicit drug, tobacco use and gambling activities within the NWT. In turn, this data can be used to: 1. Assist government and health professionals understand the current state of substance use in the NWT; and 2. Inform decision-making related to prevention and treatment programming. Alcohol Highlights In the 12 months prior to the 2009 survey, 77% of NWT residents 15 years and over reported they consumed alcohol. 43% of residents surveyed said they typically consume 5 or more drinks on one occasion. This is an increase from 34% since 1996. Among current drinkers in 2009, 64% of 15 to 24 year olds reported consuming 5 or more drinks on a single occasion and one in four engaged in heavy drinking at least once a week. Aboriginal people tend to drink less frequently than non-aboriginal, but tend to consume a larger amount when they do drink. In general, as education levels increase the number of drinks consumed on a single occasion decreases. Although university graduates drink more frequently, they drink lower quantities on a single occasion. Illicit Drugs Highlights The majority of the NWT population reported using cannabis at least once in their lifetime. Overall, the proportion of lifetime users increased from 53% to 59% between 1996 and 2009. At least 11% of the NWT population aged 15 and over are using cannabis on a weekly basis. People who reported trying one of the five types of illicit drugs (cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, speed, ecstasy and heroin) at least once in their life increased from 16% in 2002 to 24% in 2009. The prevalence of past year use of any of the five illicit drugs increased from 2% to 4% between 2002 and 2009 which might be attributed an increased use of hallucinogens (magic mushrooms, PCP or LSD) and ecstasy.
Tobacco Use Highlights In the NWT the proportion of current smokers dropped from 44% in 1996 to 36% in 2009. Between 1996 and 2009, there was a significant increase in the proportion of people who have never smoked: 15 to 24 year olds (27% to 48%); and 25 to 39 year olds (32% to 46%). The prevalence of daily smoking among Aboriginal people 15 years and over declined from 53% in 1996 to 38% in 2009. However, Aboriginal people continue to have higher rates of daily smoking than non-aboriginal (38% vs. 14%). The likelihood of being a daily smoker is lower in Yellowknife than in the regional centers and other communities. In 2009, 22% of women indicated they smoked during pregnancy. Approximately 1 in 10 pregnant women had spouses or partners that smoked around them. Residents of the NWT were also exposed to second-hand smoke in their homes and in vehicles. Twenty percent indicated that at least one family member or visitor smoked inside their home every day or almost every day and 24% were exposed to second-hand smoke in cars at least once a week. Gambling Highlights The prevalence of current gambling declined from 78% to 71% between 1996 and 2009. Males, seniors, Aboriginal people, those with less than a university degree and residents in communities outside of Yellowknife were more likely to gamble at least once a week. In 2009, the average amount spent in a typical week gambling was $40.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alcohol Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Illicit Drug Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gambling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 22 30 43 1 1
LIST OF TABLES
Figure 1: Proportion of current drinkers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 2: Overall trends in the frequency of drinking among current drinkers aged 15+ NWT 1996 2009 Figure 3: Frequency of drinking more than once a week by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 4: Overall trends in the usual number of drinks consumed on a single occasion among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 Figure 5: Usual amount of alcohol consumed in a single sitting (5+ drinks) by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 6: Proportion of heavy drinking of least once a month by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 7: Type of drinker among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 8: Proportion of heavy frequent drinkers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 9: Harm from own current drinking among current drinkers aged 15+ by type NWT 2004 2009 Figure 10: Prevalence of one or more types of harm from own drinking by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 11: Harm from others drinking among NWT residents aged 15+ by type NWT 1996 2009 Figure 12: Prevalence of one or more types of harm from other peoples drinking in the past 12 months by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 13: Prevalence of driving within one hour of drinking 2 or more drinks by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 14: Prevalence of drinking during pregnancy among women age 20 to 44 years NWT 2002 2009 Figure 15: Frequency and volume of alcohol consumption during pregnancy among women who drank while they were pregnant, NWT 2002 2009 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 11 12 9 8 7 6 5
Figure 16: Demographic characteristics in AUDIT score 8+ among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 17: Proportion of cannabis ever tried by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 & 2009 Figure 18: Proportion of cannabis use in the past 12 months by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 19: Cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, speed, ecstasy and heroin ever used in lifetime among residents aged 15+, NWT 2002 2009 Figure 20: Proportion of cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, speed, ecstasy, and heroin ever used in lifetime by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+ NWT 2009 Figure 21: Prevalence of other illicit drugs ever used in lifetime among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 Figure 22: Cocaine/crack ever used in lifetime by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 23: Hallucinogens ever used in lifetime by demographic characteristics among aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 24: Harm from own illicit drug use among current users aged 15+ by type NWT 2004 2009 Figure 25: Harm from own drug or alcohol use among users aged 15+ by type NWT 2009 Figure 26: Smoking status in the past 12 months among residents aged 15+ NWT 1996 2009 Figure 27: Demographic characteristics among residents who smoke aged 15+ NWT 1996 & 2009 Figure 28: Smoking status in past 12 months by gender, NWT 2009 Figure 29: Smoking status in past 12 months by age, NWT 2009 Figure 30: Smoking status in past 12 months by ethnicity, NWT 2009 Figure 31: Smoking status in past 12 months by highest level of education, NWT 2009 Figure 32: Smoking status in past 12 months by community type, NWT 2009 Figure 33: Proportion of daily smokers among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 34: Overall trend in the average number of cigarettes per day among daily smokers aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 35 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 30 29 28 27 26 26 25 24 23 22 21
Figure 35: Average number of cigarettes per day by demographic characteristics among daily smokers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 36: Overall trend in quit rates among ever smokers aged 15+ NWT 1996 2009 Figure 37: Quit rates by demographic characteristics among ever smokers aged 15+, NWT 1996 & 2009 Figure 38: Smoking during pregnancy among women aged 20 44, NWT 1996 2009 Figure 39: Exposure to second-hand smoke inside homes by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 40: Exposure to second-hand smoke in vehicles at least once per week by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 41: Ever used in lifetime and past year use of chewing tobacco among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 Figure 42: Proportion of current gamblers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 43: Multiple types of gambling in past year among current gamblers aged 15+ NWT 1996 2009 Figure 44: Prevalence of gambling in past year among current gamblers aged 15+ by type, NWT 1996 2009 Figure 45: Average among of money spent in a typical week of gambling by demographic characteristics among current gamblers aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 46: Proportion of regular gamblers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 Figure 47: Prevalence of gambling once a week among current gamblers aged 15+ by type, NWT 1996 2009 49 48 47 45 45 44 42 41 40 37 39 37 36
2009 NWT Addictions Report
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study is to present detailed findings from the 2009 NWT Addictions Survey and compare them with previous surveys as part of an ongoing effort to monitor trends and patterns of alcohol, tobacco, illicit drug use and gambling activities in the Northwest Territories. The report will help to understand the current state of substance use in the NWT and inform decision-making related to prevention and treatment programming. Key objectives of the study include: Determine the prevalence and patterns of alcohol and drug use in the NWT; Measure the extent of harms associated with the use of alcohol and drugs; and Provide baseline data for future evaluations and program reviews.
METHODS
Survey design and methodology1 The 2009 NWT Addictions Survey was conducted across the NWT between mid-September and October 2009. The NWT Bureau of Statistics was contracted by the Department of Health and Social Services with funding from Health Canada, to conduct the survey. Alcohol and illicit drug questions came from core content of the Canadian Addictions Survey (CAS) and tobacco questions came from The Canadian Tobacco Use and Monitoring Survey (CTUMS). The questionnaire remained fairly similar to previous years with a few additions such as emerging drug issues and quit smoking methods. Telephone surveys were conducted in Yellowknife, Fort Smith, Hay River and Inuvik and face-toface interviews were conducted in smaller communities. Dwellings in 22 different communities in the NWT were randomly sampled as part of the survey. All of the content of the alcohol and illicit drug related questions are the same, with the exception of heavy drinking. In the Canadian Addictions Survey, men were asked how often they consumed five or more drinks on one occasion, while women were asked how often they consumed four or more drinks on one occasion. In contrast, the NWT survey asked both men and women how often they consumed five or more drinks on one occasion. As a result, NWT estimates for the prevalence of heavy drinking among females may be more conservative than those estimated using four or more drinks as an indicator of regular heavy drinking.
Further technical details on the methodology can be found in Appendix A.
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Sample design All NWT communities were divided into the following eight strata: Yellowknife, Hay River, Fort Smith, Inuvik, Norman Wells, small north, small south A and small south B. Households in Yellowknife, Hay River, Fort Smith and Inuvik were selected at random using random digit dialing. Households in the other strata were randomly selected using a dwelling list maintained by the NWT Bureau of Statistics. One respondent 15 years or older was randomly selected from each household. Interviews were conducted by telephone in households selected using random digit dialing, and face-to-face interviews were conducted in the other selected households. Weighting The objective is to select a small number of individuals whose behaviour will represent all individuals in the population. Based on that small sample, inferences or predictions can be made about the total population. To help achieve this goal, respondents are given a sample weight, which depends on their sex, age and ethnicity. Sample weights help compensate for unequal probabilities of selection, non-coverage of the population and non-response bias. The sum of the weights over the sample provides an estimate of the population size. Population estimates used for weighting are based on published estimates of the NWT population produced by Statistics Canada and community population estimates produced by the Bureau of Statistics. Demographic indicators The substance use and gambling variables are presented by demographic indicators when possible throughout the report. These include: Demographics Sex Ethnicity Age Categories of the Indicators Male; Female Aboriginal; Non-Aboriginal The age groups reflect categories used to weight the survey results to NWT population estimates: 15 24; 25 39; 40 59; 60+. In some cases, 15 39 and 40+ is used. The latter is used when measures are based on small numbers or when 15 to 39 year olds (high risk group) have similar prevalence.
Highest Level of Less than High School - grade 11 or less; High School Diploma high school diploma; Some Post-Secondary trades certificate or diploma, or college Education certificate or diploma; University Degree. Community Type Yellowknife; Regional Centers which include Fort Smith, Hay River & Inuvik; Other Communities
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Limitations The limitations of the 2009 NWT Addictions Survey are those common to large surveys involving self-reported measures. These limitations include potential underreporting and sampling errors. The NWT Addictions Survey deals with sensitive subject matter: people are asked to report on behaviour that may not be socially acceptable and may even be illegal. As a result, it is expected that some underreporting of such behaviour may occur. However, surveys remain the most efficient way to obtain information representative of the population of the NWT. Research also indicates that while an underreporting (or, conversely, over reporting) bias may influence estimates for a single point in time, it likely remains quite stable over time, therefore having less of an impact on impact on estimating change over time. Sampling errors refer to the variations caused by surveying a portion of the population rather than the entire population. For example, conducting telephone interviews (as was done in Fort Smith, Hay River, Inuvik and Yellowknife) assumes that everyone in those populations has a conventional residence with telephones. However, a small proportion of households do not have telephones and therefore would not have been included. With both telephone and face-toface interviews (conducted in smaller NWT communities), people residing in institutions such as hospitals, correctional facilities or long-term care facilities were not included. Homeless people were also not part of the survey due to the sampling frame based on dwellings (e.g. houses, apartments). Nevertheless, since one of objectives of the NWT Addiction Surveys is to generate estimates of the prevalence of substance use as a whole, the relatively small size of these excluded populations should have minimal effect on the reliability of estimates for the broader population. Weighting of the sample reflected the probability of a household being selected in the sample. The NWT Bureau of Statistics 2009 population estimates were used for poststratification weighting by community type, age, gender and ethnic group (Aboriginal/nonAboriginal).
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ALCOHOL USE
This section reports on five measures of alcohol use including current drinkers, drinking frequency, usual consumption, frequency of heavy drinking, heavy drinking, and harmful/hazardous drinking. Also included is information on harm from ones own drinking, harm from someone elses drinking, the prevalence of drinking and driving, as well as drinking during pregnancy. Current drinkers Residents were asked a series of questions about their alcohol use. For the purpose of the survey the word drink means: one bottle or can of beer; one glass of wine or a cooler; one straight or mixed drink with one and a half ounces of hard liquor. Residents were asked two questions: During the past 12 months, have you ever had a drink of beer, wine, liquor or any other alcoholic beverage; and at what age did you have your first drink? The proportion of the population surveyed who were 15 years and over that currently drink has not changed significantly since 1996. 2 However there was a decrease from 87% in 1996 to 75% in 2009 in drinking among 15 to 24 year olds. Those in the 25 to 39 year old age group reported the highest proportion of current drinkers and conversely those 60 years and over are significantly less likely to drink. Additionally, the prevalence of current drinking is higher among males than females (80% vs. 74%). On average NWT residents reported having their first drink at 16 years of age.
The report utilizes methods to determine whether the difference between the reference and comparison groups is statistically significant meaning it is highly unlikely that the difference is a result of chance. Note that as these analyses are primarily descriptive in nature, casual interpretations cannot be drawn from any significant trends or differences described throughout the report. See the Appendix for a more detailed description of report methodology including reliability of estimates and significance testing. Page 4
Figure 1: Proportion of current drinkers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
*
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level
Frequency of drinking Drinking frequency is derived from the question: During the past 12 months, how often did you drink alcoholic beverages? The answers were recorded in four categories: more than once a week, once a week, 1-3 times a month, less than once a month. The proportion of current drinkers who reported using alcohol more than once a week increased from 25% to 30%. At the same time, those drinking less than once a month decreased from 29% to 25%. The frequency of drinking more than once a week increased among females, 25 to 39 year olds and those with less than high school.
