Message from Chairman PEC

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Akram Sheikh

It gives me immense pleasure and satisfaction to

see the completion of the second edition of
Engineer PEC.

I congratulate the editorial board for putting in

their best to bring out a magazine of such high
calibre containing thought provoking articles and
research papers. I also thank the authors for
sparing time and contributing towards this noble
cause.

Taking the opportunity of this forum, I request all

members of the engineering community to
contribute new ideas, unpublished research and
development (R&D) projects/papers and other
articles for betterment of the engineering
profession in general and Pakistan’s prosperity
and development in particular. I would also
welcome my fellow engineers to express their
feelings with respect to the virtues of maintaining
high standards of professional ethics. Any
suggestions for improvement of this magazine
are welcome.

I wish you all the best and assure you of my full

support.
 EDITORIAL BOARD

PATRON: Engr. Dr. M. Akram Sheikh HI

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Engr. Maj. Gen (R) Mahboob-ul-Muzaffar

EDITORS: Engr. Lt. Col (R) Muhammad Iqbal

Mahmood Rehmani

COMPILER: Sajid Hussain Bhatti

PUBLISHER: Pakistan Engineering Council

Message from the Editorial Board

The second issue of Engineer (PEC) is in your hands! It is more progressive and contains a greater
number of thought provoking articles related to various engineering disciplines. The aim is to
make it a magazine of National and International repute. We are slowly and gradually moving
towards our cherished goal of making it a peer reviewed/ referred Journal. This aim can only be
achieved through the cooperation and scholarly efforts of our engineering community. We expect
all engineers to come forward and join hands to make this dream come true. Using this forum, we
request the engineering community to share their experiences, thoughts, R&D activities,
unpublished thesis and genuine efforts related to their profession. Contributions related to
accreditation of engineering programs are also welcome. Hopefully ‘Engineer (PEC)’ will become a
Journal, wherein publishing of research papers would be the desire of any one involved in the
engineering profession. Your views, suggestions and contributions may be addressed to:-

Editor Engineer (PEC)

Pakistan Engineering Council,
Attaturk Avenue (East), Sector G-5/2, Islamabad.
Telephone:+92-51-2829248, 2829311, 2829296
E-mail: info@pec.org.pk

The Editorial Board wishes to convey its deep appreciation for the scholarly efforts of all authors
whose papers appear in this magazine. We expect all engineers to contribute articles for
“Engineer (PEC)” which is their own magazine. We would also like to say a special word of thanks
to the enthusiastic team of management and staff who remained behind the scene yet put in their
heart and soul to make this magazine reach your hands. Happy reading!!!

This issue of Engineer (PEC) can be downloaded from our website: www.pec.org.pk
 CONTENTS

