The Study on Words in the Book of Proverbs (Based on Proverbs 18:20-21)

By Chun-su Kim Submitted from Seoul, Korea in the year of 2011

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF FAITH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY

Table of Contents
I. II. Introduction Biblical values of words A. Divine purpose of words B. Function of words C. Judgment by words D. Biblical examples of words III. The relationship between words and character building IV. The relationship between spoken words and the principle of retribution V. The words of the wise and words of the righteous A. Words of the wise (Language of wisdom) B. Words of the righteous (Language of the righteous) VI. Edifying words for others A. Thoughtful words B. Gentle and kind words C. Words of exchanging reproach D. Positive words in various Biblical examples VII. Harmful words for others A. Lies (False testimony) B. Words of slander and gossips

C. Words of anger and arguments D. Words of flattery and boasting E. Negative words found in the other Scriptures F. Correctives for negative words VIII. Methodology: Introducing a practical text for implementing the usage of positive words A. Wordsa power of creation B. Power of words C. Thoughts D. Why words are powerful E. Fruit of lips F. Restoration of words G. Choosing words H. Words formation process (thoughtswordsactionhabitpersonalitylife) I. J. Prohibited words lies Prohibited words tale bearing

K. Prohibited words accusation L. Prohibited words criticism and slander M. Prohibited words boasting N. Prohibited words curse O. Prohibited words profane and vain words P. Prohibited words dispute

Q. Prohibited words defiled words R. Prohibited words grumblings and complaints S. Mandated words Good words I T. Mandated words Good words II U. Mandated words praising others V. Mandated words praising God IX. Conclusion a. Results b. Discussion c. Recommendations Bibliography

I.

Introduction

We live in a world where abusive language is prevalent. Whether at homes, schools or workplaces, todays Christians are bombarded with words that build a person or destroy a person. In this sense, we are all alike in a constant warfare with words. Despite the raging waves of uncontrolled words, the Bible has remained faithful from the beginning in its teaching about the correct use of language. It tells us that our words will be accounted for a greater purpose than what we observe in our society. The Bible clearly states it is essential to understand our own words will judge us in the Second Coming of the Lord. A true believer diligently prepares for his departure from this world, as he believes that one day he will face his judgment whether it may be his personal judgment day or the universal judgment, the Great Judgment at the Second Coming. Enoch, the seventh descendant from Adam, gives a stunning warning to all believers: the judgment will not only convict ones deeds but also the words. Such condemned words are: harsh sayings, grumblings, finding faults, following lusts, arrogance and flattery.
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And about these also Enoch, [in] the seventh [generation] from Adam, prophesied, saying, "Behold, the Lord came with many thousands of His holy ones, 15 to execute judgment upon all, and to convict all the ungodly of all their ungodly deeds which they have done in an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him. 16 These are grumblers, finding fault, following after their [own] lusts; they speak arrogantly, flattering people for the sake of [gaining an] advantage. (Jude 1:14-16 NASB) Words are important because they impart the speakers view of life and character as well as soul and mind. Words without ones soul and mind are nothing but sounds .

According to the above verse, it is clear that Enoch understood his own warnings because he himself achieved the ultimate goal in our Christian faith; he never saw death and was taken up to the heaven (Heb 11:5). Considering such ultimate consequence of correct usage of words, todays Christians must always be preparing for their end time by examining their speech life according to Gods guidelines presented throughout the Bible. Among many books in the Bible, the book of Proverbs speaks extensively on correct and incorrect usages of words. Such extensive occurrence of words in the Proverbs and positive expressions within those occurrences are statistically summarized in the chart below. The chart indicates that the book of Proverbs deals with words more frequently than with other topics. This demonstrates that the Proverbs places great importance on words, except in chapters one through nine which bear relatively greater theological interest than the other chapters. The table also informs that the book presents positive and negative usages of words at a similar frequency.
Chapters Division 1-9 10-15 16-24 25-27 28-29 Rate of the Words Almost none 16.3% 21.5% 34% 15.4% 55% 27% 18% 39% Positive Expression

The book of Proverbs encourages correct usage of words and compares it to precious treasure. It states that the righteous are trustworthy and praises the proven 6

language and the words of the wise. Beautifully expressed words and sentences not only delight listeners but persuade them also, and therefore such usages of words have become symbols of the wise. Kind words are wholesome and bring joy to others. Soft words are persuasive whereas abusive words provoke anger. This dissertation project aims to categorize the Proverbs teachings on language based on the biblical examples of the correct words and incorrect words usages throughout the scriptures. The study will first observe the value and divine purpose of language, the classifications of correct and incorrect use of language, and consequences of such usages demonstrated in the Scriptures. Based on these observations, the study will then draw a comprehensive conclusion and propose a practical application for godly usage of words in everyday life.

II.

Value of Language

Proverbs 18:20-21 (NASB)1 speak of the precious value of language and satisfaction from the fruits of words. Verse Prov 18:20a Prov 18:20b Prov 18:21a Prov 18:21b Message With the fruit of a man's mouth his stomach will be satisfied; He will be satisfied with the product of his lips. Death and life are in the power of the tongue, And those who love it will eat its fruit.

Proverbs 18:20a speaks of fruit of a mouth, and 20b speaks of product of lips. Both Prov 12:14 and Prov 13:2 use the same expression for the product of lips. Prov 18:4 uses a similar expression, the words of a mans mouth. Proverbs 12:14 say that one will be satisfied with the product of his lips. Here, the meaning of fruit of lips can be understood as a statement of a general principle in connection to the preceding verse in Prov 12:13. The words spoken with a malicious intention will have their inevitable flaws, resulting in distress. Such principle applies to all people without exception. This holds true also in the contrary. He whose deeds and words are deemed righteous, or flawless, will avoid such distress. This general principle also applies to Prov 12:14. One is held responsible for the consequences of his words and deeds. Such principle2 is another expression of the cause-and-effect law. The wisdom literature of the Bible interprets that it is the Lord God who establishes such rule of the cause-and-effect.

1 2

All scriptural references are from New American Standard Version (NASB) unless noted otherwise. This is clearly stated in Prov 12:14b: And the deeds of a man's hands will return to him.

Same expression is seen in Prov 13:2 as well. It is notable that the parallel verses refer to the negative consequence of language. From the fruit of a mans mouth he enjoys good, but the desire of the unfaithful is violence. 3 Proverbs 18:4 states, The words of a mans mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a bubbling brook. Here, comparing the words of a man to wisdom stresses the two sides of wisdom. The understanding of the wise will always spring forth and never dry out like a deep spring. It is the same when a mans lips hold such wisdom. The verse 18:21 explains that a mans word can determine his life or death ; he is ruled by his tongue. This indicates that the life and death, under Gods sovereign rule (Deut 30:15; Jer 21:8), is influenced by the work of a mans tongue. Although tongue is a small instrument, its impact is tremendous: So also the tongue is a small part of the body, and yet it boasts of great things. See how great a forest is set aflame by such a small fire! 6 And the tongue is a fire, the very world of iniquity; the tongue is set among our members as that which defiles the entire body, and sets on fire the course of our life, and is set on fire by hell (Jas 3:5-6). However, men can freely use such instrument, but it comes with accountability. The book presents various prohibited words for daily application as the path to attain life. Righteous will attain life (Prov 11:19). He who hates bribes will live (Prov 15:27). Also, he who guards his mouth preserves his life (Prov 13:3). The ancient wisdom literatures viewed the words of the righteous as the source of life because such words

The law of cause-and-effect applies here, too. It is understood that those with violence will receive the consequences of such harm in return.

preserve a communitys well being (Prov 10:11), and a soothing tongue was compared to the tree of life (Prov 15:4). Verse 18:21b reiterates the general, yet profound principle of language: He who controls his tongue will eat its fruit. This is the causal and effect relationship. The cause and-effect law provides a question as well as an answer regarding the order between a preceding and consequential event. An important task in understanding the wisdom literatures is to overcome our inclination to accept coincidence. The coincidence refers to events that do not bear intrinsic inevitability. It denies the order that governs the consequence of an event. Hence, we must not forget that behind every incident is the law of correlation, and it is the Lord God who governs this law and guards the order of events in our lives.

A. The purpose of words

1. For God
a. To worship Hosea 14:2 states, Take with you words, and turn to the LORD: say unto him, Take away all iniquity, and receive us graciously: so will we render the calves of our lips. This indicates that Gods purpose of making our lips was so that we can worship God. b. To praise As the author confesses in Psalm 119:171, Let my lips utter praise, For You teach me Your statutes.

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c. To give thanks First Thessalonians 5:18 states, In everything give thanks; for this is God 's will for you in Christ Jesus. Although there are many ways to give thanks through our time, possessions, and our bodies the most universal way for all men to begin thanksgiving is through the lips. d. To pray Jeremiah 33:3 entreats, Call to Me and I will answer you, and I will tell you great and mighty things, which you do not know. This verse testifies that Gods purpose in making our lips is for us to pray.

2. For people and children

a. To receive salvation According to Romans 10:10 which says, for with the heart a person believes, resulting in righteousness, and with the mouth he confesses, resulting in salvation, salvation cannot be attained at the stage of believing in heart only; it must be accompanied by the confession of our faith with our lips. Gods purpose for giving us our lips is so that our souls can be saved through our lips. b. To praise others According to Prov 27:2 that says, Let another praise you, and not your own mouth; a stranger, and not your own lips, praising should not come from our own mouths but from another person. This means that our lips were given to praise others and not ourselves.

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c. To proclaim ordinances The psalmist states in Psalm 119:13, With my lips I have told of all the ordinances of Your mouth, and testifies that Gods purpose of making our lips is to proclaim Gods ordinances. d. To feed others Proverbs 10:21 states, The lips of the righteous feed many, but fools die for lack of understanding, which tells us God made our lips so that we may feed and instruct many people. e. To supplicate for the poor and needy Proverbs 31:8-9 says, Open your mouth for the mute, for the rights of all the unfortunate. Open your mouth, judge righteously, and defend the rights of the afflicted and needy. God gave us our mouths so that we can defend the mute, unfortunate, afflicted and needy. f. To teach others

First Timothy 4:11-13 commands the following: Command and teach these things. Let no one despise you for your youth, but set the believers an example in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith, in purity. Until I come, devote yourself to the public reading of Scripture, to exhortation, to teaching. (1 Tim 4:11-13 ESV) The apostle Paul instructs us to show us as examples to all believers and train up a child in the way he should go until the Lords second coming (Prov 22:6). g. To preach the Gospel The apostle Paul exhorts in 2 Timothy 4:2, Preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort, with great patience and instruction. The word here 12

refers to the gospel. Since the gospel is delivered through the mouth, God gave us our mouths to preach this gospel.

3. For our lives

a. To desire life and see good days First Peter 3:10-11 states, For "Whoever desires to love life and see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit; 11 let him turn away from evil and do good; let him seek peace and pursue it . (1 Pet 3:1011 ESV) This verse tells us that one of Gods benevolent purposes in giving us our tongues is so that we can desire life and see good days. b. To conquer and rule God commanded us to live in prosperity, and this is reflected in Gen 1:28, God blessed them; and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth." (Gen 1:28 NASB) God has granted us our lips as a means to fulfill this command to live such prosperous life. c. To be liberated from illnesses Peter commanded the lame and freed him from his illness with his words: I do not possess silver and gold, but what I do have I give to you: In the name of Jesus Christ the Nazarene-- walk!" (Acts 3:6). Likewise, God has made our lips so that we may be liberated from illnesses and enjoy healthy and happy life.

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B. The function of words

The Bible acknowledges the power of words. The opening pages in the Bible speak of the Word that gave birth to the universe. When God said Let there be light the day and night were created. When He spoke next, the heavens and the earth were separated, the waters and the land were separated, and the sun, moon and stars appeared. When God called forth the trees, plants, animals and fish, all came into their existence. 4 God, who created all things with His Word, did not hold such power only to Himself. After creating the man after His own image and likeness, God also gave this power of words to man.5 In his book, Use Gods Wordthe Sword of the Spirit, Kwansup Shim equates the power of our words we speak to the power of creation, power of faith, power to be born again, power to restore life, the power to heal, the power to free, the power of wisdom, the power of consolation, the power of support, power of joy, power of peace, the power of sanctification, power of exorcism, power of victory, power of omnipotence.6 Surely, these powers of words do not come from the words themselves. The words gain power when the Holy Spirit works within a person to accomplish Gods good will. Such power of words is also evident in the fact that speaking is an indispensible part of our everyday life, no matter where we are or what we do. We begin our day with time to wake up and end it with good night. We speak in our beds, bathrooms, living
4 5 6

William R Baker Pil Park, Your words will build happiness (Seoul: Kukmin Ilbo, 2006), 10. Kwan-sup Shim, Use the Word of God the Sword of the Spirit (Seoul: Solomon, 2001), 9.