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Youth 15 to 24 years of age were less likely than all other age groups to drink more than once per week (22% vs. 31%, 32% and 41%) and males were more likely to drink alcohol more than once per week than females (37% vs. 23%).
Figure 2: Overall trends in the frequency of drinking among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 1996 2009
0%
More than once Once a week a week*
*
1 to 3 Less than once a times/month month*
Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.
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Figure 3: Frequency of drinking more than once a week by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39 40-59* 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
*
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Usual amount of alcohol consumed on a single occasion Usual consumption reflected the usual number of drinks the respondent had on the days they consumed alcohol: During the past 12 months, on those days that you drank, how many drinks did you usually have? A second question was also asked: How often in the past 12 months have you had 5 or more drinks on one occasion? Overall, the amount of alcohol consumed on a single occasion increased between 1996 and 2009. The proportion of current drinkers who reported consuming 1-2 drinks or 3-4 drinks declined as the proportion of current drinkers consuming 5 or more drinks on a single occasion increased from 34% to 43%. In 2009, the 15 to 24 age group showed an increase in having 5 or more drinks on a single occasion (64% vs. 44%, 32% and 36%).
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Males were more likely than females (50% vs. 35%) to drink 5 or more drinks on a single occasion. Among education levels, drinking 5 or more drinks on a single occasion was highest among those with less than a high school diploma. In addition, those living in other communities and regional centers were more likely than those living in Yellowknife to consume 5 or more drinks on a single occasion (55% and 48% vs. 35%).
Figure 4: Overall trends in the usual number of drinks consumed on a single occasion among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009
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Figure 5: Usual amount of alcohol consumed in a single sitting (5+ drinks) by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities*
*
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Frequency vs. volume Those 15 to 24 years of age were less likely to drink more than once per week than all other age groups but they tend to drink larger quantities of alcohol when they do drink. Among current drinkers, 64% of 15 to 24 year olds consume 5 or more drinks when they consume alcohol compared to other age categories. The volume of alcohol consumed on a single occasion also varies by level of education. In general, as education levels increased the number of drinks consumed on a single occasion decreased. Heavy drinking The risk of alcohol-related problems increases in the case of heavy drinking. According to the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse heavy drinking is defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings the blood alcohol
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concentration (BAC) level to 0.08% or more. This pattern of drinking usually corresponds to five or more drinks on a single occasion for males and four or more drinks on a single occasion for females, generally within about 2 hours. Respondents were asked how many times in the past year they consumed 5 or more drinks on a single occasion.3 The proportion of current drinkers who consumed 5 or more drinks at least once per month increased from 41% to 47% between 20024 and 2009. In 2009, residents 15 to 24 years of age were more likely to have 5 or more drinks at a single occasion at least once per month. Both male (from 50% to 56%) and female (from 30% to 37%) heavy drinking increased since 2002, with males continuing to engage more often in heavy drinking at least once a month than females. As in past surveys, university graduates were less likely to drink heavily than other education groups and residents living in Yellowknife were less likely to drink heavily than those residing in other communities.
In the NWT, males and females were asked the same question.
Data for frequent heavy drinking at least once per month and at least once per week is presented for 2002 2009. The 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2009 surveys asked the question of regular heavy drinking with pre-defined categories (e.g. more than once a week, once a week, etc.). In the 1996 Alcohol and Drug Survey, respondents provided an open-ended answer to this question (i.e. the actual number of times they drank in the past 12 months). To address possible issues of recall bias presented by the open-ended answers from the 1996 survey, only data from 2002 2009 is presented. Refer to Tables 7 & 9 in Appendix for all demographic trends. Page 10
Figure 6: Proportion of heavy drinking at least once per month by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
*
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Type of drinker To summarize the above description of alcohol use patterns, the NWT population is subdivided into a drinking/non-drinking typology. The type of drinker is a derived variable based on drinking status, frequency of drinking and the usual amount of alcohol consumed on a single occasion. The categories are as follows: Lifetime abstainer Never drank alcohol Former drinker - Drank, but not in the past 12 months Light infrequent drinker - Drank in the past 12 months, but less than once a week and fewer than five drinks Light frequent drinker - Drank in past 12 months, once a week or more and fewer than five drinks Heavy infrequent drinker - Drank in the past 12 months, less often than once a week and usually five or more drinks Heavy frequent drinker - Drank in the past 12 months, once a week or more and five or more drinks
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In 2009, 7% of the population aged 15 and over abstained from alcohol, 15% were former drinkers, 26% were light infrequent drinkers, 18% were light frequent drinkers, 15% were heavy infrequent drinkers and 19% were heavy frequent drinkers.
Figure 7: Type of drinker among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009
Between 2002 and 2009, increases in the proportion of heavy frequent drinkers occurred among all population groups with the exception of 15 to 24 year olds and those with less than high school diplomas. The proportion of female heavy frequent drinkers increased from 7% in 2002 to 13% in 2009. Similarly, the proportion of heavy frequent drinkers rose amongst non-aboriginal people from 9% to 15%. In 2009, residents from the regional centers were also more likely than residents from Yellowknife and other communities to be heavy frequent drinkers (26% vs. 17% and 16%).
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Figure 8: Proportion of heavy frequent drinkers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39 40-59* 60+E* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities
E *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level
Alcohol-related problems Although most drinking occasions occur without harm, and most people do not have problems with alcohol, adverse personal experiences do occur, especially when they are assessed over the lifetime of the respondents. In the 2004, 2006 and 2009 NWT Addiction Surveys, current drinkers were asked if their drinking had harmful effects on their friendships, physical health, home life/marriage, work/studies or created financial, legal, housing and learning difficulties. In 2009, 23% of current drinkers aged 15 and over reported at least one type of harm as a result of their drinking. Harmful effects on friendships or social life (14%), physical health (10%), and home life or marriage (8%) were the most common types of self-reported harm in the past year.
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Figure 9: Harm from own current drinking among current drinkers aged 15+ by type, NWT 2004 2009 Type (%) 2004 2006 2009
One or more types Friendships/social life Physical health Home life/marriage Work/studies Financial position Legal problems Housing problems Learning problems
E F
22 13 10 10 7 8 2 2
E
21 10 10 8 6 5 2 2 2
E E E
23
14 10 8 6 5 2 2 2
E E E
F
E
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed.
No significance test due to 2004 to 2009 data only.
Fifteen to 24 years old, those with less education and those living in communities other than Yellowknife were more likely to experience harm from their own drinking in the past year than the corresponding reference categories. The likelihood of harm also tends to decrease with education. University graduates and those with some post-secondary had a lower risk of harm from their own drinking than those with a high school diploma or less (11% and 12% vs. 24% and 42%). In addition residents living in smaller communities and those living in regional centers experience more harm from their own drinking than residents living in Yellowknife (43%, 24% and 12%).
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Figure 10: Prevalence of one or more types of harm from own drinking by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+E Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-SecondaryE University DegreeE Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities*
E *
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level.
Harm from someone elses drinking in the past year Respondents were also asked if they experienced any of the following types of harm as a result of someone elses drinking: insults or humiliation, family or marriage problems, being pushed or shoved, serious arguments, verbal abuse or physical assault. The prevalence of harm from someone elses drinking changed little over the past 13 years. By 2009, around 51% of the NWT population aged 15 and over experienced at least one type of harm. The most common types of victimization were insults or humiliation (33%), serious arguments (26%), verbal abuse (24%) and being pushed or shoved from someone who had been drinking (21%). Moreover, 19% of respondents reported family or marriage problems and 10% had been physically assaulted by someone under the influence of alcohol.
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Figure 11: Harm from other's drinking among NWT residents aged 15+ by type, NWT 1996 2009 Type (%) 1996 2002 2004 2006 2009
One or more types Insulted/humiliated* Family/marriage problems* Pushed/shoved Serious arguments Verbal abuse Physically assaulted
.. *
55 40 16 25 30 .. 12
53 .. 19 26 34 38 15
56 35 21 27 32 27 14
53 33 17 25 29 29 10
51 33 19 21 26 24 10
Data not available. Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.
The prevalence of victimization tends to decrease with age, where 15 to 24 year olds were more likely than all other age groups to be victimized by someone who had been drinking (65% vs. 55%, 44% and 35%). Harm from someone elses drinking also differs by ethnicity, education and community of residence. Aboriginal people were more likely than non-aboriginal to be harmed as a result of someone elses drinking (59% vs. 43%). University graduates were at a lower risk of victimization by someone who had been drinking (38% vs. 59%, 52% and 49%) and residents in communities other than Yellowknife were at a higher risk of experiencing harm (61% vs. 45%). There was no significant difference between Yellowknife and regional centers.
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Figure 12: Prevalence of one or more types of harm from other people's drinking in the past 12 months by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
*
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level.
Drinking and driving Drinking and driving increases the risk of bodily harm to self and to others. For instance, alcohol was a factor in 22% of all injuries and 55% of all deaths resulting from motor vehicle accidents between 1996 and 2004. Youth and young adults were especially at risk and accounted for about a third of all motor vehicle accident related deaths over that period5. Current drinkers were asked if they drove a motor vehicle within 1 hour of consuming 2 or more alcoholic beverages within the year prior to the survey.
GNWT Department of Health and Social Services. 2004. Injury in the Northwest Territories: A Descriptive Report, pp. 42-50. Page 17
The proportion of residents who drove within an hour of consuming 2 or more drinks declined from 21% in 1996 to 13% in 2009. Significant declines were noted for males, 25 to 39 year olds, 40 to 59 year olds, and those with more than a high school diploma. Despite the downward trend in male prevalence since 1996, males in 2009 were still twice as likely as females to drive within an hour of consuming 2+ beverages (16% vs. 8%). In addition, those with less than a high school diploma were more likely than those with a university degree to drink and drive (20% vs. 11%). Prevalence of drinking and driving did not vary with age or place of residence.
Figure 13: Prevalence of driving within one hour of drinking 2 or more drinks by demographic characteristics among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* FemaleE 15-24E 25-39 40-59 60+F Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School DiplomaE Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional CentersE Other Communities
E F *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level.
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Drinking during pregnancy Women who drink during pregnancy are at risk of having a child with FASD. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a broad term describing a range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include permanent physical, mental, behavioural and learning disabilities. Drinking patterns among women of childbearing age is one of the main risk factors associated with FASD. Thus, information on drinking during pregnancy provides an indication of the proportion of pregnant women who are at a high risk of having a child with FASD. Females aged 20 to 44 years were asked whether they drank alcohol during their last pregnancy (i.e. pregnant within 5 years of the survey) and if yes, how often and how much. In 2009, 9% of females aged 20 to 44 reported drinking during their last pregnancy. Among those who reported drinking during their last pregnancy, the vast majority did so less than once a month and consumed one or two drinks.
Figure 14: Prevalence of drinking during pregnancy among women aged 20 to 44 years, NWT 2002 2009 (%) 2002 2006 2009
Total
E
15
15
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. No significance test due to high sampling variability.
In 2009, the prevalence of female respondents, who drank while pregnant at least once a week or 1 to 3 times per month, was suppressed due to the low number of respondents. Where prevalence has been reported, for example drinking during pregnancy at least once per week, the biggest change is probably due to sampling variation, as some categories of the indicators are based on a small number of respondents. To give a more stable estimate of the population value, pooled estimates are also shown. Pooled estimates combine respondents from each survey and give a more reliable estimate of the population.
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Figure 15: Frequency and volume of alcohol consumption during pregnancy among women who drank while they were pregnant, NWT 2002 2009 (%) Once a week or more 1 to 3 times a month Less than once a month 1 or 2 Drinks 3 or 4 Drinks 5+ Drinks
E F 1
2002 16 21
E E
2006 34 53
E F E
2009
F F
Pooled1 19E 19E 62 69 14E 17E
62 67 17 17
E E
71 64
E E
83
F F
0
F
Pooled proportion combines numbers from 2002 and 2009 to provide a more stable estimate. No significance test due to high sampling variability.
Harmful/Hazardous Drinking: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) helps identify hazardous drinking patterns and gives an indication of alcohol dependency. AUDIT is a derived variable based on ten questionnaire items including: drinking frequency, volume, inability to stop drinking after starting, failure to meet expectations because of drinking, need for alcohol in the morning to get going, feelings of guilt after drinking, inability to remember what happened the night before because of drinking, injury as a result of drinking and having someone express concern about drinking. An AUDIT score of eight or more indicates a harmful/hazardous use of alcohol. In 2009, 42% of respondents aged 15 and over scored 8 or higher on AUDIT. Males, 15 to 24 year olds, those with lower levels of education and residents outside of Yellowknife were more likely than the corresponding reference groups to engage in harmful/hazardous alcohol use. While the gap is closing between males and females, 48% of males engaged in harmful/hazardous drinking compared to 34% of females. The gap remains large between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal drinkers with Aboriginal people more than twice as likely to engage in high-risk alcohol use (61% vs. 25%). Residents aged 15 to 24 years were more likely than the other age groups to score 8 and over on AUDIT (62% vs. 42%, 31% and 34%). The harmful/hazardous use of alcohol tends to decrease with levels of education. University graduates were less likely to score 8 and over than all other education groups.
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Harmful/hazardous drinking also tends to decrease with increasing community size. As such, residents from Yellowknife were less likely to score 8 and over than people from the regional centers and other communities (31% vs. 45% and 58%).
Figure 16: Demographic characteristics in AUDIT score 8+ among current drinkers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities*
*
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
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ILLICIT DRUG USE