Topic Page #

An Improved Network Security Perimeter For Proficient Resistance 2

At Maligned Endpoints

Seismic Architecture 7

Development of GFPS for planning and management of finances 12

Essential of earth quake designs 18

Hydro-energy and water vision in Pakistan 24

Frontiers of science and engineering entail women scientists and engineers 40

Let’s affiliate PEC with ABET & FEANI 48

Quality assurance and accreditation of higher learning 54

 ENGINEER PEC
An Improved Network Security Perimeter
for Proficient Resistance at Maligned
Endpoints
Engr. Adnan A. Arain , Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Rajput ,
Engr M.I. Khan, M.Sc Telecom & Electronics
Abstract
Designing network security perimeters to nullify security
threats, is the objective of giants involved in the
development of security applications and devices. An
organization, not compromising on security, dedicates a
hefty budget proportion for deploying security plans and
updates. Fighting and chasing the modern attackers 24x7
has enforced thoughts of redesigning security framework.
Existing perimeter is layered of border routers, firewalls,
IDS, IPS, VPN devices, software architecture over DMZs
and subnets, beside server and host filters and antivirus
applications. These are not fully customizable against
adversaries in providing strong security framework. The
current deployment nature of security perimeter where
these layered components are prone to various egress
and ingress nasty activities raises some serious questions.
The traditional perimeters do not provide sufficient security
to overcome these limitations in order to provide
uncompromised security nodes. To address security
needs efficiently, at critical knots within a network, we
introduce a security framework. The proposed framework
focuses three key areas related to defense-in-depth; (1)
maximizing synchronization among layered security
services (2) modularizing various services for better
endpoint security (3) reducing traffic while providing
secure mechanism for passive updates in traditional
networks. We show through analysis and emulation that
our proposed framework meets the unique security needs
of network infrastructure in a better way.
Key words
Security perimeter, Distributed security services, Network
access control (NAC)
Introduction
Advancements in interception, intrusion, modification and
fabrication posed potential threats to security perimeter of
the time. Inescapable battle has been set and various
mature hijacking and sniffing systems have been
developed. This is why a large portion of corporate budget
sinks in buying competitive security solutions. These
solutions projects lists of precautions indicating the way a
network should be accessed. Instead of molding the
solution for the network, the network is asked to change
the priorities. In fact, the level of security of these solutions
is not scaled accurately for responsiveness, efficiency and
reliability by vendors themselves. The history proves that
2
September 2007
the users, administrators and hackers scale the security
solutions through the nuisance or ease of working. In fact,
the seller buys the solution and not the security. At the end
of the day, the blame of failure is deposited to ‘not updating
timely’. Today, a corporate network consists of security
devices, applications, firewalls, sensors, fingerprint
agents, filters, intrusion detection, and prevention systems
to participate in security perimeter design [6][9][14]. Our
research is based on the analysis of providing an
enhanced and synchronized version of security perimeter.
The solutions must be designed to respond the security
needs of a network and not the vice-versa.
Another critical situation arises when internal network is
turned internally for attacks. During HELLO, the catalyst
considers the node(s) as privileged and enters its MAC in
CAM table without knowing destination address [16][17]. It
creates traffic by forwarding the frame for authentication
on all ports except the one, it came from. Authentication is
responded and MAC of the server is entered with
destination entry to establish an authentic link for further
communication. In traditional network, usually, this is the
time for seeking updates of various profiles including
antivirus. What, if a malicious endpoint corrupts or attacks
its switched-neighbors before the antivirus updates this
client. Now, whatever the solution exists, it shall be the
reactive. Searching for some proactive measures shall
take you buying another tool without scaled security but
doubtful promises.
The only thing growing as quickly as the number of security
threats to the network is the number of tools one has to
deploy to guard against them. How many security tools do
we have in our existing network today? More to the point,
how much time does a security administrator spend
managing these tools installing upgrades, downloading
new signature files, and so on? It's overwhelming [18].
We make following contributions in this paper: We tried to
achieve maximum synchronization among components of
existing security perimeter by redefining the service points.
This improves performance metric of core layer of the
network concerning the speed, traffic load and transparent
control.
We presented a more secure framework of network
security perimeter that addresses potential threats in node
and helps defining modularity among security components
effectively. It also works with existing blocks of the
traditional networks.
We identified critical challenges, the components facing in
the internal-network and emulated the proposed
framework in components at access layer. This speeds-up
and liberates the core layer from unwanted traffic to
confirm its efficiency.
 ENGINEER PEC
We put forward a secure mechanism for sending antivirus
updates in traditional networks from access layer or
distribution layer instead of servers themselves. This helps
to reduce the amount of traffic on the core layer.
Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
provides summary of related work in security perimeter
building blocks. Section 3 presents our security framework
while discussing the synchronization of policy based
services, antivirus applications, role of catalyst,
handshaking of routing components with communication
nodes down the network, mechanism and arrival of
updates before the authentication process of an endpoint
occurs. Section 4 gives analysis of our proposed security
framework, evaluation and comparison of results. Section
5 portrays the future roadmap, whereas sections 6 and 7
have been summarized for conclusion and
recommendations for an integrated framework in modern
designs of hardware.
Related work
We dealt the security issues with an equal perspective of
both, the hackers, and of them who research in security.
The attackers to the security are one step ahead of
implanted security solutions [14][15]. They like to hack the
image or identity of any point from client or server and
beyond. Few waits for an opportunity to attack but
generally they are in process of perceiving the faults in
systems that the security builders, often do not know while
launching solutions.
Researchers have addressed many areas of the network
security perimeter. Majority of the research has focused on
strengthening the individual perception of components like
firewall, activity filter, antivirus sensitivity, secure routing,
secure key distribution and securing server or node
privacy. Whereas, work in bits is found on the components
synchronization and interdependencies while providing
logical separation among all components to provide
defense-in-depth. The security fence needs to be
quantified as a whole.
Developing platform independent prevention and
detection tools [1][4][8], enforcement and approaching
new security policies [2][4][6][7], and strengthening
antivirus applications [10][13][15] have been a few kinds of
work in this direction. Introducing endpoint security with
network access control (NAC) has challenged the security
consultants to revise the corporate security needs and
number of tools employed for the desired security [3][12].
Learning that ‘it is vain to do with more what can be done
with fewer’ - William of Ockham - a few gateways are free
to install as a replacement of personal hodge-podge of
security solution. These claim to be a single, integrated,
enterprise-grade tool that provides a firewall, VPN,
3
September 2007
bandwidth management, virus scanning, anti-spam, anti-
phishing and more [5][11].
Our proposed network security framework
Our proposed framework is detailed for understanding in
following paragraphs.
Maximizing synchronization
Success rests in the fact that the policy-based services or
firewall, secure routing schemes, authentication
mechanisms, antivirus, applications and hardware must
be, theoretically, one entity [10].
It is achieved by distributing services carefully and
capitalizing the synchronization among these services.
Figure 1 next, shows a theoretical defense-in-depth single
window solution.
AUTHENTICATION
FIREWALL (Client-Server) SPECIAL FILTERS (server)
BORDER ROUTER ANTIVIRUS (Client-Server)
LOG MAINTENANCE
DIRECT REGULAR
UPDATES FOR EACH
NEED BASE SERVICE `
ID and IP SENSORS ALERTS/ NOTIFICATIONS Host or Client
VPN DEVICES IPS (Host/Server)
IDS (Host/Server)
Figure 1 Ideal security perimeter: The window view
Modularizing the solution for potential threats
In order to take real-time advantages from the system in
existing infrastructure the existing perimeter was
appended to analyze the performance and tolerance to the
network. Today the existing designs of network security
perimeter present the layers-of-devices but functionally
overlapping of results of these devices cause failure of the
perimeter fence [4][6]. Figure 2 below shows a logically
separated services view to achieve fundamental
objectives from the security perimeter.
Minimizing the unnecessary traffic load and avoiding
threats at core layer
The main issue at the backbone or core layer is that any
failure (even in terms of delay) will likely be felt everyone
within the inter-network. The Speed plays a vital role at
core layer. Due to sheer volume of traffic that will be
entering the backbone, few activities that consume routing
or switching resources should be applied in this layer. In
other words, routing, ACL-access lists, ACE-access
entries compression encryption, and other resource
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

consuming activities should be done before the packet a single log. The single logger can be a powerful analyzing
arrives at the core [8][14][16][17], as shown in Figure 3. tool or administrator. We were accustomed with Snort® in
our scenario. The antivirus server performs the following
AUTHENTICATION ALERTS/ NOTIFICATIONS functions.

AVAILABIITY VPN DEVICES LOG MAINTENANCE INTEGRITY Antivirus server shall PUSH passive updates once on each
destination (catalyst) as soon as, routers flood framed
DIRECT REGULAR
UPDATES FOR EACH <HELLO> for authentication. This contains updates in
passive format and are, usually, in kilobytes.
`
FIREWALL (Client-Server)
ANTIVIRUS (Client-Server)
Every time a membership changes on joining or disjoining
IPS (Host/Server)
group, the server serves the query if any update is received
from the builder of the antivirus. The switch with passive
SECURITY ID and IP SENSORS
CONFIDENTIALITY virus updates is responsible for following tasks. If this is a
SPECIAL FILTERS (server) BORDER ROUTER
distribution layer switch then, it shall PUSH updates to
access layer’s configurable switch.
IDS (Host/Server)

Once these updates reached the destination LAN switch,

Figure 2. Objectives of modularized traditional <AV-HELLO> may be forwarded only to those hosts
network interested in <HELLO> or flooded to all hosts by a non
multicast-enable layer 2 switch. In any of the above case,
Similarly, the traffic during antivirus updates must be shed each <HELLO> must be followed by <AV-HELLO> packet.
and can be either placed at configurable switches of It must receive ACK for each <HELLO>. Otherwise check
distribution layer (provided that hardware vendor reserve for retransmission of <HELLO>. Storage of these bytes
space) or access layer. This clearly sheds the load on core require more pace at switches.
layer as well as, maintains the integrity within these
switches. Firewall rules are distributed passively in the It shall behave similarly to any alert or notification as, if
same way and exploit the features of these switches unlike <HELLO> acknowledge is not received, i.e. MAC should
hackers that do in the opposite directions. This also be removed from the CAM table and report is generated for
prevents from the malicious opportunists to write virus servers at core-layer.
code and flooding in form of hello to neighbors in a group.
Upon successful echo replies for both, the frame is
forwarded known communication link furnishing
destination port in CAM table of switch. The updating part
1 Gbps