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rooms, kitchens, cars, stores, workplaces and conference rooms. We speak to our spouses, children, friends, relatives, neighbors and coworkers. This is something all human beings do. Most of the times, we continue to speak without any interferences or realization of how crucial our words are in our daily life. Our communication skills allow us to perform creative works. Simply put, because we speak, we are human.7 Because our word usage is so extensive, they can also be powerfully destructive in three ways, regardless of whether they are argumentative words out of good intention or a careless slip of ones tongue. First, it can destroy our relationship with God. Second, it can destroy our relationship with our beloved ones. Third, it can even destroy our relationship with ourselves.8 Hence, the words we speak are important not only because they are the means to express our beliefs and characters, but also because our fate can be determined by the contents and expressions of our words. 9 Negative words will emit negative waves that will draw negative people to us, and our lives will become a negative life altogether. The words of criticism will emit waves of criticism that will draw people who like to criticize and thus nest a criticizing environment. On the contrary, happy words will emit happy waves that will draw happy people to us and thus harbor happy environment. 10

Paul David Tripp, War of Words: Getting to the heart of Our Communication Struggles (P&R Publishing, 2000), 13. 8 Joseph Stowel, 2. 9 Jung-sung Choi, Learning the Power of Praise and Words from the Bible (Seoul:Hope, 2006), 128. 10 Young-mo Ryu, Life Changes When Your Thoughts, Faith, Dream, and Words Change (Seoul: Alpha Korea, 2009), 93.

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Words can hurt as well as heal. Therefore, we must clearly understand how important our words are.11 Pil Park asserts that words can impact our body, influences our thoughts and minds, and govern our actions. Furtherm ore, our words authority, or its function, can mold our environment and fate, transforms our self-image, and ultimately is powerful enough to move God (Joel 2:15-18). Between the vestibule and the altar let the priests, the ministers of the LORD, weep and say, "Spare your people, O LORD, and make not your heritage a reproach, a byword among the nations. Why should they say among the peoples, 'Where is their God?'" Then the LORD became jealous for his land and had pity on his people. (Joel 2:17-18 ESV) Hebrew 4:12 also testifies to the power of the word: For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. (Heb 4:12 ESV) James 3:6 also describes the function of words, that is, the power of words: And the tongue is a fire, a world of unrighteousness. The tongue is set among our members, staining the whole body, setting on fire the entire course of life, and set on fire by hell (Jas 3:6 ESV) Jung-sung Choi discusses the power of our words based on Rom 10:10 (ESV) which say, For with the heart one believes and is justified, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved. He asserts that we cannot become Christians only by believing in our hearts; we must also confess with our mouths.12

11 12

Pil Park, Your Words Will Bring Happiness (Seoul: Kukmin Ilbo, 2010), 10. Jung-sung Choi, Learning the Power of Praise and Words from the Bible (Seoul: Hope, 2006), 140.

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Hence, our mouths enable us to receive the ticket to the kingdom of heaven, and for this reason, God also attaches ministering angels to each of us throughout our lives. Our words can either bound or loosen the angels that accompany us. For example, if we say, Nothing ever works out for me. I will never pay off this debt, then, these very words will bound our angels. These angels who are bound by our own words will not be able to bring us prosperity. Angels carry out Gods commands and heed only to the sounds of accepting and confessing of Gods words.13 The functional power of words was also proved through scientific methods. In his book Water Knows the Answers, Emoto Masaru said, Perhaps words are like a switch, or even a remote control, that can tune into the frequencies of all things in this universe.14 Masaru scientifically proved a very amazing phenomenon: when positive words were spoken to water, the water transformed its crystal structure in such way that the water became beneficial to human body, but when negative words were spoken to the water, the water transformed into structure that is harmful in human body. This discovery demonstrated how powerfully influential words are even in physical realm. Just as nails are attracted to a magnetic force, our words are like a magnet where negative words will attract misfortunes and curses and positive words will attract happiness and blessings. In other words, both blessings and curses are drawn in through our mouths. Hence, words function in ways that they may lead our souls to the kingdom

13 14

Charles Capps, Success Motivation through the Word, trans. Ki-woon Choi (Seoul: Bethany, 1996), 155. Emoto Masaru, Water Knows the Answers II: Hidden Messages in Water Crystals, trans. Uk-kwang Yang (Seoul: Namusaram, 2002), 75.

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of heaven or to the hell, and they exert power to make our lives happy or miserable in this world.

C. Judgment by words
1. God, the maker of our lips, is listening to all that we say.
A maker is thoroughly aware of his own product. Likewise, God has made our lips and He is able to hear all that we say, as David confessed in Psalm 139:4, Even before a word is on my tongue, behold, O LORD, you know it altogether, and as Num 14:28 which states, Say to them, As I live, declares the LORD, what you have said in my hearing I will do to you. Isaiah 57:19 also testifies to the Lords power of creating the fruit of the lips.

2. Judgment while on this earth

Proverb 18:20-21 promises, From the fruit of a man's mouth his stomach is satisfied; he is satisfied by the yield of his lips. Death and life are in the power of the tongue, and those who love it will eat its fruits. Matthew 12:35 also states, The good person out of his good treasure brings forth good, and the evil person out of his evil treasure brings forth evil. We will examine in detail through upcoming examples of happy and unfortunate cases which prove that these words of promise have been fulfilled to all people who speak throughout their lives. Through Rom 10:9-10, If you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart one believes and is justified, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved, and

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Prov 21:23, Whoever keeps his mouth and his tongue keeps himself out of trouble , God who granted us our mouths said that whether our lives become prosperous, or our souls enter either the kingdom of heaven or the hell will be determined by our mouths.

3. Judgment in the heaven

Malachi 3:13 states, Your words have been hard against me, says the LORD. But you say, How have we spoken against you? This verse portrays us standing before the judgment throne, without knowing that the words we spoke were sinful, or far worse, knowing that they were sinful yet dont remember what they were. God points out also in Prov 6:2, . . . you are snared in the words of your mouth, caught in the words of your mouth, and in Matt 12:36-37, I tell you, on the day of judgment people will give account for every careless word they speak, for by your words you will be justified, and by your words you will be condemned." It is solemnly evident that when we depart from this world and stand before the judgment throne, we will be strictly judged according to the record of our words, regardless of our excuses.

D. Biblical Cases
1. Happy Cases
a. Words that receive sojourners Abraham who saw the fulfillment of the promise for a son after 25 years Genesis 18:1-10 states: 19

Comment [JLR1]: Long Scripture quotes such as this should not be used. They help the writer reach the proper word count but only the relevant portion of Scripture should be cited. The same is true for the rest of this chapter. (10 ) . , . .

And the LORD appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat at the door of his tent in the heat of the day. 2 He lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, three men were standing in front of him. When he saw them, he ran from the tent door to meet them and bowed himself to the earth 3 and said, "O Lord, if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by your servant. 4 Let a little water be brought, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree, 5 while I bring a morsel of bread, that you may refresh yourselves, and after that you may pass on - since you have come to your servant." So they said, "Do as you have said." 6 And Abraham went quickly into the tent to Sarah and said, "Quick! Three seahs1 of fine flour! Knead it, and make cakes." 7 And Abraham ran to the herd and took a calf, tender and good, and gave it to a young man, who prepared it quickly. 8 Then he took curds and milk and the calf that he had prepared, and set it before them. And he stood by them under the tree while they ate. 9 They said to him, "Where is Sarah your wife?" And he said, "She is in the tent." 10 The LORD said, "I will surely return to you about this time next year, and Sarah your wife shall have a son." And Sarah was listening at the tent door behind him. (Gen 18:1-10 ESV) According to this passage, the blessing God promised 25 years ago, which blessed Abraham to be the father of nations with descendants as numerous as the stars in the heaven and the sand in the shores, was brought about by Abrahams hospitable words to the sojourners: O Lord, if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by your servant. Let a little water be brought, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree, while I bring a morsel of bread, that you may refresh yourselves, and after that you may pass on. Abraham who could hear Gods plan Genesis 18:16-21 states: Then the men set out from there, and they looked down toward Sodom. And Abraham went with them to set them on their way. 17 The LORD said, "Shall I hide from Abraham what I am about to do, 18 seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him? 19 For I have chosen him, that he may command his children and his household after him to 20
Comment [JLR2]: I dont see indication of this in the passage itself; and how would that agree with Genesis 17 which already promised Isaacs birth? ( ) . 17 ?

keep the way of the LORD by doing righteousness and justice, so that the LORD may bring to Abraham what he has promised him." 20 Then the LORD said, "Because the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is great and their sin is very grave, 21 I will go down to see whether they have done altogether according to the outcry that has come to me. And if not, I will know." (Gen 18:16-21 ESV) This passage tells us that God foretold Abraham, who had so well received the sojourners, about His plan to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah with fire and brimstone. Lot who was delivered from the judgment by brimstone and fire Genesis 19:1-3, verse 12-13, and verses 23-25 say the following: The two angels came to Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them and bowed himself with his face to the earth 2 and said, "My lords, please turn aside to your servant's house and spend the night and wash your feet. Then you may rise up early and go on your way." They said, "No; we will spend the night in the town square." 3 But he pressed them strongly; so they turned aside to him and entered his house. And he
made them a feast and baked unleavened bread, and they ate . . . 12Then the men said to Lot, "Have you anyone else here? Sons-in-law, sons, daughters, or anyone you have in the city, bring them out of the place. 13 For we are about to destroy this place, because the outcry against its people has become 23 great before the LORD, and the LORD has sent us to destroy it" . . . The

sun had risen on the earth when Lot came to Zoar. 24 Then the LORD rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the LORD out of heaven. 25 And he overthrew those cities, and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground. (Gen 19:1-3, 12-13, 23-25 ESV) This passage also informs us that Lot and his family were delivered from the wrath of raining fire and brimstone because Lot had so well received the sojourners with such hospitability: My lords, please turn aside to your servants house and spend the night and wash your feet. Rebekah who was able to meet her husband whom God prepared

Comment [JLR3]: The Bible does not say this, so at best it is implied. What the Bible does say is that Lot was rescued for the sake of Abraham, i.e. in answer to Abrahams request that God not sweep away the righteous with the wicked. . . . , .

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Genesis 24:16-20 and 58-60 demonstrate another case where hospitable words were spoken: The young woman was very attractive in appearance, a maiden whom no man had known. She went down to the spring and filled her jar and came up. 17 Then the servant ran to meet her and said, "Please give me a little water to drink from your jar." 18 She said, "Drink, my lord." And she quickly let down her jar upon her hand and gave him a drink. 19 When she had finished giving him a drink, she said, "I will draw water for your camels also, until they have finished drinking." 20 So she quickly emptied her jar into the trough and ran again to the well to draw water, and she drew for all his camels . . . 58And they called Rebekah and said to her, "Will you go with this man?" She said, "I will go." 59 So they sent away Rebekah their sister and her nurse, and Abraham's servant and his men. 60 And they blessed Rebekah and said to her, "Our sister, may you become thousands of ten thousands, and may your offspring possess the gate of those who hate them!" (Gen 24:16-20, 58-60 ESV) Rebekahs words extended her kindness not only to the sojourning servant of Abraham but also to his camels, and thus she treated all of them to water (v. 18-20). By her words, Rebekah ended up receiving the blessing of becoming the ancestor of our Savior, Jesus (v. 58-60). Abigail who became a queen of Israel First Samuel 25:23-35 and 39-42: When Abigail saw David, she hurried and got down from the donkey and fell before David on her face and bowed to the ground. 24 She fell at his feet and said, "On me alone, my lord, be the guilt. Please let your servant speak in your ears, and hear the words of your servant. 25 Let not my lord regard this worthless fellow, Nabal, for as his name is, so is he. Nabal is his name, and folly is with him. But I your servant did not see the young men of my lord, whom you sent. 26 Now then, my lord, as the LORD lives, and as your soul lives, because the LORD has restrained you from bloodguilt and from saving with your own hand, now then let your enemies and those who seek to do evil to my lord be as Nabal. 27 And now let this present that your servant has brought to my lord be given to the young men who follow my lord. 28 Please 22
Comment [JLR4]: Isnt it rather by her deeds in fulfillment of her words? The Bible does not commend those who say nice words volunteering but then do not fulfill them like Israel on Mt. Sinai All that the Lord has spoken we will do but then worshiped the golden calf. , , , ? . , , .

forgive the trespass of your servant. For the LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house, because my lord is fighting the battles of the LORD, and evil shall not be found in you so long as you live. 29 If men rise up to pursue you and to seek your life, the life of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of the living in the care of the LORD your God. And the lives of your enemies he shall sling out as from the hollow of a sling. 30 And when the LORD has done to my lord according to all the good that he has spoken concerning you and has appointed you prince over Israel, 31 my lord shall have no cause of grief or pangs of conscience for having shed blood without cause or for my lord taking vengeance himself. And when the LORD has dealt well with my lord, then remember your servant." 32 And David said to Abigail, "Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who sent you this day to meet me! 33 Blessed be your discretion, and blessed be you, who have kept me this day from bloodguilt and from avenging myself with my own hand! 34 For as surely as the LORD the God of Israel lives, who has restrained me from hurting you, unless you had hurried and come to meet me, truly by morning there had not been left to Nabal so much as one male." 35 Then David received from her hand what she had brought him. And he said to her, "Go up in peace to your house. See, I have obeyed your voice, and I have granted your petition." (1 Sam 25:23-35 ESV) When David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, "Blessed be the LORD who has avenged the insult I received at the hand of Nabal, and has kept back his servant from wrongdoing. The LORD has returned the evil of Nabal on his own head." Then David sent and spoke to Abigail, to take her as his wife. 40 When the servants of David came to Abigail at Carmel, they said to her, "David has sent us to you to take you to him as his wife." 41 And she rose and bowed with her face to the ground and said, "Behold, your handmaid is a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord." 42 And Abigail hurried and rose and mounted a donkey, and her five young women attended her. She followed the messengers of David and became his wife. (1 Sam 25:3942 ESV) By providing food and gifts to sojourning David and his young men, Abigail was able to prevent bloodshed (v. 33) and later received the honor of becoming Davids wife (v. 40).