In this section, trends of cannabis and other illicit drug use in the NWT are examined. The lifetime and past-year prevalence use and various other concerns related to its use are described. Lifetime prevalence is based on a question asking respondents during your life, have you used or tried . . . , and past-year prevalence is based on a follow-up question about whether they also used the drug during the past 12 months. Cannabis (ever tried) Respondents were asked whether they had tried cannabis (marijuana or hashish) at least once in their lifetime. In 2009, (59%) of the NWT population reported using cannabis at least once in their lifetime, an increase from 53% in 1996. Significant increases occurred among females, 40 to 59 year olds, those with less than high school as their highest level of education. For all other demographic groups, the proportion of lifetime users remained the same.
Figure 17: Proportion of cannabis ever tried by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 & 2009
0% Total* Male Female* 15-24 25-39 40-59* 60+FE Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree
E F *
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1996
2009
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009. Page 22
Cannabis (past year use) Respondents were asked if they used cannabis within 12 months prior to the survey. Although there has been a significant increase in past year cannabis use between 1996 and 2009, the prevalence has remained stable at 20% of the NWT population sampled since 2002. Females, those 15 to 59 and those with less than a high school diploma showed an increase in cannabis use in the past 12 months between 1996 and 2009. In 2009, males, 15 to 24 year olds, those with less than high school and residents living in communities other than Yellowknife were more likely to have used cannabis in the past year than the corresponding reference categories.
Figure 18: Proportion of cannabis use in the past 12 months by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+F Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-SecondaryE University DegreeE Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities*
E F *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Page 23
Past year use was higher among those with a high school diploma or less than those with higher levels of education (32% and 24% vs. 11% and 9%). In addition, use of marijuana or hashish in the past year was higher in the regional centers and other communities than in Yellowknife (20% and 32% vs. 13%). In the 2004, 2006 and 2009 surveys, past year users were asked how often they used cannabis within 3 months prior to the survey. In 2009, 94% reported using cannabis within 3 months prior to the survey. Additionally, 53% reported using cannabis at least once a week, while 40% used cannabis monthly or less. In 2009, current users of marijuana or hashish were asked if they drove a motor vehicle within 2 hours after using marijuana or hashish within the year prior to the survey. Approximately 6% of current users indicated they had driven within 2 hours of using cannabis. Other illicit drugs (ever tried and past year use) NWT residents were asked whether they tried any of the following types of drugs at least once in their lifetime: cocaine/crack, hallucinogens (magic mushrooms, PCP or LSD/acid), speed, ecstasy and heroin. They were also asked whether they used any of these drugs in the past 12 months.
Figure 19: Cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, speed, ecstasy and heroin ever used in lifetime among residents aged 15+, NWT 2002 - 2009 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2002 2004 Other Illicit Drugs in Lifetime 2006 2009
By 2009, the most common drugs used in the NWT at least once were hallucinogens (20%), followed by cocaine/crack (11%), ecstasy (6%) and speed (3%). The ever tried once in a lifetime category of other illicit drugs increased from 16% in 2002 to 24% in 2009. Significant increases occurred among all population groups with the exception of
Page 24
those with some post-secondary and university degrees. Ever tried use of other illicit drugs did not vary with age or ethnicity, but significant differences were present for gender, education levels and type of community.
Figure 20: Proportion of cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, speed, ecstasy and heroin ever used in lifetime by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+F Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
F *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level.
Page 25
Figure 21: Prevalence of other illicit drugs ever used in a lifetime among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 Type (%) 1996 2004 2006 2009 Trend
Cocaine/Crack Hallucinogens Speed Ecstasy Heroin