Server farm
AV-update
of proposed framework, in the model given in figure 3, is
performed by ‘routing and information server’. It played the
AV-update role of flash-memory updater in switches. Consequently,
Gigabit Switch
we propagate memory resident passive elements among
the hosts linked to our special PC-router at access layer.
AV -update
s Application sat antivirus server signs a contract with
bp 10 available access layer catalyst through the device API. It
00M 0 Mb
1 Router ps overrides passive elements in the flash memory of the
AV-update manageable catalyst.
10/ 100 Mbps

10/
100

Switch AV-update
Switch Assessment of the proposed framework
Mbp
s

AV-update

AV-update
Client
Figure 3. Updates in the traditional security framework
Secure framework
Acclimatizing a traditional network with core, distribution
and access layer devices and each service is running from
the farm-of-servers obliging the results from each other at
This section consists of two parts. The first part gives an
analysis of the presented proposal through arguments,
Client
and second part analyzes the results of the evaluation
which support the arguments presented in the first part.
Analysis of the proposed framework
This section presents an analysis of the features of the
proposed framework [refer section 3]. Those features
make the framework feasible to implement in existing
network infrastructures. Unlike other security perimeters,

4
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

the switches in the proposed framework do not generate or
direct the redundant traffic at every nook and cranny of the
core layer. This traffic reduction is due to the nearby
accessibility of regularly deemed updates, alerts,
notifications, acknowledgements and log reports
maintenance by endpoint security applications.
As, the execution of compatible updates is only at client
side therefore, neither complexity nor memory upgrade is
required in the switches of the access layer. This makes
the updating process. For these reasons, the constraint of
hardcode has negligible effect on the results.
Whereas, the proposed flow of the update mechanism in
figure 4 provides stronger resilience towards various
internal attacks and malicious code, e.g. sinkhole,
continuous ping, hello flood. The flow of security
information and the update is proposed in such a way that,
only the privileged applications at server can resend or
rewrite the entries.
The passive elements at client require temporarily
acquired permission from the client operating system. This
quantifies the ownership of updating <AV-HELLO>
[1][3][9][18]. Distinctiveness of the framework is its ability
to give maximum protection at first step, from trojans, logic
bombs, virus, trapdoors, backdoors and information leaks.
configurable switches into consideration that do not
participate in storing and sending <AV-HELLO> related
elements. These switches can not use IGMP to find out the
multicast hosts. Now router can direct these switches
about multicast group membership using CGMP. This
allows multicast-enabled switches to forward multicasts
only to hosts that are new and participating in the group.
This shall save further need of processing cost in switches
to accommodate this framework.
The switches deployed can be further reprogrammed to
remove MAC of corrupt node for the strict security in the
network by employing some rules. Assuming the ongoing
developments in network infrastructure, catalyst
processing and storage, adaptive networks, it can be
proclaimed that the framework may be deployed in even
larger networks. The customizable nature of the
framework makes it viable for small and medium size
organizations.
Methods for future integration
Now, we intend to project efforts in two directions. One is to
scale this solution over a larger heterogeneous network of
computers and handheld devices. That development shall
help adaptive rules to veto or pass the communication
through the endpoint.

The model lab is set over MUET-campus with 30 nodes An open standard APIs development that‘ll help loosing
with single authentication server. Now the next phase is to monopolized control of companies in security products. On
check the stability and scalability of the solution with all the other hand, it shall help customizing the varying
nodes all over the campus. demands of security perimeter in organizations.The
Switch with resident
cooperation of catalyst vendors can be sought to design a
virus updates
service-oriented hardware that inherits the potential to
implement this framework. Only a powerful module (a
Requires
NO
catalyst in our case) can perform great for security
HELLOs?
perimeter. In general, a dedicated hardware helps to
YES implement a strong security policy. The verification of
passive updates can be sought by “knowledge
HELLO
handshake consistency checker” at distribution or access layer
device.
AV-HELLO
handshake
Conclusion

ACK error? NO
Frame for
This work presents a novel network security perimeter for a
Authenticity
true defense-in-depth approach which is designed from a
YES
healthy synchronization approach embedded at first place
of the network. We have presented a hierarchical model
Check if
retransmit YES
Request to
retransmit
with true logical separations among different services.
HELLOs?
Some services were pre-deployed as the security was a
NO priority. We plan to recommend this framework having
Discard
confidence as first step towards merger of antivirus
MAC entry
& Report services with other network resident services.

Figure 4. Switch communicating updates Recommendations

The technique presented in this framework takes non- Analyzing the bottlenecks of network security devices and