Comment [JLR5]: Yes but these are her works, not her words. For this dissertation, Abigails words in pacifying David should be studied, especially how they were backed up with actions. I.e. they were not merely words, or empty words. . . , . , , , .

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b. Words of faith Joshua and Caleb entered the Blessed Land by their proclamation of faith The examples are found in Num 13:1-3, 14:6-10, 26-30, 36-38: The LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 2 "Send men to spy out the land of Canaan, which I am giving to the people of Israel. From each tribe of their fathers you shall send a man, everyone a chief among them." 3 So Moses sent them from the wilderness of Paran, according to the command of the LORD, all of them men who were heads of the people of Israel. (Num 13:1-3 ESV) And Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, who were among those who had spied out the land, tore their clothes 7 and said to all the congregation of the people of Israel, "The land, which we passed through to spy it out, is an exceedingly good land. 8 If the LORD delights in us, he will bring us into this land and give it to us, a land that flows with milk and honey. 9 Only do not rebel against the LORD. And do not fear the people of the land, for they are bread for us. Their protection is removed from them, and the LORD is with us; do not fear them." 10 Then all the congregation said to stone them with stones. But the glory of the LORD appeared at the tent of meeting to all the people of Israel. (Num 14:6-10 ESV) And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying, 27 "How long shall this wicked congregation grumble against me? I have heard the grumblings of the people of Israel, which they grumble against me. 28 Say to them, 'As I live, declares the LORD, what you have said in my hearing I will do to you: 29 your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness, and of all your number, listed in the census from twenty years old and upward, who have grumbled against me, 30 not one shall come into the land where I swore that I would make you dwell, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun. (Num 14:26-30 ESV) And the men whom Moses sent to spy out the land, who returned and made all the congregation grumble against him by bringing up a bad report about the land- 37 the men who brought up a bad report of the land- died by plague before the LORD. 38 Of those men who went to spy out the land, only Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of Jephunneh remained alive. (Num 14:36-38 ESV)

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These passages show that only Joshua and Caleb proclaimed their words of faith to the remaining 10 spies who were giving negative report. As result, of 603550 men who had come out of Egypt, Joshua and Caleb were the only ones to enter the blessed Land, Canaan, which God promised. David triumphed in the battle by his proclamation of faith First Samuel 17:4-7 and 45-51 provides the narration of this case: And there came out from the camp of the Philistines a champion named Goliath of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. 5 He had a helmet of bronze on his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail, and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze. 6 And he had bronze armor on his legs, and a javelin of bronze slung between his shoulders. 7 The shaft of his spear was like a weaver's beam, and his spear's head weighed six hundred shekels of iron. And his shield-bearer went before him. (1 Sam 17:4-7 ESV) Then David said to the Philistine, "You come to me with a sword and with a spear and with a javelin, but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied. 46 This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand, and I will strike you down and cut off your head. And I will give the dead bodies of the host of the Philistines this day to the birds of the air and to the wild beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel, 47 and that all this assembly may know that the LORD saves not with sword and spear. For the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you into our hand." 48 When the Philistine arose and came and drew near to meet David, David ran quickly toward the battle line to meet the Philistine. 49 And David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead. The stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the ground. 50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and struck the Philistine and killed him. There was no sword in the hand of David. 51 Then David ran and stood over the Philistine and took his sword and drew it out of its sheath and killed him and cut off his head with it. When the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled. (1 Sam 17:45-51 ESV)

Comment [JLR6]: Yes but the key here is their faith, of which their words were the expression. It is possible to speak words that sound like Joshua and Caleb and not have Biblical faith. We see an example of this in Judges 18:9-10 the men from Dan sounded good but what they were advocating was disobedience, urging their comrades to conquer a land not belonging to them. So, with respect to Joshua and Calebs situation, I think you should focus on how the words of Joshua and Caleb showed their faith, and how the words of the other spies displayed unbelief which spread like an infection to the rest of the people. . . . 18:9-10 . , . . , , , , ( ) . Comment [JLR7]: Again, it was by his faith, not the proclamation of it. It would be worthwhile to go into some detail about what his words showed about his faith. , , . .

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Against Goliath who had been completely militarized, David proclaimed You come to me with a sword and with a spear and with a javelin, but I come to you in the name of the Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied (v.45). Because of these words of faith David defeated Goliath in this battle. c. Words of Encouragement Words of encouragement by a young maid of Naamans wife led to the healing of leprosy in Naaman the commander of the king of Syria. Second Kings 5:1-4 and 14 gives narration of this case: Naaman, commander of the army of the king of Syria, was a great man with his master and in high favor, because by him the LORD had given victory to Syria. He was a mighty man of valor, but he was a leper. 2 Now the Syrians on one of their raids had carried off a little girl from the land of Israel, and she worked in the service of Naaman's wife. 3 She said to her mistress, "Would that my lord were with the prophet who is in Samaria! He would cure him of his leprosy." 4 So Naaman went in and told his lord, "Thus and so spoke the girl from the land of Israel." (2 Kgs 5:1-4 ESV) So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan, according to the word of the man of God, and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.(2 Kgs 5:14 ESV) These passages demonstrate how the words of encouragement from a little girl, an inferior maidservant, played a crucial role in healing the leprosy in Naaman who was a commander of the king of Syria, a great nation.

2. Unfortunate Cases
a. Words blurted out mindlessly Esau who lost the birthright 26

Genesis 25:27-34 speak about how Esau ended up losing his birthright: When the boys grew up, Esau was a skillful hunter, a man of the field, while Jacob was a quiet man, dwelling in tents. 28 Isaac loved Esau because he ate of his game, but Rebekah loved Jacob. 29 Once when Jacob was cooking stew, Esau came in from the field, and he was exhausted. 30 And Esau said to Jacob, "Let me eat some of that red stew, for I am exhausted!" (Therefore his name was called Edom.) 31 Jacob said, "Sell me your birthright now." 32 Esau said, "I am about to die; of what use is a birthright to me?" 33 Jacob said, "Swear to me now." So he swore to him and sold his birthright to Jacob. 34 Then Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil stew, and he ate and drank and rose and went his way. Thus Esau despised his birthright. (Gen 25:27-34 ESV) This passage provides an important lesson to all of us. No matter how severe our affliction or hardship may be, we must not blurt out words mindlessly. Such words of Esau became the reflection of Esaus despise in his birthright (v. 34), which led to selling the birthright to his younger brother Jacob. Hence, Esau forsook his own blessing of becoming an ancestor of Jesus. A captain who were trampled to death by his own people This case is narrated in 2 Kings 7:1-2 and 16-20: But Elisha said, "Hear the word of the LORD: thus says the LORD, Tomorrow about this time a seah of fine flour shall be sold for a shekel, and two seahs of barley for a shekel, at the gate of Samaria." 2 Then the captain on whose hand the king leaned said to the man of God, "If the LORD himself should make windows in heaven, could this thing be?" But he said, "You shall see it with your own eyes, but you shall not eat of it." (2 Kgs 7:1-2 ESV) Then the people went out and plundered the camp of the Syrians. So a seah of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two seahs of barley for a shekel, according to the word of the LORD. 17 Now the king had appointed the captain on whose hand he leaned to have charge of the gate. And the people trampled him in the gate, so that he died, as the man of God had said when the king came down to him. 18 For when the man of God had said to the king, "Two seahs of barley shall be sold for 27

Comment [JLR8]: Here again words are only an expression of the heart, which is the real issue: Esau despised his birthright. So, should not the focus be on what the words reveal about the heart? , , . . . , ?

a shekel, and a seah of fine flour for a shekel, about this time tomorrow in the gate of Samaria," 19 the captain had answered the man of God, "If the LORD himself should make windows in heaven, could such a thing be?" And he had said, "You shall see it with your own eyes, but you shall not eat of it." 20 And so it happened to him, for the people trampled him in the gate and he died. (2 Kgs 7:16-20 ESV) According to these passages, a captain faced an unexpected death as the result of mindlessly blurting out the words of disbelief (v. 2).
Comment [JLR9]: As a result of unbelief, not of blurting out his unbelief , .

b. Words of mockery or slander Miriam who came down with leprosy Numbers 12:1 and 4-10 speak of how Miriam came down with leprosy: Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman whom he had married, for he had married a Cushite woman. (Num 12:1 ESV) And suddenly the LORD said to Moses and to Aaron and Miriam, "Come out, you three, to the tent of meeting." And the three of them came out. 5 And the LORD came down in a pillar of cloud and stood at the entrance of the tent and called Aaron and Miriam, and they both came forward. 6 And he said, "Hear my words: If there is a prophet among you, I the LORD make myself known to him in a vision; I speak with him in a dream. 7 Not so with my servant Moses. He is faithful in all my house. 8 With him I speak mouth to mouth, clearly, and not in riddles, and he beholds the form of the LORD. Why then were you not afraid to speak against my servant Moses?" 9 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against them, and he departed. 10 When the cloud removed from over the tent, behold, Miriam was leprous, like snow. And Aaron turned toward Miriam, and behold, she was leprous. (Num 12:4-10 ESV) At first, it might seem reasonable for a brother and sister to comment negatively on Moses marriage with a gentile woman. However, God differentiated their words as slander against Moses and sent the cursed disease, leprosy. This case provides us with a

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crucial lesson that seemingly reasonable comment could be words of slander that may draw in curses. Forty-two children who were torn by two female bears Second Kings 2:23-24 illustrated how we must be careful with our words: He went up from there to Bethel, and while he was going up on the way, some small boys came out of the city and jeered at him, saying, "Go up, you baldhead! Go up, you baldhead!" 24 And he turned around, and when he saw them, he cursed them in the name of the LORD. And two she-bears came out of the woods and tore forty-two of the boys. (2 Kgs 2:23-24 ESV) This passage showed that even our comments on the outer appearances of someone could become words of mockery against God who created and molded that person, and God, for that reason, allowed the boys to be torn by female bears. c. Words of jesting Lots sons-in-law who died in the rain of brimstone and fire
Genesis 19:12-14 and 24-25 provides this case:

Comment [JLR10]: The problem s one of envy. So this example could be used to show how people come up with words that mask the real issue: they say its about the wife of Moses but the real issue is they want to be seen as equal to Moses. In a sense then this is an example of deceptive words, is it not? . () : , . , ?

Comment [JLR11]: Words which come from mockers hearts .