E
10 14 6 .. 1
E
12 12 3 3 1
E E E
11 12 3 4 F
11 20 3 6 1
n.s * -
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. F High sampling variability - data was suppressed. .. Data not available. * n.s Significant difference at the .05 level; not significant; - No significance test.
Figure 22: Cocaine/crack ever used in lifetime by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-39 40+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School DiplomaE Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional CentersE Other Communities
E
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Page 26

*
Use in the past 12 months of any of the five illicit drugs increased between 2002 and 2009 from 2% to 4%. Among the population groups, significant changes occurred with males (2% to 6%) and 15 to 39 year olds (2% to 7%). Overall, 1% of NWT residents surveyed indicated they had used cocaine or crack in the past 12 months, while 2% indicated past year use of hallucinogens or ecstasy.
Figure 23: Hallucinogens ever used in lifetime by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-39 40+ Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
E *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Page 27
Harm from use of illicit drugs in the past year In the 2004, 2006 and 2009 NWT Addiction Surveys, respondents who used drugs in the past year were asked if their illicit drug use had harmful effects on their friendships, physical health, home life/marriage, work/studies or created financial, legal, housing and learning difficulties. Overall in 2009, approximately 27% of past year drug users experienced at least one type of harm. The most common types reported were harm to physical health (12%), followed by work or study (11%) and harm to friendships or social life (9%).
Figure 24: Harm from own illicit drug use among current users aged 15+ by type, NWT 2004 2009
2004 Any Other Type (%) One or more types of harm Friendships/social life Physical health Home life/marriage Work/studies Financial position
1 2 E F
2006 Can2
2009 Can2
Any Other Drug

1
Any Other Drug

1
Can2
Drug
Illicit
nabis 18 10 9 8 6 5
Illicit
nabis 21 7
E
Illicit
nabis 23 8E 12 E 8E 7E 7E
39 17
E
21 10 10 8 6 5
26 12
E
53 E 36
E
27 9
E
43 E
F F F
21 E 11 E 12
E
12 E 14 E 8
E
28 E 32 E
F
9E 10 E 6
E
12 E 8E 11
E
26
E F
16 E
12 E
24 E
9E
8E
Includes Cannabis, Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Ecstasy & Heroin Includes Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Ecstasy & Heroin Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed.
Approximately 23% of past year cannabis users reported at least one type of harm. The most common types of cannabis related harm were physical health (12%), followed by harm to friendships, home life, work and/or finances. For users of other types of illicit drugs, 43% experienced at least one type of harm in the past year. For comparative purposes, other illicit drug users were 1.9 times as likely as both cannabis and alcohol users to experience at least one type of harm (43% vs. 23% and 23%). Cannabis users and drinkers reported similar rates of harm.
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Figure 25: Harm from own drug or alcohol use among current users aged 15+ by type, NWT 2009
Any Type (%) One or more types of harm Friendships/social life Physical health Home life/marriage Work/studies Financial position
1 2 E F
Other Illicit 2 Cannabis 43

E F F F
Drug1 27 9 12
E E
Drinking
23 8 12
E E
23
14 10 8 6 5
8E 11E 8
E
8E 7E 7
E
26E
F
Includes Cannabis, Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Ecstasy & Heroin Includes Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Ecstasy & Heroin Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed.
Page 29
TOBACCO
This section provides a general descriptive summary of tobacco trends in the NWT between 1996 and 2009. Smoking status Between 1996 and 2009 there was a decline in respondents reporting smoking daily (39% to 25%) and an increase in the proportion of respondents who never smoked (30% to 41%).
Figure 26: Smoking status in the past 12 months among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009
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Figure 27: Demographic characteristics among residents who smoke aged 15+, NWT 1996 & 2009 0% Total* Male* Female* 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+E Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal* Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University DegreeE 1996 2009 20% 40% 60% 80%
E *
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.
Both males and females experienced significant declines in smoking both daily and occasionally. Of the age groups, 25 to 39 and 40 to 59 year olds experienced significant declines in smoking and 15 to 24 year olds were the most pronounced at 45% to 26%. Between 1996 and 2009, significant increases in the proportion of respondents who never smoked were also prominent among 15 to 24 year olds (27% to 48%) and 25 to 39 year olds (32% to 46%).
Figure 28: Smoking status in past 12 months by gender, NWT 2009
(%) Male Female

*
Current 38 34
Daily 27 24
Occ. 11 10
Former 24 22
Never 38 43
Occ. = Occasional
Page 31
In 2009, daily smoking status did not vary significantly by age. Youth 15 to 24 years old were more likely than all other age groups to be current smokers than any other age group. Those less than 40 were more likely to never have smoked than those older than 40.
Figure 29: Smoking status in past 12 months by age, NWT 2009
(%) 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+

E *
Current 46 36 * 32 * 29 *
Daily 26 25 26 21
Occ. 20 11 * 6 E* 8 E*
Former 6E 18 * 31 * 46 *
Never 48 46 36 * 25 *
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories.
Significant difference at the .05 level. Occ. = Occasional
Aboriginal people were 4.5 times as likely to be occasional smokers (18% vs. 4%) while nonaboriginal people were over twice as likely to have never smoked (56% vs. 24%).
Figure 30: Smoking status in past 12 months by ethnicity, NWT 2009
(%) Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal

E *
Current 55 *
Daily 38 * 14
Occ. 18 * 4
E
Former 21 25
Never 24 * 56
19
The prevalence of daily and occasional smoking declines with increasing level of education. As such, residents with less than a high school diploma were 4.8 times more likely, those with a high school diploma were 4.4 times more likely and those with some post secondary education were 3.4 times more likely than university graduates to be daily smokers (34%. 31%, and 24% vs. 7%). In contrast, university graduates were 1.5 to two times as likely as the other education groups to have never smoked (60% vs. 29%, 40%, and 41%).
Page 32
Figure 31: Smoking status in past 12 months by highest level of education, NWT 2009
(%) Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree
E F *
Current 53 * 43
*
Daily 34 * 31
*
Occ. 18 * 12
E*
Former 19 * 18 29 30
Never 29 * 40 * 41 * 60
30 * 10 E
24 * 7E
6E
F
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories.
The likelihood of being a daily smoker increases with decreasing community size, such that those from other communities and regional centers were more likely than residents from Yellowknife to be daily smokers (35% and 28% vs. 18%). In contrast, those living in Yellowknife are more likely to have never smoked than those in regional centers, or other communities (52% vs. 35% and 27%).
Figure 32: Smoking status in past 12 months by community type, NWT 2009
(%) Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities

E *
Current 26 38 50
* *
Daily 18 28 35
* *
Occ. 8 10 15
E *
Former 22 26 23
Never 52 35 * 27 *
Daily smokers While the proportion of daily smokers has declined for all population groups since 1996, the decline for residents aged 15 to 24 has been the most pronounced from 45% in 1996 to 26% in 2009. The 25 to 39 year old group and 40 to 59 year olds also had significant declines (40% to 25% and 35% to 26%). On average, residents reported starting to smoke daily at 17.9 years. There were no significant differences between the population groups.
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Figure 33: Proportion of daily smokers among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University DegreeE Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities*
E *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Average number of cigarettes per day among daily smokers Daily smokers were asked how many cigarettes they usually smoke per day. On average, daily smokers are consuming fewer cigarettes than in previous years. The average number of cigarettes smoked per day declined from 14 to 12 from 1996 to 2009.
Page 34
Figure 34: Overall trend in the average number of cigarettes per day among daily smokers aged 15+, NWT 1996 - 2009 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 2002 2004 2006 2009
Significant declines over this 13 year period occurred among both males and females, 25 to 39 year olds, 40 to 59 year olds and those with high school diplomas. In 2009, daily smokers who are 60 and over are more likely to smoke more cigarettes per day than those aged 15 to 24 and males are more likely than females (14 vs. 10) to smoke more cigarettes per day. Those living in Yellowknife are more likely, on average, to smoke more cigarettes per day than residents of other communities. The average number of cigarettes per day among daily smokers did not vary significantly with education.
Page 35
Figure 35: Average number of cigarettes per day by demographic characteristics among daily smokers aged 15+, NWT 2009 0 Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
*
10 12
15
20
14
10
10 10 13 18 10 15 12 10 13 14 15 12 9
Quit rates Quit rates can be used to examine the success of quitting smoking within a population. The quit rate is the proportion of those who quit smoking among all those who have ever smoked cigarettes (i.e. current and former smokers). Overall, there was no significant change in the quit rate between 1996 and 2009. However, the proportion of residents who have never smoked increased from 30% in 1996 to 41% in 2009. In other words, although the quit rate has been stable, the proportion of NWT residents who are smokers has declined. The only significant changes between 1996 and 2009 quit rates occurred among non-aboriginal people (an increase from 47% to 58%) and 15 to 24 year olds (a decrease from 27% to 11%).
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Figure 36: Overall trend in quit rates among 'ever smokers' aged 15+, NWT 1996 - 2009
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1996 2002 2004 2006 2009
Figure 37: Quit rates by demographic characteristics among "ever smokers" aged 15+, NWT 1996 & 2009 0% Total Male Female 15-24E* 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal* Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree 20% 40% 60% 80%
1996
2009
E *
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009. Page 37
Quit reasons and methods Over half of former smokers cited health as the main reason to quit smoking (52%), followed by other reasons (25%) and pregnancy or baby in household (12%). Only 7% of former smokers said the cost of cigarettes was the main reason to quit smoking. When asked which methods were used to help quit smoking, former smokers indicated cold turkey (80%) and nicotine patches (18%). Current smokers, however, were more likely to have tried a variety of methods6 including cold turkey (74%), nicotine patch (21%), nicotine gum (20%) and Zyban (15%). Former smokers indicated an average of 2.9 attempts to quit before they quit smoking for good. The majority of current smokers indicated that they were seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (61%). That proportion declined to 41% however in response to the question of whether they were seriously considering quitting in the next 30 days. Smoking and health practitioners Current smokers were asked if they had seen a medical practitioner in the past 12 months. For those seeing a doctor or a nurse/nurse practitioner, current smokers were asked if they were advised to reduce or quit smoking. Doctors were more likely to advise daily smokers to reduce or quit smoking compared to nurses/nurse practitioners (43% vs. 38%). Of those daily smokers who were advised to reduce or quit smoking, 60% were provided information on quit smoking aids such as the patch, a product like Zyban or counseling programs. Smoking during pregnancy Women aged 20 to 44 years were asked whether they smoked daily or almost daily during their last pregnancy on the 2004, 2005 and 2009 surveys. In 2009, 22% of women indicated they smoked during their pregnancy. The percentage of spouses that smoked around a pregnant woman was 10% in 2009.
Multiple answers were allowed so percentages do not add to 100%.
Page 38
Figure 38: Smoking during pregnancy among women aged 20 to 44 years, NWT 1996 -2009
(%) 20 to 44 year olds Spouse or Partner Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal

E F
2004 21 E 16 E 24 E
F
2006 10 E 12 E 13 E
F
2009 22 E 10 E 37
F
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution.
High sampling variability - data was suppressed. No significance test due to 2004 to 2009 data only.
Exposure to second-hand smoke Respondents were asked two questions related to second-hand smoke: whether family members or visitors smoked cigarettes inside their homes every day or almost every day and whether they were exposed to second-hand smoke in a car or other motor vehicle within the past month. In 2009, approximately 1 in 5 residents surveyed indicated that at least one family member or visitor smoked inside their home every day or almost every day.
Page 39
Figure 39: Exposure to second-hand smoke inside homes by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59 60+ Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University DegreeE Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
E *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Exposure to second-hand smoke tends to increase with decreasing community size. Residents from other communities were more likely to report regular smoking in their homes than those living in Yellowknife (27% vs. 15%), whereas there was no significant difference in exposure between residents in regional centers and Yellowknife. Among residents who indicated that smoking was permitted inside their homes, 43% indicated that restrictions were in place. Of those who restricted smoking in their homes, the most common restrictions 7 included only allowing smoking in certain rooms (69%), restricting
Multiple answers were allowed so percentages do not add to 100%.
Page 40
smoking in the presence of young children (43%) and allowing smoking only if window were open or other type of ventilation (23%). In 2009, around 40% of the NWT population reported being exposed to second-hand smoke in cars with 24% reporting being exposed at least once a week.
Figure 40: Exposure to second-hand smoke in vehicles at least once per week by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+E* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University DegreeE Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities*
E *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Page 41
Chewing tobacco: at least once in a lifetime and past year use In 2009, 18% of the NWT population aged 15+ used chewing tobacco at least once in their lifetime. Similarly, the prevalence of use in the past 30 days has remained stable at around 2%.
Figure 41: Ever used in lifetime and past year use of chewing tobacco among residents aged 15+, NWT 1996 2009 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1996 2002 Lifetime Use 2004 2006 2009
Past 30 Day Use
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GAMBLING
Gambling is a broad concept generally defined as the betting of money or anything of value on diverse activities, undertaken in a wide variety of settings. For most individuals, gambling can be a positive experience. However, for a minority, gambling is associated with problems of varying degree and duration. As a potentially addictive behaviour, it is important to monitor gambling patterns in the NWT. In this section, general trends of gambling in the NWT are examined between 1996 and 2009. The 2004 NWT Addictions Survey did not include any gambling related questions. Current gambling Residents were asked if they gambled for money or other things of value in at least one activity during the past year. The proportion of NWT residents reporting that they gambled declined from 78% in 1996 to 71% in 2009. In 2009, those aged 25 to 39 and 40 to 59 were more likely than 15 to 24 year olds to gamble (77% and 74% vs. 64%), whereas there was no significant difference between 60+ and 15 to 24 year olds. There was also no significant difference between males and females (70% vs. 72%). The only significant difference among education groups was that those with some postsecondary education were more likely than university graduates to gamble (81% vs. 68%). Residents of regional centers were more likely to gamble than those who lived in Yellowknife and other communities (81% vs. 68% and 68%).
Page 43
Figure 42: Proportion of current gamblers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male Female 15-24 25-39* 40-59* 60+ Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary* University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities
*
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Types of gambling in the past year Current gamblers were asked how many and what types of gambling activities they participated in during the past year. The prevalence of engaging in 1 type of gambling increased (30% to 36%) while that of 2 or more types of gambling decreased (70% to 64%) between 1996 and 2009.
Page 44
Figure 43: Multiple types of gambling in past year among current gamblers aged 15+, NWT 1996 - 2009 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1996 One Type 2002 2+ Types 2009
Among the population groups in 2009, Aboriginal people surveyed were more likely to engage in 2 or more types of gambling than non-aboriginal (72% vs. 55%). Similarly, significant differences also existed between those with high school diplomas and university degrees (70% vs. 55%) and residents of regional centers and Yellowknife (72% vs. 59%).
Figure 44: Prevalence of gambling in past year among current gamblers aged 15+ by type, NWT 1996 2009
Type (%) Lottery tickets Scratch/Nevada tickets* Bingo Card games* Slot machines* Video lottery terminals (VLTs) Sports events* Casino games* Pool/billiard* Internet Other*
E .. *
1996 66 12 32 53 10 12 30 7 18 .. 10
2002 57 46 41 27 18 12 14 9 12 .. 6
2006 63 49 33 32 21 11 10 10 7 4
E
2009 62 47 31 26 20 9 10 13 3E 6 7
14
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Data not available. Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.
Page 45
The above trends indicate that certain forms of gambling have gained in popularity, while the popularity of others has diminished over time. In 1996, for instance, the lottery (66%), card games (53%), bingo (32%), sports events (30%) and pool (18%) were the most common types reported. By 2009, the most popular activities were the lottery (62%), scratch/Nevada tickets (47%), bingo (31%), card games (26%) and slot machines (20%). Average money spent in a typical week on gambling Current gamblers were asked how much money, on average, they spent in a typical week on all gambling activities during the past year. The average money spent in a typical week of gambling did not significantly change between 1996 and 2009. In 2009, current gamblers were spending a weekly average of $40 on all gambling activities. The amount of money spent in a typical week did not vary by gender with both males and females spending an average of $40 per week on gambling. Weekly spending tended to be higher for residents over 60 years than all other age groups ($61 vs. $39, $33 and $41). Weekly spending on gambling by residents from other communities was higher than that of residents living in regional centers or Yellowknife ($86 vs. $26 and $19).
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Figure 45: Average amount of money spent in a "typical" week of gambling by demographic characteristics among current gamblers aged 15+, NWT 2009
E *
Regular gambling Regular gambling is defined as those individuals who reported gambling at least once per week. Past year gamblers were asked about the frequency of gambling in the following activities: playing bingo, purchase of lottery tickets, scratch/Nevada tickets, betting on sporting events and card games. Overall, the prevalence of regular gambling at any of the five activities fell from 29% to 23% between 1996 and 2009. The prevalence of regular gambling decreased significantly among females (30% to 19%), 25 to 39 year olds (27% to 17%), 40 to 59 year olds (33% to 26%), both Aboriginal people (39% to 31%) and non-aboriginal (22% to 16%), and those with less than high school (41% to 30%).
Page 47
Figure 46: Proportion of regular gamblers by demographic characteristics among residents aged 15+, NWT 2009 0% Total Male* Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+* Aboriginal* Non-Aboriginal Less than High School* High School Diploma* Some Post-Secondary* University DegreeE Yellowknife Regional Centers* Other Communities*
E *
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
The purchase of scratch/Nevada tickets at least once per week increased from 2% to 5% to become the third most common type of gambling activity, while betting on sports events declined from 6% to 2% to become the least prevalent. The proportion of people playing bingo at least once per week has remained consistent (around 9%), while regular playing of the lottery and card games have both declined.
Page 48
Figure 47: Prevalence of gambling once a week among current gamblers aged 15+ by type, NWT 1996 2009
(%) Bingo Lottery Tickets* Scratch/Nevada tickets* Card games* Sports events*
E *
1996 8 16 2E 9 6
2002 9 12 6 5 3
E
2006 8 10 6 6 1
E
2009 9 11 5 4 2E
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.
Page 49
SUMMARY
The findings from the 2009 NWT Addictions Report provide reliable data for policy and decisionmaking. A common pattern emerges through the data: younger residents, males, those with lower levels of education and those living in communities outside Yellowknife and the regional centers were more likely to engage in heavy drinking, use cannabis and smoke cigarettes. Below is a summary of the main findings of the report. Alcohol The prevalence of current drinking remained constant at around 78% between 1996 and 2009. In the past 13 years, there has been a shift towards increased frequency of drinking in women, 25 to 39 year olds, and those with less than high school. Between 2002 and 2009, there was an increased prevalence of frequent heavy drinking (i.e. 5 or more drinks on a single occasion at least once a month) from 41% to 47% among current drinkers. Males, females, 25 to 39 year olds, and those with high school diplomas and some post-secondary education all had significant increases in frequent heavy drinking. In 2009, 23% of current drinkers aged 15 and over reported at least one type of harm as a result of their drinking. Harmful effects on friendships or social life (14%), physical health (10%), and home life or marriage (8%) were the most common types of reported in the year prior to the survey. Half the population (51%) experienced harm from someone elses drinking in 2009. The most common types of victimization were insults or humiliation (33%), serious arguments (26%), verbal abuse (24%), been pushed or shoved (21%) and family or marriage problems (19%). Illicit drugs The majority of the NWT population reported using cannabis at least once in their lifetime. Overall, the proportion of lifetime users increased significantly from 53% to 59% between 1996 and 2009. Since 2002, the prevalence of past year cannabis use has been stable at around 20% of the NWT population. In 2009, 53% of past year users reported using cannabis at least once a week. The lifetime use of any of the five types of illicit drugs (cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, speed, ecstasy and heroin) increased significantly between 1996 and 2009.
Page 50
Tobacco use In the NWT the proportion of current smokers dropped significantly from 44% in 1996 to 36% in 2009. Most of the decline can be attributed to the drop in daily smokers (39% to 25%) and the increase in the proportion of residents who never smoked (30% to 41%). Although the declines in daily smoking among 15 to 24 year olds was the most pronounced (45% to 26%), it was offset by an increase in the proportion of occasional smokers (9% to 20%). Between 1996 and 2009, there were significant increases in the proportion of never smokers among 15 to 24 year olds (27% to 48%) and 25 to 39 year olds (32% to 46%). Among the education groups, only those with a university degree had significant declines in current smokers between 1996 and 2009 (17% to 10%). The prevalence of current smokers was higher among those with less than a high school, a high school diploma and some postsecondary compared to those with a university degree (53%, 43% and 30% vs. 10%). The likelihood of being a daily smoker increases with decreasing community size, such that those from other communities and regional centers were more likely than residents from Yellowknife to be daily smokers. In contrast, those living in Yellowknife are more likely to have never smoked than those in regional centers, or other communities. In 2009, males did not differ significantly from females in any of the smoking status categories with 27% of males and 24% of females smoking daily. The overall quit rate in 2009 was 39%. Quit rates (the proportion of those who quit smoking among all those who have ever smoked) increased with age and increasing levels of education and did not vary significantly with gender or place of residence. In 2009, 22% of females indicated they smoked during their pregnancy. Approximately 1 in 10 pregnant women reported having spouses that smoked around them. Residents of the NWT reported they were exposed to second-hand smoke in their homes and in vehicles. Twenty percent indicated that at least one family member or visitor smoked inside their home every day or almost every day and 24% were exposed to second-hand smoke in cars at least once a week. Gambling The vast majority of NWT residents aged 15 and over reported gambling in at least one activity during the past year. However, the prevalence of current gambling declined from 78% to 71% between 1996 and 2009 with significant declines among males, 15 to 24 year olds, residents 60 years and over, and people with less than a high school diploma. By 2009, 11% of the population 15 years and over played the lottery at least once per week, followed by bingo (9%), scratch/Nevada tickets (5%), card games (4%) and betting on sporting
Page 51
events (2%). Seniors had the highest prevalence among the age groups of gambling at least once per week (34%). In addition, males were more likely than females, and residents of the regional centers and other communities were more likely than those who live in Yellowknife to be regular gamblers. University graduates were less likely than all other education groups to be regular gamblers. In 2009, the average money spent in a typical week gambling was $40. Seniors, residents of communities outside Yellowknife and the regional centers spent significantly more per week in their gambling activities. Weekly spending also tends to decrease with increasing level of education, highest for those with less than a high school diploma ($71) and lowest for those with a university degree ($13).
Page 52
APPENDIX: A
Methodology
The target population of the 2009 NWT Addictions survey included all residents 15 years of age and older who resided in the Northwest Territories during 2009, with the exception of full-time residents of institutions (for example: hospitals, long-term care facilities, correctional facilities). Survey questionnaire The 2009 NWT Addictions survey instrument was developed by the GNWT Department of Health & Social Services and the Bureau of Statistics. The NWT Bureau of Statistics conducted the survey operations and data processing on behalf of the Department of Health and Social Services. NTUMS items (i.e. the tobacco portion of the questionnaire) are based on the core content of the Canadian Tobacco Use and Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) questionnaire, as identified by Health Canada. Alcohol and illicit drug items in the questionnaire are derived from the core content of the Canadian Addictions Survey, as identified by Health Canada. All of the content of the alcohol and illicit drug related questions are the same, with the exception of heavy/binge drinking. In the Canadian Addictions survey, men were asked how often they consumed five or more drinks on one occasion, while women were asked how often they consumed four or more drinks on one occasion. In contrast, the NWT survey asked both men and women how often they consumed five or more drinks on one occasion. As a result, NWT estimates for the prevalence of heavy drinking among females may be more conservative than those estimated using 4 or more drinks as an indicator of regular heavy drinking. Sample design The 2009 NWT Addictions Survey was based on a probability proportional to size stratified multistage sampling design. All NWT communities were divided into the following eight strata: Yellowknife, Hay River, Fort Smith, Inuvik, Norman Wells, small north, small south A and small south B. Dwellings in 22 different communities in the NWT were sampled as part of the survey. Households in Yellowknife, Hay River, Fort Smith and Inuvik were selected at random using random digit dialing. Households in the other strata were randomly selected using a dwelling list maintained by the NWT Bureau of Statistics. One respondent 15 years or older was randomly selected from each household. Interviews were conducted by telephone in households selected using random digit dialing, and face-to-face interviews were conducted in the other selected households. Contact the NWT Bureau of Statistics for the methodological information from the previous surveys. Sample size Figure 1 shows the final results for the initial sample by approach and strata of the 2009 NWT Addictions Survey. A total of 1,160 NWT residents completed the 2009 NWT Addictions Survey. The overall response rate was around 75% where individual strata response rates ranged from a low of 63% in Inuvik to a high of 89% in the selected small communities.
APPENDIX: A
Figure 1: Final results for the initial sample by approach and strata, 2009 NWT Addictions Survey
Occupied Community Total Telephone Interviews Fort Smith Hay River Inuvik Yellowknife Face-to-Face Interviews Norman Wells Small North Small South A Small South B
1
Dwellings Completes 1,545 940 70 123 139 608 605 34 204 230 137 1,160 637 48 89 87 413 523 28 181 205 109
Refusals 195 165 13 18 36 98 30 2 13 8 7
Unable to Contact 1 190 138 9 16 16 97 52 4 10 17 21
Response Rate (%) 75 68 69 72 63 68 86 82 89 89 80
Included in this category are respondents that couldnt be reached and respondents unavailable for the duration of the survey. Source: NWT Bureau of Statistics
Weighting A goal of any probability sample is to select a small subset of individuals that share similar characteristics to the rest of the population. In other words, the objective is to select a small number of individuals whose behaviour will represent the behaviour of all individuals in the population. Based on that small sample, inferences or predictions can be made about the total population. To help achieve this goal, respondents are given a sample weight, which depends on their sex, age and ethnicity. Sample weights help compensate for unequal probabilities of selection, non-coverage of the population and nonresponse bias. The sum of the weights over the sample provides an estimate of the population size. Population estimates used for weighting are based on published estimates of the NWT population produced by Statistics Canada and community population estimates produced by the Bureau of Statistics. Table 1 in the Appendix shows the sample size of each survey and the corresponding population estimate when the weights are applied to the data. Partial non-response Partial non-response occurs when a respondent did not answer a question or could not recall the requested information. Partial non-response can either be included or excluded when presenting survey results. In this report, partial non-responses were excluded when estimates were calculated. By excluding those that did not state an answer assumptions are made about the responses they would have provided (i.e. their responses would follow the same distribution as participants that provided an answer). In the 2009 survey, most indicators have a relatively low non-response rate.
APPENDIX: A
Sampling error Standard errors were estimated with a formula assuming simple random sampling. This assumption is not technically correct because the survey uses stratification, multiple stages of selection and post survey weighting. In turn, not adjusting for these factors (i.e. complex survey design) can lead to biased point and variance estimates. Generally, stratification of homogenous groups can reduce standard errors, while cluster sampling tends to increase the standard errors relative to simple random sampling. A byproduct of weighting is that when the variances of the weights are large, it can lead to larger standard errors than estimates based on un-weighted cases. These issues were addressed in the 2004 NTUMS and NWT Addictions Surveys, where it was found that almost all territorial level estimates had a design effect less than one. Since the standard errors of the proportions vary little from survey to survey, design effects were not produced for the 2009 survey. Based on the stability of the standard errors, it is assumed that a binomial formula will provide a reliable estimate of the standard errors for each of the indicators. Reliability of estimates Standard errors are used to estimate the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is the most widely used measure of reliability and provides an indication of how well the estimate obtained from the sample represents the true population value. According to Statistics Canadas data quality guidelines, an estimate with a CV less than 16.5% is a reliable estimate of the population value. Prevalence estimates based on a small number of respondents will not provide reliable estimates of population values. Sampling variability tends to be high and so does the CV. In this situation, CVs may fall between 16.5% and 33.3% and have moderate sampling variability. These values are shown, but flagged to caution readers (denoted with E in the tables). Additionally, an estimate may have a CV above 33.3%, which indicates high sampling variability. These values should not be published (denoted with F in the tables). This report adheres to the above guidelines. Comparability of proportions over time Upward or downward trends observed in proportions may not always be an indication of behavioural changes in the population. There is always the possibility that these trends are largely the result of changes in survey methods. Two important factors that can affect the comparison of proportions over time are changes in sample selection and the modification of questionnaire items. First, when different small communities are sampled in each survey, the social and cultural differences between them may result in proportions that fluctuate from one survey to the next. Some communities may have a higher or lower prevalence of a measure, in which the inclusion or exclusion of these communities can lead to proportions that are under or over-estimated. This issue probably has more of an effect on the prevalence measures of Aboriginal people, since the vast majority of residents in the smaller communities are of Aboriginal decent. Second, survey questionnaire items are sometimes modified over time. Questions developed to measure social phenomena are likely to be changed or modified to improve the validity and reliability of
APPENDIX: A
measurement. Modifications may improve the validity or reliability of a measure, but there is also the chance that any changes may affect the comparability of questions from previous surveys. In this report, footnotes are included to describe instances on the possible effects of sample selection and where questions have been modified. Significance tests In this report, two types of significance tests were used. The first test examined for significant differences in the prevalence of a measure between surveys or for trends over time. In most cases, a simple test comparing the binomial proportions by age, gender and ethnicity were used to indicate whether there was a significant upward or downward trend in the prevalence of a measure between 1996 and 2009. All data used in this report are taken from the following surveys: 1996 NWT Alcohol and Drug Survey, 2002 NWT Alcohol and Drug Survey, 2004 NTUMS Survey, 2004 NWT Addictions Survey, 2006 NWT Addictions Survey, 2009 NWT Addictions Survey. In 2004, NTUMS was given as a separate survey from the 2004 NWT Addictions survey, whereas it was combined with the 2006 and 2009 NWT Addictions survey. The second test examined for group differences in substance use and gambling behaviour by age, sex, ethnicity and education. Population group differences were only compared using data from the 2009 NWT Addictions Survey, as these patterns tend to remain stable over time. A simple test between two binomial proportions was used to find whether the groups differed in substance use and gambling patterns. Additionally, a reference group was chosen as the basis of comparison for each of the indicators (denoted with in the tables). This method helps to convey differences more clearly within the population groups. In both types of tests, an alpha level of .05 (p < .05) was used to determine whether significant trends or differences existed (denoted with * in the tables). Note that as these analyses are primarily descriptive in nature, casual interpretations cannot be drawn from any significant trends or differences described throughout the report.
APPENDIX: A
Demographic indicators The substance use and gambling variables are presented by demographic indicators when possible throughout the report. These include: Demographics Sex Ethnicity Age Categories of the Indicators Male; Female Aboriginal; Non-Aboriginal The age groups reflect categories used to weight the survey results to NWT population estimates: 15 24; 25 39; 40 59; 60+. In some cases, 15 39 and 40+ is used. The latter is used when measures are based on small numbers or when 15 to 39 year olds (high risk group) have similar prevalence.
Highest Level of Less than High School - grade 11 or less; High School Diploma high school diploma; Some Post-Secondary trades certificate or diploma, or college Education certificate or diploma; University Degree. Community Type Yellowknife; Regional Centers which include Fort Smith, Hay River & Inuvik; Other Communities
Notes The 2004 NWT Addictions survey excluded most tobacco content, with the exception of smoking status and the derivable indicator, quit rates. The 2004 estimates of smoking status and quit rates are presented as pooled proportions. These proportions are derived from combining the data from the 2004 NWT Addictions and 2004 NTUMS Surveys. The pooled proportion was calculated by taking the total number of current smokers from both 2004 surveys and dividing it by the total sample size of both those surveys.
APPENDIX: A Table 1. Proportion of current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 - 2009 1996 1996 % 2002 2002 % 2004 2004 % 2006 2006 % 2009 2009 % Trend Trend
Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree
*
79 80 77 87 84 71 56 70 86 72 85 79 85
n.s
78 81 76 85 84 74 53 71 85 73 81 81 84
78 81 75 83 84 75 57 70 84 68 78 85 86
78 84 71 80 87 76 49 69 86 70 82 77 88
77 80 74 75 87 77 58 74 81 68 79 81 86
n.s
n.s n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
n.s n.s
n.s n.s n.s n.s
Significant difference at the .05 level;
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 2: Proportion of current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities
*
77 80* 74 75 87* 77 58* 74* 81 68* 79 81 86 82 78 70*
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A Table 4: Frequency of drinking among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
More than once per week (%) Once per week (%)
1 to 3 times per month (%)
Less than once per month (%)
E F *
30 37* 23 22 31* 32* 41* 25* 34 25* 26* 32 38 34 31 23*
17 17 17 23 16 17
F
28 25* 31 31 27 27 24E 29 27 32 31 22 26 26 23 35*
25 22* 29 24 26 24 26E 30* 21 31* 20 28* 19 23 25 29
16 18 12 23 18 17 17 21 13
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. Significant difference at the .05 level
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A Table 6: Usual number of drinks on a single occasion among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 1 or 2 drinks % 3 or 4 drinks % 5+ drinks %
E *
38 32* 46 23 38* 45* 46* 20* 53 21* 26* 44* 65 49 35* 23*
18 17 19 13E 17 22* 18E 17 19 17 21 19 17 16 18 22
43 50* 35 64 44* 32* 36* 62* 28 62* 52* 37* 18 35 48* 55*
APPENDIX: A Table 7: Heavy drinking at least once per month among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2002 2009
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E *
41 50 30 56 41 31 28E 51 33 53 42 34 25
46 59 32 64 49 35 26E 65 33 63 54 36 29
45 50 39 60 47 38 27E 56 37 52 50 49 25
47 56 37 62 52 37 37 56 40 57 55 45 31
* *
n.s * n.s n.s
n.s *
n.s * * n.s
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Significant difference at the .05 level;
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 8: Heavy drinking at least once per month among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal
47 56* 37 62 52* 37* 37* 56* 40 57* 55* 45* 31 43 51 52*
Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities
Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. * Significant difference at the .05 level.
APPENDIX: A Table 9: Heavy drinking at least once per week among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2002 2009
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E F *
13 17 8 15E 13 10 12E 17 10 18 14E 11E 5E
15 21 8 14 17 13
F
14 18 9 19 14 13
F
18 22 12 27 15 14 19E 24 12 24 22 15 8E
n.s *
* n.s n.s n.s
22 9 22 16E 15E 5E
16 13 16 17 16 7E
* n.s
* * n.s n.s
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Significant difference at the .05 level;
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 10: Heavy drinking at least once per week among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
18 22* 12 27 15* 14* 19E 24* 12 24* 22* 15* 8E 14 21* 20*
E *
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A Table 12: Type of drinker among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
Light Abstainer % Former % Infrequent %
Light Frequent %
Heavy Infrequent %
Heavy Frequent %
Total Male Female Aboriginal Non- Aboriginal 15-24 25- 39 40- 59 60+ Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities
E F *
7 5E* 10 6 8 16 5E* 5E*