5
 ENGINEER PEC
tools for delivering the proper support, we suggest that a
reserved space may be endorsed into catalyst. It shall
serve the purpose of a base station in antivirus client-
server architecture for sending passive updates to each
host in the network.
References
1. Hae-Jin Jeong; Il-Seop Song; et-al; “A Multi-
dimension Rule Update in a TCAM-based High-
Performance Network Security System”Advanced
Information Networking and Applications, 2006. AINA
2006, 20th International Conference on Volume 2, 18-
20 July 2006 Page(s):62 – 66
2. Al-Shaer, E; “Network Security Policies: Verification,
Optimization and Testing” Network Operations and
Management Symposium, 2006. NOMS 2006, 10th
IEEE/IFIP, 2006 Page(s):584 – 584
3. Magic quadrant, “Symantec network access control;
the key to endpoint security” advertising section report
2006, www.symantec.com/endpoint
4. Hamed, H.; Al-Shaer, E; “Taxonomy of conflicts in
network security policies” Communications Magazine,
IEEE, Volume 44,Issue 3,July 2006 Page(s):134-141
5. Salim, R.; Rao, G.S.V.R.K;” Design and Development
of Network Intrusion Detection System Detection
Scheme on Network Processing Unit” Advanced
Communication Technology, 2006. ICACT 2006, the
8th International Conference, Volume 2,-22 Feb. 2006
Page(s):1023 - 1025
6. Adnan A. Arain, Marvie, Manzoor Hashmani, et-al, “An
analytical revelation for a safer network security
perimeter”, 2006 proceedings of Intentional
Conference on Information and Networks-ICOIN2006
Sendai, Japan, 14-17 January 2006
7. Schaelicke, L.; Freeland, J.C.; “Characterizing
sources and remedies for packet loss in network
intrusion detection systems” Workload
MET CO
Marketing Engineering & Trading Co. (Pvt.) Ltd.
METCO (PVT) Limited is committed to achieve complete customer satisfaction
through provision of high quality engineering services in accordance with
contracted specifications and seek continual improvement through compliance
of ISO 9001-2000 Quality Management System.
6
September 2007
Characterization Symposium, 2005. Proceedings of
the IEEE International 6-8 Oct. 2005 Page(s):188 –
196
8. Jiang-Neng Yi; Wei-Dong Meng; Wei-Min Ma; Jin-Jun
Du; “Assess model of network sec
9. Engr. Adnan A. Arain PhD Scholar, Institute of
Information Technology, Mehran UET, Jamshoro-PAK
10. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Rajput
11. Engr. Muhammad Iqbal ( PEC telecomm / 74)
About Author
Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan. Rajput is a
Meritorious professor, Chief-Patron IT
Vision Magazine and Vice-Chancellor of
Mehran University of Engineering &
Technology, Jamshoro. He is winner of
the “Best Teacher Award, 2000”,
awarded by the University Grants
Commission.
He has participated in the Advance Learning Workshop on
Microprocessor, Data communications and At, organized
by ICTP, TRIESTRE, Italy. He is founder member of the
National Committee for Development courses in the field
of computer studies at class IX, X, XI, XII, level (formed by
the MOE curriculum wing) and has edited various books on
“Computer Studies” written at the platform of MOE and
also by the Oxford University Press. He is member and
convenor of National Committee for Development courses
for BCS, BS(IT), MS(IT), MCS, BS(CS), MS(CS),
BE(CSE), BE(Software Engineering) (formed by
University Grants Commission) and has participated and
published more than 60 Research Papers at National and
International level. He is also Co-author of books on “Data
Communication” “CompuPedia”, “The Art of Learning C
and MS-Access” and “Digital Media Technology”.
 ENGINEER PEC
Seismic Architecture
Hazrat Sultan
Kashmir earthquake
An earthquake of magnitude 7.6 shook northern Pakistan
and Kashmir killing seventy thousand and injuring eighty
thousand people and millions became homeless. The
losses were over five billion dollar in economic terms. The
damages were due to poor quality of construction, as
modern reinforced concrete structures were not designed
to resist earthquake action. Besides poor design, slope
failure, site response and topography attributed to the
devastations. The earthquake is associated with the great
plate boundary region, where Indian plate is sub ducting
under the Asian plate.
The census data indicate that about four hundred and thirty
nine thousand and eight hundred and eighty were in the
effected area of which two 261990 houses were
completely destroyed, while 177,890 were damaged.
The main cause of the collapse is the heavy weight of the
roof, which attracts inertia forces. The slender un-
reinforced wall without connectivity to the roof, use of
smooth bars and insufficient stirrups for confinement
resulted in the structural damage.
In Balakot city, even the reinforced concrete and masonry
buildings collapsed due the ridge-effect as the ridge
amplify the periods corresponding to their own vibration
modes as well as their energy for using effects. The first
soft story is the common cause of failure of these buildings.
Lack of lateral resistant allowed the sliding of the Balakot
Bridge on the Kunhar River, which resulted in the loss of
bearing supports of the girders.
The design and construction in the earthquake areas,
hitherto warrants the development of seismic code for
important civil projects based on the latest technologies,
adapted to Pakistan. A set of “demand-to-Satisfy” bye-laws
using local practice having no calculations requirements
for small family residences, in seismic areas also needs to
be developed.
Architectural design
The architecture should be strictly based on the effective
seismic design. The building configuration (geometry),
sizes of structural member and dangerous non-structural
members lead to architect / engineer relationship. A
building with regular configuration is ideal with respect to
dealing with lateral forces but the architecture is for
occupancy, as a solid block, which is free from
irregularities, may be ideal seismic design, but it is sculptor
not architecture.
7
September 2007
Optimal seismic design has to be compromised and needs
to be reasonable architecturally. If the design is not
functional and economical, there is hardly any need of that
kind of structure. For regular design the following
consideration are made: -
Lower height to base ratio.
?
Equal floor heights.
?
Symmetrical plan.
?
Identical on both axes.
?
Uniform sections and elevations.
?
Maximum torsion resistance.
?
Short spans.
?
Redundancy.
?
No Cantilevers.
?
For structures with reentrant corners, diaphragm
discontinuity, out of plan offsets the design forces should
be increased to 25%. Structures with nonarallel system
and structures without plan offsets must have the design
strength to resist horizontal, vertical and axial forces.
Diaphragms should be connected to vertical elements and
collectors. The irregular structures with weak story
structures havin extreme vertical irregularity of two floors
or 30 feet in height and extreme soft story structures are
not allowed. All these procedures are exposed to errors
and therefore, it would be better to remove irregularities to
a minimum and further, the designparameters are left to
judgment of a good engineer.
Seismic forces and size of building are interrelated.
Increasing the height of a building is similar to providing
long cantilever. The building period will change and its
response will change. Limits on heights are provided in
different codes varying up to100 feet in seismic areas.
However, experience has shown that three stories have
behaved well even in areas where soil support pressures
were very low. One thing is to be kept in mind, that large
span and diaphragms are to be avoided and in case it is
notpractical, than shear wallsor frames may be added to
the structures. The architect can sub divide large building
into blocks and thus long wings and reentrant corners are
avoided. The building proportion which is height / depth
ratio for tall building should be 3 or 4, for seismic esign. The
pounding risk of adjacent building be carefully worked out
and building separated to a desired values. A new trend to
keep the height / depth ratio within limits and closely place
units will act as big unit in an earthquake response.
The symmetry forms are better because torsion and stress
concentration is reduced. The bottom storey carries its
own load in addition to shear forces. . The density, which is
area of vertical structural elements in comparison to gross