Then the men said to Lot, "Have you anyone else here? Sons-in-law, sons, daughters, or anyone you have in the city, bring them out of the place. 13 For we are about to destroy this place, because the outcry against its people has become great before the LORD, and the LORD has sent us to destroy it." 14 So Lot went out and said to his sons-inlaw, who were to marry his daughters, "Up! Get out of this place, for the LORD is about to destroy the city." But he seemed to his sons-inlaw to be jesting. (Gen 19:12-14 ESV) Then the LORD rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the LORD out of heaven. 25 And he overthrew those cities, and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground. (Gen 19:24-25 ESV) Lots sons-in-law regarded Gods plan to be jesting (v. 14), and therefore they perished in the rain of brimstone and fire. 29
Comment [JLR12]: I am not sure what is the relevance of this to this study? .

d. Words of evil report Ten spies who were put to death because they gave bad report Numbers 13:1-2, 13:21-14:5, 14:21-23, 14:26-35 narrate this case: The LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 2 "Send men to spy out the land of Canaan, which I am giving to the people of Israel. From each tribe of their fathers you shall send a man, every one a chief among them." (Num 13:1-2 ESV) So they went up and spied out the land from the wilderness of Zin to Rehob, near Lebo-hamath. 22 They went up into the Negeb and came to Hebron. Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the descendants of Anak, were there. ( Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) 23 And they came to the Valley of Eshcol and cut down from there a branch with a single cluster of grapes, and they carried it on a pole between two of them; they also brought some pomegranates and figs. 24 That place was called the Valley of Eshcol, because of the cluster that the people of Israel cut down from there. 25 At the end of forty days they returned from spying out the land. 26 And they came to Moses and Aaron and to all the congregation of the people of Israel in the wilderness of Paran, at Kadesh. They brought back word to them and to all the congregation, and showed them the fruit of the land. 27 And they told him, "We came to the land to which you sent us. It flows with milk and honey, and this is its fruit. 28 However, the people who dwell in the land are strong, and the cities are fortified and very large. And besides, we saw the descendants of Anak there. 29 The Amalekites dwell in the land of the Negeb. The Hittites, the Jebusites, and the Amorites dwell in the hill country. And the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and along the Jordan." 30 But Caleb quieted the people before Moses and said, "Let us go up at once and occupy it, for we are well able to overcome it." 31 Then the men who had gone up with him said, "We are not able to go up against the people, for they are stronger than we are." 32 So they brought to the people of Israel a bad report of the land that they had spied out, saying, "The land, through which we have gone to spy it out, is a land that devours its inhabitants, and all the people that we saw in it are of great height. 33 And there we saw the Nephilim (the sons of Anak, who come from the Nephilim), and we seemed to ourselves like grasshoppers, and so we seemed to them." 14:1 Then all the congregation raised a loud cry, and the people wept that night. 2 And all the people of Israel grumbled against Moses and Aaron. The whole congregation said to them, "Would that we had died in the land of Egypt! Or would that we had died in this wilderness! 3 30

Why is the LORD bringing us into this land, to fall by the sword? Our wives and our little ones will become a prey. Would it not be better for us to go back to Egypt?" 4 And they said to one another, "Let us choose a leader and go back to Egypt." 5 Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly of the congregation of the people of Israel. (Num 13:21-14:5 ESV) But truly, as I live, and as all the earth shall be filled with the glory of the LORD, 22 none of the men who have seen my glory and my signs that I did in Egypt and in the wilderness, and yet have put me to the test these ten times and have not obeyed my voice, 23 shall see the land that I swore to give to their fathers. And none of those who despised me shall see it. (Num 14:21-23 ESV) And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying, 27 "How long shall this wicked congregation grumble against me? I have heard the grumblings of the people of Israel, which they grumble against me. 28 Say to them, 'As I live, declares the LORD, what you have said in my hearing I will do to you: 29 your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness, and of all your number, listed in the census from twenty years old and upward, who have grumbled against me, 30 not one shall come into the land where I swore that I would make you dwell, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun. 31 But your little ones, who you said would become a prey, I will bring in, and they shall know the land that you have rejected. 32 But as for you, your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness. 33 And your children shall be shepherds in the wilderness forty years and shall suffer for your faithlessness, until the last of your dead bodies lies in the wilderness. 34 According to the number of the days in which you spied out the land, forty days, a year for each day, you shall bear your iniquity forty years, and you shall know my displeasure.' 35 I, the LORD, have spoken. Surely this will I do to all this wicked congregation who are gathered together against me: in this wilderness they shall come to a full end, and there they shall die." (Num 14:26-35 ESV) Based on these passages, we can see that, not only the 10 spies who gave evil reports after spying on the land of Canaan for 40 days, but also all the people who agreed to their report could not enter Gods Promised Land, the blessed Canaan, and had to die in the wilderness.

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e. Words of grumbling Congregation were put to death because they grumbled against their leader Numbers 14:1-5 and 26-35 portray the grumblings of the Israelite congregation: Then all the congregation raised a loud cry, and the people wept that night. 2 And all the people of Israel grumbled against Moses and Aaron. The whole congregation said to them, "Would that we had died in the land of Egypt! Or would that we had died in this wilderness! 3 Why is the LORD bringing us into this land, to fall by the sword? Our wives and our little ones will become a prey. Would it not be better for us to go back to Egypt?" 4 And they said to one another, "Let us choose a leader and go back to Egypt." 5 Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly of the congregation of the people of Israel. (Num 14:1-5 ESV) And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying, 27 "How long shall this wicked congregation grumble against me? I have heard the grumblings of the people of Israel, which they grumble against me. 28 Say to them, 'As I live, declares the LORD, what you have said in my hearing I will do to you: 29 your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness, and of all your number, listed in the census from twenty years old and upward, who have grumbled against me, 30 not one shall come into the land where I swore that I would make you dwell, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun. 31 But your little ones, who you said would become a prey, I will bring in, and they shall know the land that you have rejected. 32 But as for you, your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness. 33 And your children shall be shepherds in the wilderness forty years and shall suffer for your faithlessness, until the last of your dead bodies lies in the wilderness. 34 According to the number of the days in which you spied out the land, forty days, a year for each day, you shall bear your iniquity forty years, and you shall know my displeasure.' 35 I, the LORD, have spoken. Surely this will I do to all this wicked congregation who are gathered together against me: in this wilderness they shall come to a full end, and there they shall die." (Num 14:26-35 ESV) Because they grumbled against their leader, Moses, God converted each day of the 40 days of spying into one year and sentenced them to bear their own sins for the total of 40 years in the wilderness. Such sentence from God demonstrated that God detested
Comment [JLR13]: Again I think the focus should be on what the words reveal about the heart. This example should also be studied from the point of view that God may heed your hastily and ill considered words: they wished they had died in the wilderness > God says therefore you will. These are words that they could not take back. What is the lesson for us? , . : . . . ?

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their words of grumbling so much that He left them to their deaths by preventing the entire grumbling congregation from entering the land of Canaan. The Israelites who died from being bitten by the fiery serpents Numbers 21:4-6 describe this case: From Mount Hor they set out by the way to the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom. And the people became impatient on the way. 5 And the people spoke against God and against Moses, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no food and no water, and we loathe this worthless food." 6 Then the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people, so that many people of Israel died. (Num 21:4-6 ESV) Despite of having experienced Gods guidance and provision to each and every need that the Israelites faced, they grumbled against God every time their desires were not satisfied. God thus sent fiery serpents and allowed them to be bitten and die.

f.

Words of dissensions and opposing the leader

Korah, Dathan, Abiram, On and 250 chiefs were swallowed up by the ground and went down alive into Sheol Number 16:1-2 and 30-35 describe this terrifying scene: Now Korah the son of Izhar, son of Kohath, son of Levi, and Dathan and Abiram the sons of Eliab, and On the son of Peleth, sons of Reuben, took men. 2 And they rose up before Moses, with a number of the people of Israel, 250 chiefs of the congregation, chosen from the assembly, well-known men. (Num 16:1-2 ESV) But if the LORD creates something new, and the ground opens its mouth and swallows them up with all that belongs to them, and they go down alive into Sheol, then you shall know that these men have despised the LORD." 31 And as soon as he had finished speaking all these words, the ground under them split apart. 32 And the earth 33

Comment [JLR14]: I think it would be appropriate to study what the words reveal about the heart they show themselves to be irrational, for example. This is also another good example of how bad words spread bad ideas like an infection. , . . , .

opened its mouth and swallowed them up, with their households and all the people who belonged to Korah and all their goods. 33 So they and all that belonged to them went down alive into Sheol, and the earth closed over them, and they perished from the midst of the assembly. 34 And all Israel who were around them fled at their cry, for they said, "Lest the earth swallow us up!" 35 And fire came out from the LORD and consumed the 250 men offering the incense. (Num 16:30-35 ESV) These passages are powerful testimony of Gods judgment against those people who separate themselves from the leader and create dissensions to rise against their leader. The ground opened up its mouth and swallowed such people with all that belonged to them their households and all people and things that belonged to Korah and they all went down alive into Sheol. God was so enraged that the fire came out from the Lord and consumed even the 250 men offering the incense (v. 35).

g. Words of complaints Leaders and congregation who could not enter the Promised Land of Blessing Number 20:2-12 state: Now there was no water for the congregation. And they assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. 3 And the people quarreled with Moses and said, "Would that we had perished when our brothers perished before the LORD! 4 Why have you brought the assembly of the LORD into this wilderness, that we should die here, both we and our cattle? 5 And why have you made us come up out of Egypt to bring us to this evil place? It is no place for grain or figs or vines or pomegranates, and there is no water to drink." 6 Then Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly to the entrance of the tent of meeting and fell on their faces. And the glory of the LORD appeared to them, 7 and the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 8 "Take the staff, and assemble the congregation, you and Aaron your brother, and tell the rock before their eyes to yield its water. So you shall bring water out of the rock for them and give drink to the congregation and their cattle." 9 And Moses took the staff from before the LORD, as he 34

commanded him. 10 Then Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly together before the rock, and he said to them, "Hear now, you rebels: shall we bring water for you out of this rock?" 11 And Moses lifted up his hand and struck the rock with his staff twice, and water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their livestock. 12 And the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "Because you did not believe in me, to uphold me as holy in the eyes of the people of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this assembly into the land that I have given them." (Num 20:2-12 ESV) Because of the Israelites complaints and slander agai nst their leader for not providing any water, Moses ended up ignoring Gods command to speak to the rock and struck the rock twice with his staff. Although the congregation and their livestock were able to drink from that water, because Moses didnt believe and Gods glory was not upheld in the eyes of the Israelites, God did not allow the assembly into the land of promise.

h. Words that ignore others Nabal died because he ignored a sojourner First Samuel 25:8-11 and 37-38 spoke of the cause of Nabals death: Ask your young men, and they will tell you. Therefore let my young men find favor in your eyes, for we come on a feast day. Please give whatever you have at hand to your servants and to your son David.'" 9 When David's young men came, they said all this to Nabal in the name of David, and then they waited. 10 And Nabal answered David's servants, "Who is David? Who is the son of Jesse? There are many servants these days who are breaking away from their masters. 11 Shall I take my bread and my water and my meat that I have killed for my shearers and give it to men who come from I do not know where?" (1 Sam 25:8-11 ESV) In the morning, when the wine had gone out of Nabal, his wife told him these things, and his heart died within him, and he became as a stone. 38 And about ten days later the LORD struck Nabal, and he died. (1 Sam 25:37-38 ESV)

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Verse 10 and 11 portrayed how Nabal put down David and didnt cooperate to help him. As result of disregarding a sojourners need, Nabal faced a tragic end. i. Words of betrayal
Comment [JLR15]: Nabals words themselves should be studied from the point of view of what they say about his unbelief. His dishonesty should be highlighted, for example. He pretends to not know the origin of Davids men. The issue is not so much neglecting a sojourner, as it is the issue that he is unwilling to help someone who is hunted by Saul. He is unbelieving that Samuel anointed David for God, unbelieving that David will become king (in contrast to his wife who believes and knows well that David will become king). His despising of David and its consequences (his own death) could also be studied from the point of view of I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you. .. . , : . , . , . ( . , .) ( ) .

Judas who hanged himself after handing over Jesus to the high priest Matthew 26:14-16, 47-50, and 27:1-5 give account of Judahs betrayal: Then one of the twelve, whose name was Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests 15 and said, "What will you give me if I deliver him over to you?" And they paid him thirty pieces of silver. 16 And from that moment he sought an opportunity to betray him. (Matt 26:14-16 ESV) While he was still speaking, Judas came, one of the twelve, and with him a great crowd with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the elders of the people. 48 Now the betrayer had given them a sign, saying, "The one I will kiss is the man; seize him." 49 And he came up to Jesus at once and said, "Greetings, Rabbi!" And he kissed him. 50 Jesus said to him, "Friend, do what you came to do." Then they came up and laid hands on Jesus and seized him. (Matt 26:47-50 ESV) When morning came, all the chief priests and the elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death. 2 And they bound him and led him away and delivered him over to Pilate the governor. 3 Then when Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned, he changed his mind and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders, 4 saying, "I have sinned by betraying innocent blood." They said, "What is that to us? See to it yourself." 5 And throwing down the pieces of silver into the temple, he departed, and he went and hanged himself. (Matt 27:1-5 ESV) After Judas betrayed and sold Jesus with his words and kiss, he hanged himself. Likewise, momentary words could sometimes lead us to self-destruction.

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III. The relationship between words and character building

Mans life and death depend on Gods will; but at the same time, such outcome has deep relations with words that we express every day. Some mindlessly spoken words could result in life or death of someone elses soul. The same words could exert profound influence upon ourselves as well. Death and life are in the power of the tongue, and those who love it will eat its fruits. (Prov 18:21 ESV) Jesus said in Luke 6:45, The good person out of the good treasure of his heart produces good, and the evil person out of his evil treasure produces evil, for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks , in order to teach us how important our words are. Words are direct expression of our minds and character. We can understand someones values or interests by conversing with them. Conversation can help us to discern what kind person he or she may be. The words not only mold our essence and relationships, but eventually also shape our perspectives and define our experiences. This is why conversation is a great tool to understand a person.15 Especially believers must be careful in their speech. All the words spoken without the help of the Holy Spirit are called ego talk; only those words spoken through
Comment [JLR17]: As I mentioned before, there is nothing scientific about this water crystallization claim; this source should not be used. , . . Comment [JLR18]: Called by whom? If this is from Larry Crabb, then it would be good to show the quote where he describes this (same with next sentence). ?
15

Comment [JLR16]: Some exegesis of this verse would be appropriate how does this work out in practice? Are there Biblical examples of this happening? The comments following the quote of this verse seem to change the subject. . ? ? .