F
15 15 16 21* 11 9E 8E 19* 37* 22* 12E 13 10E 11 17* 22*
26 21* 32 21* 31 20 28* 28* 24 20* 24 30 32 28 26 22
18 19 17 7* 28 8E 20* 24* 13E 6E* 13E* 21* 39 25 15* 9*
15 17 13 23* 8 22 18 11*
F
19 24* 13 23* 15 26 21 13* 16E* 20* 26* 20* 9E 17 26* 16
9* 9E* 6E 4E 8E 5E 8
23* 16E* 10E 7E 12 12E 22*
APPENDIX: A Table 13: Harm in the past 12 months from own drinking among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2004 - 2009
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
E F
22 23 20 44 20 12E
F
21 22 19 34 18 15 22E 32 12 35 25 12E 6E
23 26 20 37 21 17 27E 40 9 42 24 12E 11E
44 6E 49 21E 8E
F
APPENDIX: A Table 14: Harm in the past 12 months from own drinking among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E *
23 26 20 37 21* 17* 27E 40* 9 42* 24* 12E 11E 12 24* 43*
APPENDIX: A Table 15: Harm from other people's drinking in past 12 months among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 - 2009
1996 %
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E *
55 54 56 76 52 50 26E 63 49 59 57 56 43
53 56 51 73 54 46 28E 64 44 58 57 53 41
56 60 51 78 56 49 29 63 50 64 51 52 52
53 56 49 66 53 50 33 62 44 56 63 49 41
51 53 48 65 55 44 35 59 43 59 52 49 38
n.s
n.s *
n.s n.s n.s n.s
n.s *
n.s n.s n.s n.s
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 16: Harm from other people's drinking in past 12 months among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 %
*
51 53
48 65 55* 44* 35* 59* 43 59* 52* 49* 38 45 50 61*
APPENDIX: A Table 17: Driving within an hour of drinking at least 2+ drinks among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009
1996 %
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E F *
21 29 10E 23E 23 16E