area of floor. Normaly in modern building, the density is not
more than 2% while in old building it was up to 25%. The
requirement is opposite of most efficient seismic
configuration, which would provide resisting elements at
 ENGINEER PEC
the base. In nutshell redundancy plays a positiverole in
seismic performance as it results in higher plan density.
Configuration
1. The plan configuration problems of a building are the
reentrant corner (Inside corner). These corners
produce rigidity due to different parts of the building
resulting local tress concentration at the notch of the
reentrant corner. If the ground motion is orthouth, the
wings of Northouth will be stiffer than wings of
Eastestthe former wing would deflect less than the
later, if it were separate but are tied together and
differentially move at notch, pulling and pushing each
other. In addition torsion is created, as the center of
mass and center of rigidity cannot coincide forall
possible earthquakes directions. The rotation of joint
depends on the mass of building, structural system,
length of wings and height / depth ratio. There are two
alternatives either to separate building structurally into
simple shape or to tie the bulding together strongly, at
the lines of stress and torsion.
2. The variation in perimeter strength and stiffness has
detrimental effect, which provides seismic resistance.
If the resistance is not balanced the detrimental effects
are extreme, as the center of mass and center of
resistance will not coincidethe torsion will rotate the
building on its axis. Open front buildings have three
shearing walls with opennd and produces torsion. The
opennd can be catered for by designing frame
structure for entire perimeter, shear walls at opennd
corner and braced frame at openront.
In case of building which are not on parallel and have a
shape of triangle or other than rectangular, the center of
mass can not coincide and highest quantum of torsion
forces are generated under a ground motion. In this form of
wedge shape building, opaqu walls may be
introduced.iaphragms are roofs or floors and perform a
role in earthquake nd its connection to shear wallsas great
significance. Opening and penetration in diaphragms such
as staircases, lifts should be carefully placed preferable at
distance from one another so a keep the strength and
stiffness of diaphragm constant. Though it is not possible
to keep stiffness’ of all the floors of multistory building
constant, yet it is beneficial to obviate to minimum soft and
weak stories.
8
September 2007
A soft storey has less lateral stiffness than immediately
above and weak storey has less strength compared to
above. It is very critical if this condition occur at the first
story because the forces are greater at this level. Owing to
discontinuity at the second story causes extreme
deflection in the first story and concentration of forces at
Types of vertical Irregularities
junction to second storey. Normally the problem is created
due to change in height of floor, changes in materials,
discontinuous shear walls and changes in horizontal /
vertical structure at second storey. The problems are to be
resolved, otherwise, introduce bracing, and add columns
and to change design of first story columns. Moreover,
opaque walls of soft story would be lightweight and
detached from resistance system. In no condition long
walls are allowed in subsequent stories. The basic
principle of seismic design is that in case of severe
earthquakes beams will deform plastically before columns,
to avoid total collapse. The weak column, strong because
condition should always be avoided. It is important that
column should be isolated from bearing walls so as to
obviate short column condition. The design of vertical set
back (offset) to a building brings discontinuity resulting in
change of strength and stiffness. Inverted setbacks, which
make building larger at top but the overturning aspects is
more pronounced. The set back should be limited to three
fourth in area of storey below it. Buildings having more
setbacks should be analyzed as special cases. The
inverted setback in earthquake area should be altogether
avoided.
Pounding to adjacent building hitting one another should
be avoided. The vertical deflection or drift of adjoining
buildings is worked out. A space is to be provided between
these buildings. A few stories building may drift 3 to 8 feet
and therefore, needs a separation place double to it. The
cluster of building in congested areas behaves differently
and earthquake effects are more significant on end
building, while less damage in the inner zone. Adjacent
building, cause some time damages to other buildings and
has to be catered for. On very early, the engineer and
architect should know concept and jointly proceed with
architectural design in earthquake areas. The architect
must understand seismic engineering to conceptual
degree and be comfortable with such shear walls bracing,
moment frames, diaphragms and base isolation. The
engineer should also understand functional needs and
aspiration of architect.
 ENGINEER PEC
Lateral displacement
After the earthquake or wind the building move which is
known as drift. In tall building the design is controlled by
drift design and structural stability is dependent on it. The
ratio of maximum lateral displacement to the height of the
building is called drift ratio. A story drift is relative
displacement of a floor to the story height at that level. Drift
limitation by seismic codes serves as guide to safe guard
the structural integrity. The increase in lateral stiffness, the
critical load of building increases, reducing failures.
However, the gravity loads play a key factor against lateral
stability and rotation at the base structure.
Diaphragms
The diaphragms support the entire gravity load and
transfer these to columns and walls. Further, these
transmit the wind and seismic forces to frames and
structural walls. The building acts as a unit and
redundancy and strength is increased. In design, the floor
Change of stiffness
Flexible 1st floor
is like horizontal continuous beam supported by vertical
lateral load resisting elements. (Floor deck as web and
periphery beam as flanges of continuous beam).
The shear and bending moments are worked out and three
dimension analyses are needed for distribution of forces
on vertical elements. For few stories, a simple analysis is
sufficient to determine the distribution of lateral forces.
The diaphragm rigidity plays a major role in the design, as
the diaphragms can be rigid, flexible and semi-rigid. The
definitions of rigid means that lateral forces are transferred
as per relative stiffness. In flexible diaphragms, horizontal
forces to the vertical load resisting elements are
independent of their stiffness. The diaphragms are semi-
rigid, when deflection of diaphragms and vertical elements
can not be assured rigid or flexible. The diaphragms
problems are more in low-rise building and in stiffer column
/ shear walls, in taller buildings. Abrupt changes in wall
9
September 2007
stiffness below and above diaphragms can cause
problem. In buildings having many wings such as L-shape,
H-shape etc. junctions are to be dealt carefully as stress at
joints of wings may increase. The diaphragms are
designed according to codes and deflection of diaphragms
shall not exceed the permissible deflection of attached
elements. Diaphragms designs can be further simplified
for three-storey building or lower according to codes. The
continuous ties are to be provided between the supported
walls and the diaphragms in order to distribute anchorage
forces. In wooden diaphragms the ends should be
perfectly embedded in walls and projected wings properly
designed. The floor slab and topping should not be less
than two inches.
Miscellaneous design techniques
Masonry walls
Two procedure are adopted, one for slender walls
designed for out of plan forces (perpendicular to wall), the
second one for in plan forces (parallel to wall length)
Discontinuous
Shear Wall
requiring steel at ends for support to resist shear, moments
and over turning. Walls having height, 30 times of
thickness are called slender walls. The block masonry
whether hollow or solid may be used in panel walls subject
to condition that the minimum thickness should be six
inches. The ratio of unsupported height may not exceed
30-time thickness. Minimum steel for temperature
/shrinkage (.003 each direction) and maximum not