We have discussed earlier Emoto Masarus book, Water Knows the Answer (Emoto Masaru, trans. Yang, Uk-Kwan, Seoul: Namusaram, 2002), which presented that water yields different crystallization depending on whether positive words or negative words were spoken to the water. If impersonal matters are influenced by positive and negative words, then life-bearing human must be influenced far more by those words.

, . ( .)

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the help of the Spirit are called soul talk.16 When our hearts are well conformed to God, all the words that proceed from us will be soul talk.17 Soul talk is a fellowship with the Triune God. Soul talk is possible when our hearts and souls are upright and our fellowship with God the Triune is firm. Soul talk awaits the Holy Spirit. Soul talk endures and waits because it does not lead us to our change; it is the Holy Spirit that changes us. Proverbs also tell us that our words are connected to our hearts. According to the Proverbs, our hearts represent our character. Words are of utmost importance to prudent people. One of the reasons many wise men of Israel placed such high value on words is because they understood that words reflect conditions of ones heart. 18 Lets consider the following verse: A prudent man conceals knowledge, but the heart of fools proclaims folly. (Prov 12:23 ESV) Prudent man keeps his heart well, but fools express their foolish hearts with their words. Proverb warns against the conduct of fools. The heart of the wise makes his speech judicious and adds persuasiveness to his lips. (Prov 16:23 ESV) This verse praises how the heart of the wise can make his speech judicious. This means such man does not speak mindlessly. The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a bubbling brook. (Prov 18:4 ESV)

16

Larry Crabb, Soul Talk: The Language God Longs for Us to Speak, trans. By Nan-yung Yoon, (Seoul: Loving Plus, 2004), 49. 17 Larry Crabb, 59. 18 Longman Tremper III, How to Read Proverbs, trans. by Eui-woo Jun, (Seoul: IVP, 2005), 203-204.

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Wise men, because they fear God, are leaders with spiritual inspiration.19 The words of such leaders possess essence, life, and abundance since they are continuously receive Gods words. Stemming from their continual relationship with God, the words of wisdom flow through such people. The hearts of prudent man always bear abundance; like never-drying spring, he can always help and give life to others.

19

Yun-sun Park, Biblical Commentaries on Proverbs, (Seoul: Yung-eum-sa, 1972), 310..

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IV. The relationship between spoken words and the principle of retribution
The principle of retribution is the central message of the Proverbs. Let us examine its relationship with our words. The words expressed with evil thoughts will certainly produce transgressions and faulty results. However, the words expressed with righteous thoughts will yield their appropriate, just results. Our words and deeds yield results that correspond to this principle. In other words, good words will yield good results, and bad words will yield bad results. This is a good demonstration of the principle of retribution, which says: righteous (wise) man will bring prosperity, and evil (foolish) will bring destruction. The Proverbs explain this well: Whoever guards his mouth preserves his life; he who opens wide his lips comes to ruin. (Prov 13:3 ESV) This verse explains that fruits of lips can bear good results, but on the contrary, words can also yield negative results. When we speak positively to others and help them, we too will be blessed. Those who speak deceitful words will cause harm to others with his malicious words and deeds, let alone helping others.20 This verse compares the words of mouth to wisdom, emphasizing two sides. Wise man will always abound in understanding and wits and he is like a deep spring that never dries out. The verse indicates that this happens when we bear wisdom in our lips.21
Comment [JLR19]: Should this be righteousness? ?

20

Sid S. Buzzell, Proverbs in the Bible Knowledge Commentary Old Testament, Trans. by Tae-hoon Kim (Seoul: Duranno, 1989), 82. 21 Dong-ku Han, View of Language in the Proverbs. Christian Language Cultures 5 (2001), 415.

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From the fruit of a man's mouth his stomach is satisfied; he is satisfied by the yield of his lips. (Prov 18:20 ESV) This verse emphasizes the words contents more than the style of words. If the words bear truth, the words will bring satisfaction and happiness to the speaker. 22 . . . and those who love it [tongue] will eat its fruits. (Prov 18:21b ESV) General principle of retribution for words is applied to this verse as well. People who wisely use ones tongue will receive good fruits. The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a bubbling brook. (Prov 18:4 ESV) According to parallelism in this verse, the word of wise man is ultimately the fountain of wisdom. Wise person refers to a person with abundant wisdom and his words will yield positive results. His words will be refreshing to hearts, not only of himself, but also of others. From the fruit of his mouth a man is satisfied with good, and the work of a man's hand comes back to him. (Prov 12:14 ESV)

This verse also says that good words will bring good fruits to oneself and others. The second clause relates good results to the image of hand, referring to deeds. Hence, this verse indicates the common belief that one reaps what he sows. 23 Whoever guards his mouth preserves his life; he who opens wide his lips comes to ruin. (Prov 13:3 ESV)

22 23

Yun-sun Park, The Biblical Commentaries on the Proverb, 321. Roland E. Murphy, Proverbs, trans. Moon-jae Park (Seoul: Solomon, 2001), 167.

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This also applies the same principle: he who uses his lips well will grow in the strength to preserve his life, but he who opens wide his lips, or mindlessly speaks, will rather come to ruin. Therefore, we must carefully discern when to speak and when not to.

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V. The words of the wise and words of the righteous

The word wisdom appears a lot in the Proverbs. In Hebrew, it is hm'k.x' chokmah {khok-maw'}. Chokmah in noun form appears 147 times in the Old Testament; 39 of them appear in the Proverbs. Its adjective form, ~k'x' chakam {khaw-kawm'}, appears a total of 135 times in the Old Testament; 47 of them appear in the Proverbs. Also, the verb form of ~k;x' chakam {khaw-kam'} appears a total of 26 times in the Old Testament; 12 of them appear in the Proverbs. Its nouns plural form, tAmk.x' chokmowth {khok-moth'}, appears 4 times in the Old Testament; 3 of them appear in the Proverbs.24 Then, how can we define wisdom?25 First, wisdom refers to remarkable skills or ability attained from training, experience, or special talent. Secondly, wisdom refers to the ability to live according to ethical order of this world. The wisdom mentioned in the Proverbs is based on the belief that the entire universe which include human lives hold order and principle. Furthermore, the wisdom in the Proverbs assert that the order of the universe was granted by God, and therefore this universal order can be searched by mans reasoning activity and be recognized through every day lives. Yet, the Proverbs also emphasize that the wisdom cannot be completely taught only through worldly
Comment [JLR20]: This note needs a title, or ibid if referring to the one just cited. ( ) . , , .

24 25

Sung-yul Kang, Solving Main Words in the Book of Proverbs, The Word no. 49 (August 1996), 124. Sung-yul Kang, 124-125.

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wisdom. In other words, the Proverbs clearly admits that mans wisdom is not the ultimate answer to all problems in life. Hence, the Proverbs often emphasize the limitations in mans wisdom and ability (Prov 16:8; 19:21; 20:24). Then what is the true wisdom? This cannot be formed by man; it comes only from God (Prov 2:6). The essence of wisdom is in fearing God (Prov 1:7; 9:10). Fearing God is indeed the beginning of all wisdom and knowledge, the ultimate and foremost wisdom of all. To those who possess the best wisdom through fearing God will receive various blessings, such as life (Prov 10:27; 14:27), abundance (Prov 19:23; 22:4), tranquil heart (Prov 15:16), and good life (Prov 8:13; 16:6). 26

26

Chang-hak Hyun, The Styles and Lexicons of Wisdom in the Book of Proverbs, Theological Discussions 21.2 (2003), 17-26. The author defines wisdom as the knowledge of the order of the universe and life, which is attained through ones experiences. Wisdom also means ones lifestyle and strength to live in a harmony with such knowledge. In other words, wisdom is the knowing Gods blessing is bestowed upon the righteous life, and at the same time, living the righteous life by being firmly grounded in such knowledge. He summarizes the wisdom in the Proverbs as the following: 1) the ways to live a successful life, 2) righteous (upright) life, 3) fear of the Lord, and 4) revelation of God Himself.

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A. Speech of the wise (words of wisdom)

In this section we will examine the language of wisdom. Rather than examining the etymology of Hebrew words, we will first focus on the Korean text that uses the translated word of wisdom. As we examine the language of the wise, we encounter its parallel counterpart, fool. It is likely that the author of the Proverbs regarded those who do not use the language of wisdom as fools. The tongue of the wise commends knowledge, but the mouths of fools pour out folly. (Prov 15:2 ESV) This verse discusses the consequences of the words of the wise and that of fools. The words of the wise commend, or recommend in a nice way, knowledge, but the fools pour out folly. Here, the word commends is, bj;y" yatab {yaw-tab'}, which means, to be better (Nah 3:8), to be glad and joyful (Judg 19:16; Ruth 3:7), or to be well placed, appropriate (Exo 30:7; 2 Kgs 9:30). Hence, according to the origin al meaning in Hebrew, this verse conveys how the wise is able to share appropriate and fitting knowledge to others and thus bring joy to them and to him as well. Such beneficial knowledge,

t[;D; da`ath {dah'-ath} in Hebrew, refers to the knowledge that is

personal and well experienced. This verse effectively delivers the message: the wise causes much benefit to others by sharing with them the knowledge attained from his understandings in lifes experiences. On the contrary, the fools pour out folly. Here, the root of the word pour out is [bn naba` {naw-bah'} in Hebrew, which means to bubble up, cause chaos, or

45

cause commotion (Ecc 10:1). Therefore, the word portrays the image of water bubbling up to form froth, which means, as soon as the fool opens his mouth, these follies are pouring forth uncontrollably.27 Hence, each time the wise opens his mouth he delivers knowledge, whereas fools open their mouths and uncontrollably spit out their follies, exposing their foolishness. The lips of the wise spread knowledge; not so the hearts of fools. (Prov 15:7 ESV) The wise is a man of faith who completely trusts in God. The wise always cherishes God and His word, such that he always meditates and strives to obey His word. The wise always prioritizes God before anything else, and therefore, he tries to follow the Holy Spirit when he speaks. Because he keeps in his mind the upright thoughts given by the Spirit, he constantly bears in mind whether his words are acceptable to God or not. Moreover, the wise keeps others in his mind as well. He tries to benefit others whenever he speaks. Hence, his lips are in continual effort to deliver his knowledge and teach others the right way. The knowledge God bestowed upon us is not for us to keep to ourselves. We must first understand what we received so as to share with others. Just as Ezra decided to study and practice Gods law and teach Israel His statutes and ordinances, we must also willingly share with others the grace, love and understanding of the words from God and benefit one another. The heart of the wise is always open to spreading this knowledge. However, it is not so with the hearts of fools. Unlike the wise, fools do not even

27

Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew (Seoul: Jejawon, 2005), 96-97.

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care for spreading the knowledge. Of course, this may be due to a lack of knowledge itself, but its probably more so due to lack of a willingness to share knowledge. One certain point here is that spreading knowledge to others ultimately depends on ones heart. As long as ones heart is open to others and desires to spread knowledge, he wi ll be able to do so; however, if ones heart is closed, he will be unable to do so. The fact that our words are deeply connected to our hearts is evident in the following verse: In the mouth of a fool is a rod of pride, but the lips of the wise will preserve them. (Prov 14:3 NKJV) A fool is always proud and looks down on others. But, all men are created in Gods image. He who looks down on others is actually looking down on God and on himself. He is a fool. Such person not only ignores factual truths but also pours forth words that debase others. Those would say, With our tongue we will prevail, our lips are with us; who is master over us?" (Psa 12:4 ESV) Such pride eventually results in punishment (chastening).28 The wise speaks when it is appropriate and keeps silence when it is appropriate, and therefore he guards his lips to benefit others. This benefits himself as well. The wise have the following characteristics. First, the one who is wise loves others so that he does not slander but rather embraces them. He protects others with his words. Second, the one who wise fears God, so he always testifies to Gods word unto others, so that they can also come to know God. Because he testifies Gods word, God will feed him and protect him, allowing him to overcome evil snares. He will be
Comment [JLR21]: I dont understand this do you mean on God and on others? . ?

28

Yun-sun Park, The Biblical Commentaries on the Proverb, 200.