F
19 27 7E 23E 20 14
F
17 21 13 25E 18 14
F
14 18 8E 20E 13 13
F
13 16 8E 14E 16 10
F
* n.s
n.s * *
* *
24 19 17E 20E 24 21
26 15 24 18 17 13E
28 11 21E 14E 22 12E
19 10 20 16E 14E 5E
10 14 20 12E 16 11
n.s n.s * *
n.s
not significant; - No significance test.
APPENDIX: A Table 18: Driving within an hour of drinking at least 2+ drinks among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E *
13 16* 8E 14E 16 10
F
10* 14 20* 12E 16 11 14 12E 10
APPENDIX: A Table 19: Harmful and hazardous drinking (AUDIT) among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2004 and 2009 2004 % 2006 % 2009 %
E
41 52 29 63 46 26 19E 69 22 71 44 27 16E
37 44 28 48 36 34 18E 54 25 55 38 34 15
42 48 34 62 42 31 34 61 25 60 49 34 20
APPENDIX: A Table 20: Harmful and hazardous drinking (AUDIT) among current drinkers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
*
42 48* 34 62 42* 31* 34* 61* 25 60* 49* 34* 20 31 45* 58*
APPENDIX: A Table 21: Lifetime cannabis use among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996-2009 1996 % 2002 % 2004 % 2006 % 2009 %
Trend
E F *
53 58 48 56 66 42
F
56 61 52 67 65 53
F
60 68 51 71 66 59 14E 64 56 58 64 62 57
60 65 55 64 66 62 24 66 55 59 69 58 57
59 64 54 67 66 62 19E 66 53 61 60 60 57
* n.s * n.s n.s * * n.s * n.s n.s n.s
53 53 42 63 61 54
58 55 54 56 61 56
n.s
APPENDIX: A Table 22: Lifetime cannabis use among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 %
E
59 64*
54 67 66 62 19*E 66* 53 61 60 60 57 58 58 62
APPENDIX: A Table 23: Cannabis use in the past 12 months among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996-2009
1996 %
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E F *
16 20 11 29 19 5E
F
21 25 16 45 20 11
F
21 26 15 46 22 9E
F
20 26 13 36 23 13
F
20 25 16 41 24 10
F
n.s *
* * * -
23 10 23 17E 11E 7E
30 13 31 20 13 10E
30 12 32 21 16 7E
28 13 30 24 15 5E
28 13 32 24 11E 9E
n.s n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
n.s
APPENDIX: A Table 24: Cannabis use in the past 12 months among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 %
E F *
20 25* 16 41 24* 10*

F
28* 13 32* 24* 11E 9E 13 20* 32*
APPENDIX: A Table 25: Lifetime use of other illicit drugs among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2002 2009
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
2 E F *
16 19 12 14E 16 20
F
18 24 11 19 22 17
F
17 23 11 20 22 16
F
24 30 17 24 29 25
F
* *
* * * -
13 18 12 14 21 18
19 17 14 25 22 13E
15 19 15 21 19 15
25 23 22 29 26 20
* *
* * n.s n.s
Includes Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Ecstasy & Heroin. Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Significant difference at the .05 level;
n.s
APPENDIX: A Table 26: Lifetime use of other illicit drugs among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
24 30* 17 24 29 25
F
25 23 22 29* 26 20 26 24 19*
Includes Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Ecstasy & Heroin.