exceeding, 3% of cell area be provided. No splicing of the
main steel in the wall be allowed and units continuously
poured and joined to each other.
Existing structures
The existing structures should be made earthquake
resistant to a level desired by the requirements. The
strength, materials, detailing and quality affect the
performance. Other considerations are the age of
structure, economy, occupancy, losses, history, site
 ENGINEER PEC
deficiencies and cost appraisal of alternatives. Unlike new
structure, the concept of old structures is to control
deformation whereas in new structure, it has a little
significance. Due to lack of ductility, the design of seismic
retrofits revolves totally on the control of deformation. For a
ground motion and performance level, the control of
deformations is to be within accepted levels. The inter-
story drift can reduce the damage to non-structural
elements (partitions, face work, ceiling). The
beam/column, shear wall and diaphragms damages
cannot be controlled due to built in deficit ductility. By some
changes, sometime it is possible to control such structural
deformation. The expansion joints should not be inter-
connected in any upgrade system. The inelastic
deformation is beyond prediction by direct elastic analysis.
The most difficult case of building is load-bearing walls of
simple masonry. Apart from provision in the codes, it
should be kept in mind that inertia forces generated in any
direction can be transmitted back to the ground. The open
storefronts, house over garage, sky windows and
expansion joints, lacks in lateral force resisting system and
warrants improvement. Neither excessive flexibility of
structure nor its brittle nature is desirable. Flexibility
reduces long periods of vibration while brittle materials
Conventional Isolated
such as brick masonry etc loose strength rapidly. Out of
plane demands of slender walls, inadequate anchorage to
diaphragms and limited strength cause failure. The
upgrading of open storefront needs vertical line of
resistance along the sides of building. The braced steel
frames, shear walls and collectors to distribute loads to
diaphragms are used. The skylights are provided with
vertical/ horizontal steel trusses. In addition shear walls or
braced frame can be added to meet deficiencies caused by
discontinuity of diaphragms. For expansion joint a new
lateral resisting elements on each side of joints can be
added for transferring horizontal shear across the joint. All
columns should be connected to foundation and roofing
members connected to walls, including architectural and
10
September 2007
utility attachment to the structure.
The connection of reentrant corner by collector, out of
plane anchor and continuity ties across diaphragms,
makes the walls and diaphragms one piece eliminating
deformations. The insufficient bearing in existing building
should be improved by enlarging beam area, stiffening the
lateral stiffeners and providing additional vertical supports.
The brittle structure such as masonry and unreinforced
works need special attention. It is most important in the
masonry that diaphragms and walls are tied, as these are
very low in strength both in plane and out of plane. In plane
shortcomings use shotcrete on one face of the wall, infilling
exiting windows and adding supplementary walls. Out of
plan shortcoming are dealt with shotcrete, center coring of
the wall, installing dowels and adding strong-backs to
stiffen the wall. The selection depends upon the aesthetic
requirements of the building. The concrete frames can be
added with shear wall but the whole system is to be
redesigned from foundation to top as retrofit work. The
shotcrete thickness should not be less than three inches.
The existing diaphragms may have several shortcomings
such as shear/flexure capacity, flexibility, connectivity and
continuity. These defects need to be rectified.
Isolation Bearings
Seismic isolation
The detachment of building from the ground in order to
stop transmission of earthquake motion isolates the
building. In comparison to the conventional method of
stopping acceleration in stiff building and controlling inter-
storey drifts in flexible structure, the isolation removes
defects and building can be made safer. The vertical forces
in conventional design are controlled but performance of
seismic forces makes the structure expensive and
unpredictable. The seismic isolation introduces flexibility
at the base in a horizontal plan along with damping to
restrict the amplitude of motion resulting from the
earthquake.
 ENGINEER PEC
Mechanical dissipater and elastomers can limit
displacements and forces. Low and medium stiff buildings,
nuclear plants and bridges are ideally suited; with due care
to soil and very high-risk area. The elastomeric (rubber)
pads called bearings support the weight of structure and
counteract earthquake forces. The dissipaters (absorbers)
and elastomers reduce movements across the bearings to
acceptable level. The computer software and shaking
tables are used to validate results. Apart from several other
reasons for going for isolation design, the main criteria are
increased building safety and its operability after the
earthquake. The force response is reduced by the flexible
mounting as the period of vibration is lengthened. The
deflections are controlled by a damper and rigidity is also
provided under low service loads of wind and minor
earthquakes. Elastomeric bearing is most common but
rollers slip plates; suspension, sleeved piles and stepping
foundation techniques are also used. It must be kept in
mind that when lateral flexibility is introduced than there is
no loss to vertical rigidity.
The rubber bearings in layers, sandwiching steel shims
between layers properly bonded constrain lateral
deformation of the rubber. The bearing may be lead-
rubber, high-dampening rubber and friction pendulum
system. The cardinal principle is to increase in a stiff
building, the fundamental period from a second to twice or
thrice by providing isolation. The force is reduced and yield
strength remains the same, reducing ductility demand in
turn reducing forces to 50%. The seismic isolation is
desirable:
1. The soil does not produce predominance of long
period ground motion.
2. The low- rise structure is heavy.
3. Squat structure and wind loads are 10% of the
structure.
4. The fundamental period of vibration is low, which is
quite high in taller buildings.
5. Soil stiffness’ is good for isolation.
6. In existing structures, structure should be confined to a
11
September 2007
level where plan isolation is provided, in contrary to
conventional buildings where structural elements are
added everywhere.
7. The uplift of structure on the bearing should be in limits
of resistance of softening of the bearing. Method of
proportions of loads and loose bolts to absorb uplift is
used.
8. The bearing should be located which permit inspection
and replacement.
9. The bearings can be located in sub-basement or at
first story column or top of basement.
References
1. University of Urbane-Champaign Report
2. Seismic design handbook by Farzad Naeim.
About Author
Hazrat Sultan Registration: PEC 2440 (Civil). Bachelor of
Engineering (B.E). Educational buildings designs Amman
& Whitney of United States. Transportation projects form
E.D.I. World Band. Advance management from University
of Connecticut U.S.A. Member Executive Committee
P.E.C for the term 97-99.
Civil Engineer with 39 years of Experience in Planning,
designing, construction and supervision of civil
engineering works. Specific projects are construction of
highways, buildings and water and power development
projects from 1964 to 1999. Investigation and survey of
Mangla Dam form 1961-1963. With Water and Power
Development Authority. Structural design of multistory
buildings. Major project comprehensive Higher schools at
Pesha3war and Abbottabad. Structural design of medical
store Depot at Peshawar. Structural design Polytechnic
Institute at Peshawar. Advancer knowledge in Seismic
Resistant Building including Moment resistant frame,
Shear walls, up grading of seismic effete building and
seismic isolation. Supervision of Dozens of road, building
and Bridge Projects. Remained sub-divisional officer,
Executive Engineer, Supervising Engineer and Chief
Engineer communications and works department from
1964 to 1999.
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