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preserved forever.29 The wise in heart will be called prudent, and sweetness of the lips increases learning. 22 Understanding is a wellspring of life to him who has it. But the correction of fools is folly. 23 The heart of the wise teaches his mouth, and adds learning to his lips. 24 Pleasant words are like a honeycomb, Sweetness to the soul and health to the bones. (Prov 16:21 NKJV) These four verses discuss the speeches of the wise and forbidden words. Verse 21 parallels the words of the wise in heart to sweetness of the lips. The wise in heart is acknowledged as being prudent. When he expresses the abundant wisdom within his heart, others will judge him to be prudent. Hence, the heart, or character, defines a persons being. Verse 21b says that sweetness of the lips increases learning of others. Here, the word sweetness comes from the root, qt,m, metheq {meh'-thek}, which means sweet taste as well as smooth, delightful. Hence, sweetness of the lips in this text refers to smooth, delightful, and gracious words like honey, which will delight the hearers and bless their hearts. Also, the word learning is translated from xq;l, leqach {leh'-kakh}, which means others learning, insight, teaching-power, or persuasiveness. This word is derived from xq;l' laqach {law-kakh'}, which means to take, seize, or acquire. Because such words are smooth and gracious like hone y, they can persuade the hearers and add wisdom and knowledge unto them. Through
Comment [JLR23]: Ditto . Comment [JLR22]: You should cite a source for word definitions. .

29

Yun-sun Park, The Biblical Commentaries on the Proverb, 200.

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such correct usage of speech, the wise can benefit others as well as oneself. 30 Verse 22 speaks of consequences of how wisdom results in understanding and the fool results in folly. Here, the word understanding is another expression for wisdom. Hence, understanding of the wise becomes spring of life. Literally translated, this means, one who understanding is wise. Such interpretation comes from the belief that blessings come to those who are wise.31 Those with understanding are blessed with continual guidance by the Holy Spirit, so that their souls never thirst and drink from the spring of life. On the contrary, correction for fools is folly. Fools do not recognize their foolishness. They realize and regret their wrongdoings only when they encounter hardships. Verse 23 relates to the blessings for the lips of the wise in heart. It says that the wise in heart teaches his mouth and adds learning to his lips. As mentioned before, the wise is able to control his lips by discerning the appropriate time and place to speak. Hence it is the heart of the wise which teaches his mouth and adds learning to his lips. Since mans words stem from his heart, the wisdom of the heart is directly linked to the words. When one is wise in heart, it is only natural for his words to be prudent. Therefore, Solomon is urging not to polish ones speech skills but to possess a wise heart, which is the source of all meaningful talks.32 Verse 24 teaches about words influence on both soul and body and the organic relationship that exists between the two. Here, sweetness to the soul means
30 31

Comment [JLR24]: shouldnt it be life? ? Comment [JLR25]: ??? I dont see that in v. 22 22 . Comment [JLR26]: I dont think so!! !! Comment [JLR27]: I dont understand the reasoning here. . Comment [JLR28]: This is taking teaching from somewhere else in the Bible rather than this context therefore you need to show where in the Bible this is taught. , . .

Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew, 192-193. Otto Zockler, The Proverbs of Solomon: Theologically and Homiletically Expounded V. 10, No.1, trans. by Young-chul Bae (Seoul: Baek-hap, 1981), 301. 32 Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew, 194.

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comforting. Health to the bones means strengthening. So, together it means pleasant words comfort and strengthen man. Then, what does pleasant words really mean? Pleasant words are positive words that are beneficial to others. Richard Carlsons book, Dont Sweat Guide for Couples: The Ways to Be More Intimate, Loving and Stress-Free in You Relationship, discusses words that make people happy upon hearing them. These words are: I love you, Thank you, Wonderful job! Youre the only one, Sure, I will help you, All will be well, I can count on you, I will always be by your side, Let me know when it gets difficult, Id love to help, Please understand them; they did that because they didnt know any better, Dont be troubled by it, Im on your side, etc. Pleasant words in this verse refer to the similar words. Of course, these words arent spoken to be flattery or to buy favor from someone. These are genuine words wishing for the listeners wellbeing, consolation and strengthening, spoken from the bottom of the speakers heart. Indeed, the words from our mouth can save or benefit others; but some words can harm or even kill others. 33 For example, children who grew up while listening to positive words, praises and encouragements can also view this world in positive light. Such children can accomplish anything in confidence. On the contrary, however, children who grew up while listening to negative feedback such as berating, mockery and humiliation will perceive everything to be problematic. Such children will live unhealthy, negative lives both physically and mentally. This does not apply only to children; it applies to all mankind. There cannot be
Comment [JLR29]: Page # missing from citation .

Richard Carlson, Dont Sweat Guide for Couples: The Ways to Be More Intimate, Loving and Stress-Free in You Relationship, Trans. by Dong-ku Yoon (Seoul: Dalkung, 2003), .
33

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but differences between the lives of abusive language, cursing, criticism and vulgar words and the lives of encouraging words, blessings, and refined words. This doesnt apply only to those who hear the words; they emit greater influence to those who speak. Therefore, we must always speak pleasant words, words that can save and benefit others.
34

Comment [JLR30]: I am unsure of the meaning here. . Comment [JLR31]: And yet there is a proper place for rebuke which is not pleasant, at first anyway. , . . Comment [JLR32]: Contrasted? ?

As believers, we should always cherish Gods words in our hearts so that His

words can save ourselves as well as others. Fools are paralleled with the wise. What are then the characteristics of the lives of the fools? First, fools dont delight in understanding. They dont pursue wisdom. Such people like to express their own opinions (Prov 18:2). Second, the lips of fools bring strife and invite a beating. The speech of such people cannot bring any benefits to themselves or to others. Their words can destroy anothers life and lead to their ruin (Prov 18:6-7). Third, the words of fools are is like a thorn that goes up into the hand of a drunkard (Prov 26:9). Thorns are dangerous and can hurt others. There is nothing more dangerous than the thorn that goes into the hands of a drunkard. Likewise, the words of the fools can generate danger. Even if he were to use the words found in the books of wisdom, he will not know the appropriate time or place to apply them. Because such person cannot discern situations well, he is prone to speak inappropriate words. He does not know how to speak in the view of others, so his words can end up being harmful to the listeners. Therefore, we as believers must learn well from these lessons that warn against the words of the fools; we must become the wise and speak words of wisdom, so that

34

Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew, 202-203.

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we may live in abounding blessings from God.

B. Speech of the righteous (words of righteousness)

Another speech that appears in the Proverbs is the speech of the righteous. The book teaches that the words from the righteous assert great influence onto the speaker and listener alike. The words of the righteous are paralleled with the words of the wicked. The mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life, but the mouth of the wicked conceals violence. (Prov 10:11 ESV) The mouth of the righteous is compared to a fountain of life. Fountain of life refers to having a power to give life to others. Fountain of life brings an image of fresh water springing up to extend the life of all living. God is portrayed as a fountain of life (Jer 2:13; 17:13) which also depends on the significance of fountains in Palestine where water is so precious.35 Hence, this verse teaches us the great importance of words and speech. The words of the righteous can impart life to others, as well as provide praise, exhortation, and comfort. On the contrary, the mouth of the wicked hides violence. Because the wicked does not hold righteous thoughts but is rather full of evil thoughts, every word from his mouth is wicked. Believers must examine whether we harbor righteous thoughts or evil thoughts; those with good thoughts will always speak good words like the fountain of life and live abundant life that brings much benefit to others. The tongue of the righteous is choice silver; the heart of the wicked is of little worth. 21 The lips of the righteous feed many, but fools die for lack of sense. (Prov 10:20-21 ESV)
Comment [JLR33]: Contrasted? ?

35

Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew, 488.

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This verse speaks of the worth of the tongue of the righteous. It is said that the tongue of the righteous is worth choice silver. Choice silver refers to naturally smelted silver, and it is used to express moral and religious purity and benefits of the lips of the righteous. This means, what the righteous speaks is pure and noble. In comparison to the righteous, the heart of the wicked is worth nothing, keeping only waste and rubbish inside.36 Verse 21 depicts the righteous as a shepherd who feed others. The metaphor for shepherd is used for God and kings in the Bible, but here, it is applied only to the righteous. According to this text, the righteous is the wise one who provides beneficial teaching to others. Such task is impossible to a fool who cannot even take care of oneself. Although the fool may be alive, he is the same as being dead. 37 The righteous will never be removed, but the wicked will not dwell in the land. 31 The mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom, but the perverse tongue will be cut off. (Prov 10:30-31 ESV) This verse speaks of the consequence of the mouth of the righteous and the tongue of the perverse. First, the mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom. In other words, the mouth of the righteous is compared to a tree that faithfully bears fruit. Next, the verse speaks of how the tongue of the perverse will be cut off. The wicked is selfish and self-righteous, and cannot consider others but boasts of his own words and opinions. Because such a person cannot bear the due fruit of the lips, he will
Comment [JLR34]: ??? I would presume it means pure silver ??? ?

36

Franz Delitzsch, Proverbs: Commentary on the Old Testament, Trans. by Kwi-bong Kang (Seoul: Christian Cultures, 1981), 31 37 Roland E. Murphy, Proverbs, 143.

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be cut off. We must make sure that our words dont fall into this category. Just like the words of the righteous, we must bear the fruits of our lips that must be born before God and men. Therefore, the words of the righteous are spoken while thinking, How can I please the hearts of God and men? His interest does not lie in himself, but always in others. He renders words to serve others needs, and true and upright words, the words that save others. On the contrary, the wicked is self-righteous and selfish, and so he does not see the need to understand others hearts. Hence, such a person easily speaks words that distort the truth, deceptions, or lies, which will eventually hurt others. Every word we speak must bear good fruit that brings delight to ourselves and others; we must also remember that our distorted words can cause a deep wound in others hearts. The heart of the righteous ponders how to answer, but the mouth of the wicked pours out evil things. (Prov 15:28 ESV) This verse clearly depicts the result of cautious speech of the righteous and impatient speech of the wicked. Verse 28a states that the righteous ponders how to answer. Here, the word ponder comes from the root word, hg'h' hagah {haw-gaw'}, which means to think carefully, to study, to meditate, and to devise. Even for a person with an outstanding knowledge or education background, when he speaks thoughtlessly, his words can have many flaws and mistakes. Desirable words, virtuous words, gracious and beneficial words are never blurted out. When the words are spoken carefully only after deep pondering and reflection based on love and consideration for the listeners, those words can become a blessed speech. Hence, the righteous ponders how to answer in this verse implies the words are beneficial, blessed, and beautiful words to the

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hearers.38 On the contrary, a trait of the speech of the wicked is portrayed as pours out. This word comes from its root, [bn naba` {naw-bah'}, which means to gush forth, and bubble up, depicting an image of water springing forth from a spring. The verb is in the imperfect tense, implying constant pouring of the words from someones mouth. Likewise, speaking constantly is speaking mindlessly, without any consideration for others, or any pondering, studying and understandings. Such words of the wicked are the opposite from that of the righteous in that they are harsh, coarse, and evil. These words inflict wounds and malice in others.39 Righteous lips are the delight of a king, and he loves him who speaks what is right. (Prov 16:13 ESV)
Because the righteous always speaks what is right, he is acknowledged by kings. Flatterers speak only delightful words to deceive kings eyes for their own advantage, but the righteous never lies for the sake of his righteousness. He may speak unwanted words at the moment, but those words may eventually save the listener. Here, the attitude of listening is as important as speaking the right words. People often like others who praise or uplift them with their words. But we should bear the wisdom to not always seek out for listening to praises, but heed to stern admonishment. Another aspect to be studied in relation to the righteous words are upright (truthful) words. The speech of the upright has the power to deliver others (Prov 12:6). The upright first has upright heart. Therefore, he always holds love for others in his heart. That is why he is able to speak the words of caring and helping the others. As the result, he is not only a help to the others, but his lips will also be established forever (Prov 12:19).
Comment [JLR35]: True, but this is not brought out in the passage under discussion. , . Comment [JLR36]: But this verse is about speaking, not listening. .

38 39

Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew, 140-141. Oxford Biblical Commentary in Hebrew, 140-141.

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VI. Edifying words

Our words are not spoken only for ourselves but throughout our relationship with others. We can speak to instill courage and strength within us. However, the majority of words are spoken to influence others while exchanging opinions through conversations. Speeches do not deliver only sounds but also our actions and expressions along with the speakers intention and meanings. Let us examine word s that are edifying to others.

A. Thoughtful words
Thoughtful means careful and prudent actions. It is also described as careful, heedful, or discerning. Thoughtful words result from knowing when to speak and when to keep silent.40 Psalm 39:1 states, I said, I will guard my ways, that I may not sin with my tongue; I will guard my mouth with a muzzle, so long as the wicked are in my presence. The psalmist prays that he may not sin with his tongue, but guard his lips with a muzzle when the wicked are in his presence. Such people hold three gifts. First, such people know when to speak. Let us now examine through the book of the Proverbs Regarding this gift of pondering before speaking.

40

Carole Mayhall, Words That Hurt, Words That Heal, (CO: NavPress, 1995), 70.