F *
High sampling variability - data was suppressed. Significant difference at the .05 level.
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A Table 27a: Any type of other illicit drug use (footnote 1) in past 12 months among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2002 2009 200 2 % Total Male Female Aboriginal Non- Aboriginal 15 to 39 40+
E F *
200 4 % 3E 5E
F
200 6 % 4 6E
F
200 9 % 4 6E 2E 6 2E 7
F
Tren d %
* * n.s * -
2E 2E
F F
4E
F
4E 3E 6
F
2E 2E
F
5
F
n.s
Significant difference at the .05 level; significance test.
not significant; - No
Footnote 1: Includes Cocaine, Hallucinogens, Speed, Heroin & Ecstasy.
APPENDIX: A Table 28: Cocaine/Crack and hallucinogen lifetime use among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 Cocaine or Crack % Lifetime Male Female Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal 15 - 39 40+ Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities In Past 12 Months
E F *
Hallucinogens % 20 24* 14 9* 15 21 18 16 26 23 17 22 20 15* 2E
11 13* 8 12 10 10 11 9 14 12 9 11 9E 11 1E
E
Footnote: No significance test due to high sampling variability.
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A Table 30: Smoking Status in past 12 months among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 Occasional %
Current %
Daily %
Former %
Never %
E F *
36 38 34 46 36* 32* 29* 55* 19 53* 43* 30* 10E 26 38 50*

*
25 27 24 26 25 26 21 38* 14 34* 31* 24* 7E 18 28 35*

*
11 11 10 20 11* 6E* 8E* 18* 4E 18* 12E* 6E

F
23 24 22 6E 18* 31* 46* 21 25 19* 18 29 30 22 26 23
41 38 43 48 46 36* 25* 24* 56 29* 40* 41* 60 52 35* 27*
8 10 15*
E
APPENDIX: A Table 30 (a): Average age of starting to smoke among current and former daily smokers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 2009 Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities 17.9 17.8 18.1 15.9 18.0 18.3 19.3 17.8 18.1 18.1 17.0 17.9 19.0 17.6 18.1 18.3
APPENDIX: A Table 31: Average number of smokes per day among daily smokers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009 1996 Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than secondary Secondary diploma Some post-secondary University degree 14 16 12 10 14 17 13 12 16 12 16 15 14 2002 15 16 14 12 15 17 14 14 16 14 15 17 15 2004 14 16 12 12 14 16 11E 12 17 13 16 14 11E 2006 12 14 11 12 11 14 11 10 15 11 12 14 11 2009 12 14 10 10 10 13 18 10 15 12 10 13 14 Trend
*
* *
n.s. * * n.s.
n.s. n.s.
n.s. * n.s. n.s.
n.s
APPENDIX: A Table 32: Average number of smokes per day among daily smokers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 2009 Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Less than High School High School Diploma Some Post-Secondary University Degree Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities 12 14* 10 10 10 13 18* 10* 15 12 10 13 14 15 12 9*
Reference category- basis of comparison for the other categories. * Significant difference at the .05 level
APPENDIX: A Table 33: Quit rates among ever smokers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009
1996 %
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E *
36 36 36 27E 33 42 56 25 47 26 36 41 63
31 31 30 11E 26 44 50 22 41 25 28 32 54
35 34 36 18E 31 42 56 23 50 24 34 31 74
38 37 38 18E 34 44 58 32 46 27 38 41 62
39 39 40 11E 33 49 61 27 58 26 29 49 75
n.s
n.s n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
n.s *
n.s n.s n.s n.s
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 34: Quit rates among ever smokers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E
39 39
40 11E 33* 49* 61* 27* 58 26* 29* 49* 75 46 40 31*
APPENDIX: A Table 34a: Exposure to second-hand smoke in homes every day or almost every day among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E *
20 22 18 26 11* 23 28 28* 14 32* 18* 17* 8E 15 21 27*
APPENDIX: A Table 34b: Exposure to second-hand smoke in vehicles at least once per week among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E *
24 29* 19 41 23* 19* 15*E 34* 15 36* 30* 18* 8E 19 21 35*
APPENDIX: A Table 35: Prevalence of lifetime chewing tobacco use among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009
1996 %
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
E *
16 23 9 19E 18 11E 19E 27 8 28 9E 10E 8E
18 27 7 19 19 14 21E 26 10 25 14 16 9E
19 27 11 25 19 17 15E 26 13 23 22 19 11E
19 28 8 17 19 19 18E 22 15 21 15 21 14
18 27 8 12E 24 17 12E 22 14 22 17 19 10E
n.s
n.s n.s
n.s * * n.s
n.s *
n.s * * n.s
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 36: Prevalence of lifetime chewing tobacco use among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E *
18 27* 8 12E 24* 17 12E 22* 14 22* 17* 19* 10E 16 13E 25*
APPENDIX: A Table 37: Prevalence of chewing tobacco use in the past 30 days among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009.
1996 %
2002 %
2004 %
2006 %
2009 %

E F
3E 3E 3E
F
4 5E 3E
F
3E
F
3E 3E 2E
F
2E 2E 3E
F
4E
F
3E
F F
5E 3E 8E 8
F
3E
F F
3E 3E
F
3E
F F
7E
F
6E
F
4E
F
5E
F
No significance test due to high sampling variability.
APPENDIX: A Table 38: Prevalence of chewing tobacco use in the past 30 days among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
Total Male Female 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+ Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities
E F
2E 2E 3E
F
3E
F F
5E
F
F F
6E
No significance test due to high sampling variability.
APPENDIX: A Table 39: Proportion of current gamblers among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009
1996 %
2002 %
2006 %
2009 %
Trend
*
78 81 76 75 82 73 84 84 75 78 81 83 68
n.s
73 73 73 73 75 73 69 80 67 76 74 74 66
72 73 71 67 73 73 76 76 68 72 74 76 63
71 70 72 64 77 74 59 76 67 63 76 81 68
* n.s
* n.s n.s *
* *
* n.s n.s n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 40: Proportion of current gamblers among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
*
71 70 72 64 77* 74* 59 76* 67 63 76 81* 68 68 81* 68
APPENDIX: A Table 41: Multiple types of gambling in past year among current gamblers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009. 1996 1 Type % 2002 2+ 1 Type % % 2006 2+ 1 Type % % 2009 2+ 1 Type % % Trend 2+ % 1 Type
2+
*
30 28 34 19 29 35 48 21 38 21 29 33 49
n.s
70 72 66 81 71 65 52 79 62 79 71 67 51
32 31 33 27 30 36 41 24 40 30 32 32 40
68 69 67 73 70 64 59 76 60 70 68 68 60
31 30 32 34 23 33 41 27 35 31 28 32 32
69 70 68 66 77 67 59 73 65 69 72 68 68
36 34 39 37 35 37 37 28 45 36 30 35 45
64 66 61 63 65 63 63 72 55 64 70 65 55
n.s n.s
n.s n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
* n.s
* n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
* n.s n.s n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 42: Multiple types of gambling in past year among current gamblers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 % 1 Type 2+
*
36 34 39 37 35 37 37 28* 45 36 30* 35 45 41 28 37
64 66 61 63 65 63 63 72* 55 64 70* 65 55 59 72* 63
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A
APPENDIX: A Table 45: Average money spent in a typical week of gambling among current gamblers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 2009
1996 $
2002 $
2006 $
2009 $
Trend
E *
45 45 45 45 45 43 53 60 33 70 32 30 35
45 44 46 44E 43 46 41 68 17 58 34E 50E 14E
44 44 45 46 45 40 52 62 24 62 39 39 22E
40 40 40 39E 33E 41 61 64 15 71 36 27 13E
n.s
n.s n.s
n.s n.s n.s n.s
n.s *
n.s n.s n.s *
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 46: Average money spent in a typical week of gambling among current gamblers aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009
E *
40 40 40 39E 33E 41 61* 64* 15 71* 36* 27* 13E 19 26* 86*
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Significant difference at the .05 level.
APPENDIX: A Table 47: Prevalence of regular gambling among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 1996 - 2009 1996 % 2002 % 2006 % 2009 %
Trend
E *
29 29 30 23E 27 33 44 39 22 41 26 27 12E
25 25 25 18 22 30 38 33 18 31 27 22 15
23 25 20 20 19 24 39 29 16 32 21 20 13
23 26 19 20 17 26 34 31 16 30 25 21 12E
n.s *
n.s * * n.s
* *
* n.s n.s n.s
n.s
not significant.
APPENDIX: A Table 48: Prevalence of regular gambling among residents aged 15+ by select demographics, NWT 2009 %
E *
23 26* 19 20 17 26 34* 31* 16 30* 25* 21* 12E 16 30* 29*
Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Significant difference at the .05 level.
APPENDIX: A Table 49: Sample sizes of each survey and the corresponding weighted samples by select demographics, NWT 1996 - 2009 1996
Weighted Sample
2002
Weighted Sample
2004
Weighted Sample
2006
Weighted Sample
2009
Weighted Sample
29,517 14,968 14,549 6,012 12,965 8,337 2,203 12,467 17,050 10,333 5,389 7,970 5,305
881 408 473 100 422 280 79 340 541 268 153 258 186
30,431 15,892 14,539 6,413 11,467 9,602 2,743 14,188 16,242 11,384 6,147 7,125 5,456
1,295 595 700 174 489 487 137 567 728 446 252 325 259
32,389 16,841 15,548 6,978 10,918 11,307 2,993 15,050 17,340 11,515 6,473 7,121 7,232
845 380 465 100 282 363 94 389 456 276 158 200 209
31,759 16,539 15,220 6,757 10,571 11,121 3,258 15,334 16,425 10,854 6,471 8,319 6,064
1,235 571 664 214 430 450 138 619 616 425 254 298 257
33,998 17,738 16,261 7,057 10,934 12,226 3,782 16,123 17,876 11,803 6,499 8,363 7,332
1,160 535 625 211 350 448 151 627 533 448 207 272 232

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2009 NWT Addictions Report

Further technical details on the methodology can be found in Appendix A.

2009 NWT Addictions Report

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1 to 3 Less than once a times/month month*

Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.

2009 NWT Addictions Report

2009 NWT Addictions Report

Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.

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No significance test due to 2004 to 2009 data only.

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Pooled1 19E 19E 62 69 14E 17E

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ILLICIT DRUG USE

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Cocaine/Crack Hallucinogens Speed Ecstasy Heroin

Moderate sampling variability - interpret with caution. Page 26

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Any Other Drug

Any Other Drug

No significance test due to 2004 to 2009 data only.

2009 NWT Addictions Report

Other Illicit 2 Cannabis 43

2009 NWT Addictions Report

Significant difference at the .05 level between 1996 and 2009.

2009 NWT Addictions Report

(%) Male Female

2009 NWT Addictions Report

(%) 15-24 25-39 40-59 60+

Significant difference at the .05 level. Occ. = Occasional

(%) Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal

Significant difference at the .05 level. Occ. = Occasional

2009 NWT Addictions Report

Significant difference at the .05 level. Occ. = Occasional

(%) Yellowknife Regional Centers Other Communities

Significant difference at the .05 level. Occ. = Occasional

2009 NWT Addictions Report