Development of GFPS for Planning and Financial procedures concept

Management of Finances
Both non-development and development expenditure
Dr. Muhammad Younus Javed requests lies in any finance department of each enterprise
Mr. Munawwar Iqbal in the world. In non-development each organization has
different departments. Each department has a unique
Abstract function. However, two or more departments can perform
the same function. Function details are defined according
to function heads. Each function head is five digits long.
An automated environment used to create containers and Last two digits are reserved for those function heads that
to hold and manage the financial expenditure data can be has value D (D for Detail) or T (T for Total). If a function
conceptualized as Generalized Financial Planning System head has a value D then it means that it has no further
(GFPS). This paper briefly describes financial procedure subsection and if it has value T then we can define its sub
function heads as shown below: -
concepts and levels of a security system within GFPS. The
Finance Department of Government, Semi Government
and private organizations has been emphasizing the need Func Description Status Parent
to carry out software development in order to computerize Head Head
01000 Publicity and Information T
the annual expenditure requests including non-
development and development expenditure. The 01200 General Commission and T 01000
computerization of financial expenditure data and Inquiry
requests processing is required to provide better support
01600 Election Commission(150) D 01000
to the higher management for making efficient operational
decisions and their execution. Efficient computerization
requires a detailed study and analysis of the working of There are different demands under which different
departments exist. One demand may contain several
different finance departments and development of departments. Nature of the demand may be capital,
generalized financial procedures and mechanism of the revenue or repayment of debts. Expenditure type within a
related data recording and processing methodologies. demand may be charged or non-charged. Another concept
After a detailed analysis, a GFPS has been developed. in allocation of finances is object head. Amount is always
The requirements of the software for GFPS have been requested and allocated against object head. Each object
head can be five digits long. Last two digits are reserved for
identified and specified in detail including non- those object heads that has value D. Detail about object
development expenditure and development expenditures, heads is shown below
cut on non-development and keeping track of
development releases. The system has been designed
Object Description Status Parent
and developed to meet requirements of different finance
Head Head
departments with an easy to use interface for tentative
10000 Purchase of Durable T
users. The system is implemented using powerful features
Goods
of the available DBMS. The development tools and
environments selected are the most advanced keeping in 11000 Transport D 10000
mind all kinds of enterprises. In view of the essential 12000 Machinery and D 10000
requirements of finance departments, the necessary data Equipments
security and integrity mechanisms have been incorporated 30000 Construction of Works T
and built into the system after taking a detailed feedback
from the users. Six users of the selected enterprise 35000 Telecommunication T 30000
evaluated the developed system to check its efficacy and Works
usefulness. Results have been analyzed and the team 35100 Lines and Wires T 35000
members found that the developed system is easy to 35101 Lines and Wires D 35100
operate, very accurate, highly secure, reliable and user- (Telegraph)
friendly. Moreover, it successfully meets all financial
35102 Lines and Wires D 35100
requirements to plan and execute a series of projects and
(Telephone)
other related expenditures
35103 Lines and Wires (Radio) D 35100