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1. Listening before answering

Thoughtful and careful attitude begins from our attitude of listening. People who only speak of their own stories are not wise. One must be able to precisely listen to and understand the speakers words, so that he would know what to say in response. If one gives an answer before he hears, it is his folly and shame. (Prov 18:13 ESV) It is wise to listen to others words sufficiently first before answering. Speaking before listening to the inside story can easily lead to mistakes like the following. First, the answers will be hasty and temperamental. Second, it can lead to misunderstandings. In debates, if you speak while misunderstanding your counterpart, he will never be persuaded by you. Third, it can lead to arrogance. Trying to answer without listening to the inside story of the other person is arrogance of ignoring the others. Fourth, it can lead to your shame. Misunderstanding and judging others will eventually reveal ones own flaws.41 The heart of the righteous ponders how to answer, but the mouth of the wicked pours out evil things. (Prov 15:28 ESV) The heart of the righteous does not carelessly speak his words. He will take his time to reflect deeply on the situation. He speaks only of what is true and proper in faithful ways. The answers from deep reflections in the righteous are the answer of obedience to Gods command, and the answers of thanksgiving to the grace and lovingkindness received. Hence, he knows that his answers are before God, and
Comment [JLR37]: Several good points are made in this paragraph can you show them from specific Biblical passages/examples? That would be helpful. . / () ? .

41

Yun-sun Park, Biblical Commentaries on the Proverbs, 315.

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therefore thinks whether his words are in accordance with the law of God. 42 On the contrary, the wicked is unwise because he pours out all that is in his heart. He disregards the importance in speech and speaks in abusive ways, which makes his own words worthless. Too many words are sounds of folly, and worthless words are eventually useless and even evil. Such words will be judged (Matt 12:36). He also is unaware of the potential threat in speech and continues to vomit harmful words to others. 43 Do you see a man who is hasty in his words? There is more hope for a fool than for him. (Prov 29:20 ESV) This verse expresses that it is better to seek a fool than a man who is hasty in his words. Likewise, we must be wise to listen to others words sufficiently. This is the way to live a life of wisdom. Let us not pour out our own opinions, but rather be virtuous by thoroughly considering and listening to the other persons words.
Comment [JLR38]: Not the right word? .

2. Restrained words
Proverbs use various expressions when referring to restraining ones words. They are: who restrains his lips (Prov 10:19), who spares his words (Prov 17:27), who guards his mouth (Prov 13:3), who shuts his lips (Prov 17:28), and who guards his mouth and tongue (Prov 21:23). Whoever guards his mouth preserves his life; he who opens wide his lips comes to ruin. (Prov 13:3 ESV)

42

W Harris, Homiletical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, trans. Yang-jo Park, (Seoul: Christian Press, 1988), 259-260. 43 Yun-sun Park, Biblical Commentaries on the Proverbs, 259-260.

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Here, he who guards his mouth is highly praised as one who preserves his life. Proverbs 13:3 claims that one must put a muzzle on his mouth to think carefully of what to say. He who guards his mouth refers to not spitting out ones mind, including words of revenge. He who is hasty in opening his mouth is likely to lose his honor and eventually arrive at his own destruction. Hence, Thoughtful speech is the basic component in the lessons of the wisdom.44 When words are many, transgression is not lacking, but whoever restrains his lips is prudent. (Prov 10:19 ESV) This verse indicates that mistakes are inevitable when too many words are spoken. It is emphasized here that the wise guards his lips and restrains his words. We need to learn to keep our silence. One of the reasons ones words become too many is not because he is filled with truths, but because he holds nothing of value to offer. A substantial person thinks carefully and speaks less. Too many words can lead to vain words which can be disadvantageous. Whoever restrains his words has knowledge, and he who has a cool spirit is a man of understanding. Even a fool who keeps silent is considered wise; when he closes his lips, he is deemed intelligent. (Prov 17:27-28 ESV) We often carelessly speak due to uneasiness created by silence. We must remember that some people actually enjoy quiet atmosphere as well. We must carefully observe the situation to decide when it would be appropriate to speak. Here, cool spirit means a calm, composed state.45 This verse encourages that we must be calm and composed

44 45

Dong-ku Han, View of Language in the Proverbs, Christian Language Cultures 5 (2001), 421. Yun-sun Park, Biblical Commentary on the Proverbs, 308-309.

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to minimize our words. Because deeds are more important than words, believers must be more diligent in doing good deeds than speaking. Whoever keeps his mouth and his tongue keeps himself out of trouble. (Prov 21:23 ESV) This verse speaks of the security for a thoughtful speaker. A person with discernment for words is protected from dangers lurking for those who are inconsiderate. As result, he who guards his mouth and tongue will protect his soul from tribulations. The result of disciplined actions is self-control. Nothing is more difficult than controlling ones tongue. This small member, the tongue, can be greatly powerful in healing as well as greatly harmful to innocent people. The wise are well aware how important it is to speak with proficiency the necessary words at the right time. 46

3. Silence
Controlling a tongue is an ability to keep silence when harmful results are predicted. Also in the wisdom literature, silence is a quite important theme. The Book of Proverbs also speaks highly of silence as the manner of the wise. It teaches the fools as well to keep silence instead of exposing their follies and wickedness.47 Wisdom is too high for a fool; in the gate he does not open his mouth. (Prov 24:7 ESV) This verse says it is wiser to keep silence when lacking sufficient intellectual ability to discern a situation. God-given wisdom can be understood by men. But, fools,
Comment [JLR39]: Maybe that is an implication but one would expect that the main focus is that folly (= lack of wisdom) is a moral problem, not an intellectual one; I would read this as saying that folly keeps a fool from having any meaningful contribution in the gate (i.e. where the elders meet and wisdom is required to judge rightly). () . , ( ) . (, ,
46

James L. Crenshaw, Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction, trans. Sung-yul Kakng (Seoul: Korean Presbyterian Publishers, 1994), 111-112. 47 Dong-ku Han, View of Language in the Proverbs, Christian Language Cultures 5 (2001), 423.

) .

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unrepentant sinners cannot understand nor receive such wisdom. The wisdom is too high and sublime for such people that they cannot even approach it, understand, or attain it even if they wanted to. For this reason, even when they share opinions, others (at least those who are wise) are not interested in them; they may chatter, but they will not be open their mouths once they are at the gate where many prudent people are gathered. It is better off for such people to keep silence then. Because both the unbelievers and fools did not receive Gods wisdom, they cannot discern truth from untruths. If you have been foolish, exalting yourself, or if you have been devising evil, put your hand on your mouth. (Prov 30:32 ESV) Another case one must keep silence is when one realizes he has been foolish or devising evil. Exalting ourselves can seem rash and cause frowning in others; it can also seem arrogant to provoke anger. Therefore, putting hand on the mouth, which means to keep silence, is a wise act and be considered to be thoughtful. As the result, it is wise to keep silence in order to stay away from falling into various troubles.

B. Gentle and kind words

There are many adages regarding words. For example, there is a saying: one ill word asks another. The words one speaks will determine the words that will return to him. Walls have ears, warns against careless speaking of others. A soft answer turns away wrath teaches that words can lead to great gain depending on the manner they
Comment [JLR40]: Can you find a proverb or Biblical example that brings this out (e.g. 2 Samuel 19:43)? ? (. 19:43) Comment [JLR41]: Leads to? ()? Comment [JLR42]: Again, can you find a Biblical passage that says this? (e.g. Eccl 10:20). , ? (. 10:20)

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were spoken. The book of the Proverbs also teaches us that gentle and kind words are very important. A soft answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. (Prov 15:1 ESV) Here, the word soft is %r; rak {rak} in Hebrew, and it is used in Psalm 55:21; His speech was smooth as butter (ESV). Soft words have the properties like oil, which can soften and appease the wounded and the furious.48 When conversing with an angry person, that anger will be transmitted to the other side and both end up speaking words that are filled with anger. However, a person who speaks with a soft and gentle heart can calm the others anger. We must be able to appease peoples anger and lead calm conversations through soft words. On the contrary, harsh words can wound even the soft hearted person, provoking him to anger. With patience a ruler may be persuaded, and a soft tongue will break a bone. (Prov 25:15 ESV) A way to persuade a stubborn-minded or superior is also gentle and kind words. This implies that soft tongue does not have bones, but it can be strong enough to break bones. There is a similar Arabic proverb: A gentle word will open an iron gate, or A sweet tongue *is able+ to let the snake go out of its hole. 49 A persistent manner can influence others including even the superiors. However, such effect can be even more solid through gentleness. These proverbs come from the wisdom regarding those

48 49

Dong-ku Han, View of Language in the Proverbs, 428. Ibid, 429.

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who are patient and slow to anger; but at the same time, they emphasize the power of the words in themselves.50 A gentle tongue is a tree of life, but perverseness in it breaks the spirit. (Prov 15:4 ESV) A gentle tongue can calm or appease the others. Such words can play the role of a tree of life. On the contrary, a perverse tongue can wound hearts. Therefore, we must use gentle words in conversations that will ease peoples feelings, bring peace to them, and guide them toward the path of life. In conclusion, before our words become like a tree of life, or spring of life, that saves others, we must ensure that our words are gentle and soft. Other frequent words in the book of the Proverbs that are similar to gentle or soft are beautiful and kind words. He who loves purity of heart, and whose speech is gracious, will have the king as his friend. (Prov 22:11 ESV) Beautiful and edifying words can be produced only from innocent people whose hearts are clean and pure. Purification of heart applies only to the born-again believers. A purified heart does not mean outwardly seeming behavior of holiness; it means uprightness and humility, and renunciation of sins and resemblance with Gods image. Those who have attained such purity in their hearts can go before God. Gods children on this earth yearn for purity in their hearts. Also, purity in the heart results in purification of ones entire character and brings edification to his lips. Noble character
Comment [JLR44]: It would be good to give the Hebrew here and cite where the words are found. . Comment [JLR43]: Wouldnt this insight be more applicable to the previous verse discussed? (25:15)? () ?( 25:15)

50

Roland E. Murphy, Proverbs. Word Biblical Commentary Vol. 22. 384, trans. Moon-jae Park (Seoul: Solomon, 2001), 318.

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exerts moral influence, which will put people with unclean deeds to shame. 51 Since the words from people with such character are always upright and truthful, even kings will trust his words and thus he will be considered as a friend to the kings. We, too, must hold truthful words to strengthen others. The thoughts of the wicked are an abomination to the LORD, but gracious words are pure. (Prov 15:26 ESV) In order to have a deep fellowship with God, we must have a pure heart; the state of our hearts reflects our character. It is only natural for the holy God to detest the thoughts of the wicked in our hearts. Dr. Yoon-sun Park wrote in his Commentary that gracious words in this verse means delightful, kind words. Such words will be accepted to God as a purified offering. Also, pure is a word formerly used for offerings, of which it is said God accepts gracious words as a pure offering. Always bearing upright minds and pure hearts toward God as well as men will enable us to speak beautiful words. Pleasant words are like a honeycomb, Sweetness to the soul and health to the bones. (Prov 16:24 NKJV) Gracious words are delightful and refreshing. Gracious words used to comfort someone in great trouble or suffering will be sweetness to their hearts and health to bones. Gods word can empower our inner beings and spiritual strength. 52 In order to bring others the gladness and delight through gracious words, we must first abound in Gods word. Our physical words may breathe renewed strength into peoples souls. We must become those who can save the souls of others spiritually.
Comment [JLR45]: What is the Hebrew of this? ? Comment [JLR46]: Where? ?

51 52

Charles Bridges, An Exposition of Proverbs, trans. Sung-ku Cha (Seoul: Christian Classics, 1997), 200-201. Charles Bridges, An Exposition of Proverbs, trans. Sung-ky Cha (Seoul: Christian Classics, 1997), 448.

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We have examined the characteristics of gentle and gracious words. What are the traits of gentle people? First, regarding their words, gentle people do not yell while speaking. Second, regarding their facial expressions, their faces never frown, raise their brows in anger, or speak harsh words. Third, regarding their manners, they are kind, generous and understanding; they consider others feelings above their own. Fourth, gentle people are not narrow-minded, selfish or stubborn.53 Let me conclude this chapter with Carol Mayhalls definition of gentleness 54: Gentleness is Strong but sweet, Strong but merciful, Gentle and yet merciful, Firm yet gracious. Gentleness is Quiet without being sharp, Mild without creaking, Able to control, Considering and is not arrogant, Giving and does not require, Warm and is not cold, Joyous and does not frown, Quiet and is not loud.
Comment [JLR47]: If you are trying to come up with a Biblical teaching on words, then you need a Biblical basis for these insights otherwise you are just philosophizing. , () () . , .

C. Words of exchanging reproach

All people feel bad when criticized or corrected by others. Even from a beloved person, a reproach may be accepted well at the time, but it may linger in the mind for quite some time. It is important to realize that others do not like reproach just as we d ont. Then, who can accept criticism in thankfulness? The Psalmist confessed that a reproach from a

53 54

Carole Mayhall, Words That Hurt, Words That Heal (CO: NavPress, 1995), 95. Ibid, 95-96.

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righteous is like oil on his head. We too must be humble enough to accept others criticism with gladness. What does the Book of Proverbs teach about reproach? The ear that listens to life-giving reproof will dwell among the wise. Whoever ignores instruction despises himself, but he who listens to reproof gains intelligence. (Prov 15:31-32 ESV) This verse says that reproach from others offers life and those who can hear it are wise. What the Proverbs want from us is to receive instruction in humility. Humility is one of the highly regarded character traits in Proverbs. Humility comes before honor (Prov 15:33). Only the humble can gladly accept anothers reb uke, and such can attain the right knowledge throughout their lives. Those who detest reproach despise themselves according to verse 32. Those who humbly accept others reproach love and cherish their souls. Such people are wise ones who can love themselves as well as the neighbor and fear God in their lives. Do not reprove a scoffer, or he will hate you; reprove a wise man, and he will love you. Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be still wiser; teach a righteous man, and he will increase in learning. (Prov 9:8-9 ESV) The main message of this verse is that the wise receives reproach well but a scoffer rejects reproach and rather hates the one who reproves. This message contrasts the wise and a scoffer. A scoffer becomes an enemy to the wise and cannot be instructed. Therefore we should not scoff at any instruction or reproach from others. The Proverbs clearly and strictly warn not to reprove such person. A humble person accepts reproach well because his heart is prepared to welcome the instructions. Every time instructed, the wise will become wiser and the righteous will increase in learning. 67

When we can receive reproach well, we can also become those who can reprove in wisdom (Prov 27:6). The way of a fool is right in his own eyes, but he who heeds counsel is wise. (Prov 12:15 NKJV) A fool lives in an illusion that all his deeds are right. Proverbs 16:2 also discusses that a major trait of such people is that their ways are pure in their own eyes. However, God examines our deepest minds. He never overlooks our illusions. Because a foolish person regards his own deeds as right, he doesnt welcome others advice. His opinion is most important to him because his arrogance prevents him from respecting others. On the contrary, a wise person is always ready to give heed to the advice from others. The willingness to accept others instructions proves the wisdom in that person.55 If we hold the wisdom, then we must gladly accept reproach. Other parts in the Proverbs instruct that a fool despises his fathers instruction, but he who receives correction is prudent (Prov 15:5 NKJV). Parental teaching stems from love. Certainly parents can make mistake by raising children in their covetous ways, but when children should first be able to understand their par ents hearts when listening to their parents instructions. Proverbs 4:13 says, Take firm hold of instruction, do not let go. If there were some things in our lives to take a firm hold of, it would be the instructions from others. Although those instructions might frustrate us at that particular moment, we must be

55

Charles Bridges, An Exposition of Proverbs, trans. Sung-ku Cha (Seoul: Christian Classics, 1997), 263.

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aware of the divine principle that such instructions result in life. In other words, reproach is essential in our paths to life. Certainly, God reproaches us. He reproaches us not out of hate but out of love (Prov 3:11-12). We must not despise or dislike the Lords reproach. We must hold the faith to accept the suffering given from God by remembering that God allows suffering to His beloved children.

D. Positive words in various Biblical examples

1. Righteous words (Words of the righteous)
Righteous lips are the delight of kings (Prov 16:13 NKJV), feed many (Prov 10:21NKJV), bring forth what is acceptable (Prov 10:32 NASB), are like choice silver (Prov 10:20 NKJV), and a fountain of life (Prov 10:11) that flows with wisdom (Prov 10:31 NASB).

2. Good words
Good words make the heart of man glad (Prov 12:25), increase learning (Prov 16:21), are pure (Prov 15:26), and are like honeycomb, sweetness to the soul and health to the bones (Prov 16:24).

3. Gentle (soft) words

A gentle answer turns away wrath (Prov 14:1) and is powerful enough to break a bone (Prov 25:15).

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4. Words (lips) of the wise teachers

The lips of the wise teachers are a precious jewel (Prov 20:15) for they add learning (Prov 16:23), use knowledge rightly (Prov 15:2), disperse knowledge (Prov 15:7), and bring healing (Prov 12:18).

5. Words (lips) of a man with understanding

The words of a man with understanding are deep waters and the fountain of wisdom (Prov 18:4) and therefore wisdom is found on his lips (Prov 10:13).

6. Words with authority

In Acts 3:2-10, Peter said to a certain man who had been lame from his birth at the gate of the temple, Silver and gold I do not have, but what I do have I give you: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, rise up and walk (Acts 3:6). Then Peter took him by the right hand and lifted him up, and immediately his feet and ankle bones received strength. Words from us who have been created in Gods image carry the authority, which is powerful enough to make a lame man from birth walk in the name of Jesus Christ.

7. Words that improve interpersonal relationships

Ira Byock suggests that overly simple words such as Forgive me, I forgive you, Thank you, and I love you, are powerful tools in maintaini ng amicable interpersonal relationships and peaceful lives.56

8. Other good words

Other good words are the words that acknowledge self and others at all times.

56

Ira Byock, The Four Things That Matter Most, trans. Myung-dan Kwak, (Seoul: Mul-Pureh, 2006), 15.

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a. To self Some examples are: I am precious, I am loved, God has great plan for me, I will be blessed wherever I go, Gods abounding blessings follow me, I will be prosperous and successful whatever I do, and Wonderful future awaits me. b. To others Some examples are: Good morning, Thank you, You look so well, You are the best, Good job, I missed you, You have such pretty hands, That looks so good on you, Your tie is perfect for today, and Your daughter is so beautiful like you.
Comment [JLR48]: I would like to see a Biblical basis for these examples (also the next paragraph), since this is an exegetical paper. For example, you might point to Josh 1:8-10 as precedent for I will be prosperous and successful whatever I do, but if one looks at the context, this promise is clearly conditional. So the issue is not so much, what should I say to myself, but what does God say to me? The Lord does have great plans for his people but the requirement on our part is that we abide in his Word. . ( .). . , 1:8-10 . , , . , ? . , , .

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VII. Harmful words

So far we have examined words that are beneficial in our relationship with others. From now we will examine negative words that will cause harm to others. These are the words we must discard from our speeches until the Lord returns.

A. Lies (False Testimony)

Lies are one of the major categories of foolish words presented in the book of the Proverbs. Lies distort the truth, deceive the listener, misinform others so that the hearer will act upon incorrect knowledge, and yield agreements through an unattainable promise by deceiving even the future.57 Lying lips are an abomination to the LORD, but those who act faithfully are his delight. (Prov 12:22 ESV) Lies are included in various abominations to God. Proverbs 6:17 records God hates lying tongues. God loves the lips of the upright and faithful. This is because God is holy (Jer 19:2). Lies are traits of the devil (John 8:44). Spurgeon said it is better to live among lions than to live among liars.58 Also, Dr. Johnson pointed out that lying has become a common practice, not so much because of the habit of willfully lying, but more because of inattentiveness to the truth.
59

Comment [JLR49]: I am not sure what this means. .

Comment [JLR50]: The citation is to Bridges, so who is Dr. Johnson? Bridge . , ?

A righteous man hates lying, but a wicked man is loathsome and comes to shame. (Prov 13:5 NKJ)

57 58 59

Tremper Longman III, How to Read Proverbs, trans. Eui-woo Jun (Seoul: IVP, 2005), 208-209. Yun-sun Park, Biblical Commentaries on Proverbs (Seoul: Yum-eum-sa, 1972), 175. C. Bridges, An Exposition of Proverbs, trans. Sung-ku Cha (Seoul: Christian Classics, 1997), 185.

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God is not the only one to hate lies. Proverbs teach that the righteous also hates lies. This is because the righteous who takes after Gods attributes delights in righteousness and hates falsehood. David, who was praised by God as a man after His heart, also confessed that he abhors lying and loves the law of God (Psa 119:163). In our love for God, we shall also guard ourselves from speaking lies and speak only truths thereby pleasing God. On the contrary, deeds of the wicked are loathsome. Here, the word loathsome is

va;B' ba'ash {baw-ash'} in Hebrew, which means to have a bad odor.60

Because his

words are not upright, those words can defile the ears of those who hear him, which also means that the speakers mouth is foul. An evildoer gives heed to false lips; a liar listens eagerly to a spiteful tongue. (Prov 17:4 NKJ) This verse discusses the traits of an evildoer and a liar. AN evildoer likes to heed to false lips, or lies; he is likely to be attracted more to harmful words than beneficial words. Likewise, a liar also takes greater interest in a spiteful tongue, or hurtful words. Lies always move in the opposition of what is righteous and wise. Our sinful nature also has a tendency to move into a direction against Gods will. If we dont strive to depart from such sinfulness, we will be just as those who continually lie. Another trait of a liar is that he hates those who are crushed by it (Prov 26:28). Although he has harmed others, instead of being remorseful for what he has done, he
Comment [JLR51]: Does it refer to his lying? If so, you could clarify by saying he hates those who are crushed by his lying. it ? ,
60

Yun-sun Park, Biblical Commentaries on Proverbs (Seoul: Yum-eum-sa, 1972), 185.

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hates the other. When someone continuously lies, he can end up being unaware of whether he is really lying or not. A false witness receives the same punishment as lying (Pro 19:5). He will certainly perish (Prov 21:28). But, accurate witness has authoritative power. False witness wounds peoples hearts and distorts truth. We must always maintain uprightness before God lest we make the same mistakes of giving false witness.

Comment [JLR52]: Who does the other refer to? Probably others from earlier in the verse. But in English when you repeat other, the second time it usually refers to someone different than the first time. So you can say he hates the one he has harmed. ? . (other) , . , .

B. Words of slander and gossips

How does the Bible define slandering? The word slander means more than false testimony. In the Old Testament, it was used for bad reports. In Hebrew it means to defame or criticize someone, and such examples are found in Numbers 13:32 where the ten spies to Canaan gave an evil report on the Promised Land. In the Old Testament, slandering is used for speak against one another. James 4:11 states, Do not speak against one another, brethren. He who speaks against a brother, or judges his brother, speaks against the law, and judges the law; but if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law, but a judge [of it.] If we redefine the word slander based on the scriptures, then it becomes publically and intentionally spreading harmful information which can defame someone regardless of whether the information is factual or not.61

Comment [JLR53]: But arent false witnesses and those who tell lies just two ways of describing the same persons? ? Comment [JLR54]: Those who tell lies

Comment [JLR55]: If it is based on Scripture, then you should give the Biblical basis for this definition. , .

61

Carole Mayhall, Words That Hurt, Words That Heal (Co: NavPress, 1995) 50.

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C. Words of anger and arguments D. Words of flattery and boasting E. Negative words found in the other Scriptures F. Correctives for negative words

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VIII. Methodology: Introducing a practical text for implementing the usage of positive words
A. Wordsa power of creation B. Power of words C. Thoughts D. Why words are powerful E. Fruit of lips F. Restoration of words G. Choosing words H. Words formation process (thoughtswordsactionhabit personalitylife) I. Prohibited words lies J. Prohibited words tale bearing K. Prohibited words accusation L. Prohibited words criticism and slander M. Prohibited words boasting

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N. Prohibited words curse O. Prohibited words profane and vain words P. Prohibited words dispute Q. Prohibited words defiled words R. Prohibited words grumblings and complaints S. Mandated words Good words I T. Mandated words Good words II U. Mandated words praising others V. Mandated words praising God

IX. Conclusion
A. Results B. Discussion C. Recommendations

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Bibliography
New American Standard Bible (NASB) Atkinson, David. The Message of Proverbs: Wisdom for Life. Translated by Jin-woo Kim. Seoul: IVP, 2002. Baker, William R. Sticks & Stones. Seoul: Jeyoung Communication Publishing House, 2005. Barclay, William. The letters to the Galatians, Ephesians. KT: The Westminster John Knox Press, 1958. Braden, Nathaniel. How to Raise Your Self-Esteem: The Proven Action-Oriented Approach to Greater Self-Respect and Self-Confidence. Translated by Hyun-sook Hong. Seoul: New People Books, 2001. Bridges, Charles. An Exposition of Proverbs. Translated by Sung-ku Cha. Seoul: Christian Classics, 1997. Buzzell, Sid S. Proverbs in the Bible Knowledge Commentary Old Testament . Translated by Tae-hoon Kim. Seoul: Duranno, 1989. Byock, Ira M. D. The Four Things That Matter Most. Translated by Myung-dan Kwak. Seoul: Mul-Pureh, 2006. Carlson, Richard. Dont Sweat Guide for Couples: The Ways to Be More Intimate, Loving and Stress-Free in You Relationship. Translated by Dong-ku Yoon. Seoul: Dalkung, 2003. Capps, Charles. Success Motivation through the Word . Translated by Ki-woon Choi. Seoul: Bethany, 1996. Capps, Charles. The Tongue a Creative Force. OK: Harrison House, 2010. Chapman, Gary and Campbell, Ross M. D. The Five Love Languages of Children. Il: Northfield Publishing, 2009. Cho, Yong-ki. The Fourth Dimensional Spiritual World. Seoul: Seoul Logos, 2010. Cho, Yong-ki. To Overcome Family Crisis. Seoul: Seoul Press, 1986.

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