12
 ENGINEER PEC
Request of amount needed from each department is
presented to the finance department containing a unique
diary number whose data is necessary to be maintained,
consulted and updated. Request contains a total
requested amount and shows different volumes (if exists)
in which request is being considered. In addition, various
queries are to be answered and reports are required to be
generated. In the present system, a request of financial
needs contains development as well as non-development
request.
Total requested amount is further subdivided into object
heads. Each object head has two levels of categories that
is T or D. If an object head has a level value D then it mean
that it has no further child object head and if it has value T
then one can define its child object heads. Amount is
initially specified against each object head containing level
D. Sum of amount against each object head contains level
D within a parent object head which must be equal to
amount of parent object head. No amount can be directly
specified against object head that is at level T. If amount is
requested against salary object head then detail of each
post is also given against that object head.
In case of development expenditure request, an enterprise
has different sectors in which different projects are
running. A sector may have many projects running in it and
each project belongs to only one sector. Development
request for each project, along with previous year amount
spent on it, comes in a year requesting for capital or
revenue amount request. Amount is first allocated for a
particular project. After allocating, it is authorized.
Authorization amount may be split into different intervals.
For a particular project total amount authorized cannot be
greater than total amount allocated. After a particular
authorization is made then amount against authorized
amount is released and total released amount cannot be
greater than total amount authorized. Recently the data is
collected from different departments on papers. Request
papers for finance are sent to each department in advance.
After filling these papers each department sends its
request back to finance department where each incoming
request is allocated a unique diary number. There can be a
possibility that requested non-development expenditure
amount from a single or many departments may not be
fulfilled because no excessive amount of current income is
available. In such a case cut is applied on requested
amount on one or more departments as in the form of
percentage.
Software design
A design for GFPS has been developed in DBMS for
automating financial procedures. Data modeling is the
next step in GFPS after ‘Requirements Specification’ for
undertaking design and development of an automated
system. It is a process of creating a representation of the
13
September 2007
user’s view of data [1,2]. It is the most important task in the
development of GFPS application. The functions of the
GFPS are to materialize forms, reports and queries by
reading or writing the database data. The GFPS is an
intermediary between the user and the operating system. It
receives the requests stated in terms of tables and rows
and columns and translates those requests into read and
write requests. A process that involves inferring from user’s
statements, forms, reports and queries are gathered and
the developers work backwards to infer the structure that
depicts the user’s vision and constructs the data models
for GFPS. This is necessary because most users cannot
describe their data models directly. The Entity Relationship
(E-R) model is used to interpret, specify and document the
requirements for database processing systems [5]. Since it
provides constructs for showing the overall structures of
the user’s data requirements, it is specifically used for top
down database design. The major objective in designing
phase, for GFPS, is to suggest such a system, which is
organized, smooth in running, proficient in handling
information and adequate in all respects. But the point to
be kept in mind is that the prescribed organizational
limitations should not be dominating, more over the
proposed system should be applicable and should
overcome the drawbacks which exist in the present
system. Computerized system, known as GFPS, is being
presented to meet the requirements of the organization
and is designed so that all the objectives are achieved [3].
The existing manual system does not satisfy all the
objectives of different finance departments. Typical
organizational objective is to provide better service to its
users. These objectives can only be achieved if a better
computer based system is satisfying the requirements.
The main goals of the early stages of database
development are to build a ‘Data Model’ that documents
the stages to be represented in the database, and to
establish the relationships among them [8]. Since top-
down database development approach has been adopted
to design the GFPS, the E-R model has been used to
design and develop the system. A software design is a
model of real world system that has many participating
entities and the relationships [1] as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Partial view of normalized schema of GFPS
 ENGINEER PEC
Data Modeling is a basis for all the subsequent work in the
development of the database and their applications. GFPS
may be defined as a self-describing collection of integrated
records. GFPS is composed of a set of programs that are
used to define, administer and process the financial
information. A partial schema for request of development
expenditure is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Partial view of development schema in GFPS
If the data model incorrectly represents the users view of
the data, they will find application difficult to use,
incomplete and very frustrating. Economy, reliability,
responsiveness and modularity are taken into account
while designing; system has been designed on the basis of
user requirements to meet the needs of respective
enterprise. The data is processed by the GFPS, which is
used by the database developers and the database users;
both can use the GFPS either directly or indirectly via the
application programs.
Software development
A simulator has been developed in DBMS for automating
financial procedures. It contains four major modules (i.e.
CODE, EXPENDITURE, POSTING and CUT). In GFPS
pull down operated menu interface has been designed to
provide a good interface to the users.
The main components of a GFPS system are the GFPS
Management and the Application Programs which are
utilized by both developers and users. The database is
processed by the GFPS, which is used by the database
developers and database users. The GFPS is composed
of a set of programs that are used to define, administer and
process the information. The facilities of DMBS can be
used to create table structure to define relationships and to
create forms, reports and the menus [10,11]. The GFPS
also include the facilities for interacting with application
14
September 2007
programs written in either DBMS specific language – SQL
or standard languages like COBOL. The design of GFPS
defines the database and the structure of applications. The
design tool comprises a set of tools to facilitate the design
and to create the database and its applications [1]. It
includes the typical tools for creating tables, designing
forms, answering queries and generating the reports. The
GFPS developer uses the ‘Design Tools’ sub-systems
such as data, free tables, queries, documents, forms,
reports, code, and programs. The GFPS processes the
application components that are developed by using
design tools. During run-time, all the functions are
automatic, neither the users nor the developers need to put
any effort once the form is created. The runtime processors
answer the queries and print the reports. There is a run-
time component also that processes the application-
program requests for reading and writing the database
information. GFPS receives requests from the other two
components stated in terms of tables, rows and columns. It
then translates these requests into commands and sends
them to the operating system to read and write the data on
physical media. The GFPS is also involved in transaction
management, locking, backup and recovery. GFPS has
integrated selection of data which is organized to meet
requirements of different users within an enterprise. It can
also be defined as a self-describing collection of integrated
records. GFPS itself is a collection of data that is treated as
a unit. It is composed of logical and physical structures,
which are designed to store and retrieve the related
information.
A GFPS schema defines a database’s structure its tables,
relationships, domains and the business rules. A database
schema is a design, the foundation on which the database
and the applications are built [6]. For creating the
database, we need to build the schema, and after
normalization create the tables. A schema is a description
of the structure of a database [9]. The database schema
defines the database’s structure, its tables, relationships,
domains and the business rules. The rows of one table can
be related to the rows of other tables. A domain is a set of
values that a column may have. One must specify a
domain for each column of each table. The business rules
are restrictions on the business activities that must be
reflected in a database and the database applications.
Once the schema has been designed, the next step is to
create the ‘GFPS Tables’ using the DBMS’s Data option.
Each table’s column name is typed in the field ‘Column
Name’ and the data type is specified in the field ‘Data
Type’. The used DBMS is very powerful which can
coordinate with other DBMS as well [7] for data sharing.
The additional information about the column, such as
width, field format, and caption and data constraints are
specified in the remaining entry fields of the table creation
form. The final component of a GFPS application is the
application program. The application program is written in
 ENGINEER PEC
a standard procedural language that interfaces with the
GFPS through a pre-defined program interface. In GFPS,
the Structured Query Language (SQL) and language
specific commands are used as a standard language for
defining the structures and processing of a relational
database [4]. SQL is used as a stand alone query
language. The purpose of ‘GFPS Application’ is to provide
forms, queries and reports so that the users can record
data and obtain the information they need about the
entities or objects of their interest. A form is a display on the
computer screen, which is used to present, enter and
modify the data. In Figure 3, the menus are used to
organize the application components so as to make them
more accessible to the end user. ‘Pull Down’ menus as well
as ‘Buttons’ operated menus have been developed
according to the requirements. The buttons operated
menus are explicit and easier to use. GFPS has been
designed to operate with the help of pull down option.
Various steps are undertaken during the development
phase of GFPS. It covers creating the new users in the
database, creating the tables in project manager data
option, building the blocks using the forms, creating the
master detail relationships in forms, writing the
procedures, making the list items, compiling the forms and
removing the compilation errors, integrating the forms
together, generating the reports and using report option
based on specific queries as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Non-development amount form in GFPS
From time to time, the users want to query the data to
answer the questions or to identify the problems in
particular situations. There are a number of ways in which
a query can be expressed. One way is to use the data
access language that is SQL; another way is to use Query
by Example (QBE). To create a query, the user has to place
the relevant names of the tables that are to be queried, into
the query windows. A sample for project releases is shown
15
September 2007
in Figure 4.
A Report is a formatted display of the database
information. Developing a report is similar to developing a
data entry form, although in some ways it is easier since a
report can be considered as a write-only form. In other
ways, constructing a report is more difficult since reports
often have a more complicated structure than the forms do.
Figure 4 Development released amount form in GFPS
Evaluation Results
The usefulness and efficacy of any system can only be
ascertained when subjected to practical use. The
objectives of system evaluation are to determine whether
the desired objectives have been accomplished or not.
This is concerned with the detailed study of the developed
system from implementation point of view.
A team consisting of six members was selected to evaluate
the developed GFPS. Every team member had more than
five years working experience in the selected
establishment. The evaluation exercise was conducted in
two parts. In the first part the members of the evaluation
team were thoroughly familiarized with the developed
system. They were given a detailed briefing on its concept,
design and physical working. This was followed by a
practical demonstration of the system. Once the members
of the team had developed a modicum of understanding
they were invited to practically handle the system. The
team members were encouraged to monitor the system
acting as proxy financial management system. In the
second part of the evaluation the team members were
handed over the questionnaire. All questions were
designed and framed keeping in view real life
requirements of the GFPS. Seventeen multiple-choice
sample questions were prepared to cover the complete
range of activities of the developed system. It was
 ENGINEER PEC
emphasized upon the team members that they should be
deliberate and forthright in answering the questions.
The first set of five questions dealt with the overall system
performance. Ease of handling, ease in monitoring the
GFPS, confidence level and reliability of the system were
the parameters evaluated in this set of questions. The idea
was to ascertain the general level of acceptability of the
developed system in the minds of the financial experts.
The second set of four questions pertained to procedural
data incorporated in the system. As these procedures were
directly responsible in enhancing the financial status of the
establishment it was imperative that their efficacy be
ascertained and their acceptability determined. Another
important factor was to assess whether the members of
the evaluation team were ready to trust these gadgets. The
third set of two questions dealt with the security functions
of the GFPS. It was considered necessary to obtain
feedback on this utility. The alerts play a very important role
in enhancing the performance of the GFPS. The fourth set
of questions contained queries about cut procedure. The
fifth set of questions pertained to the software. The
software must be failsafe and at the same time it must be
extremely user-friendly [1]. The final two questions were
about the requirements. While developing the software
great pains were taken to ensure the integrity of the data.
A set of questionnaires were checked in detail to assess
the opinion of each member of the evaluation team about
the developed system. Users’ response for the first five
questions shows that the developed system was easy to
learn and use, imparted a feeling of high level of
confidence. Users found that the GFPS utility was highly
useful. Salient advantages of this system are: (1) provides
enhanced access control and monitoring in real time, (2) is
more robust and reliable, (3) gives faster access to data,
(4) exhibits a better level of financial procedures being less
dependent on human skills/failings, (5) always generates
true results of cut financial routine, and (6) presents
economy of force (lesser number of persons required).
The developed GFPS system is efficient in processing. It
has solved the data handling and storage problem of the
financial data in the department. It can provide quick
answers to single as well as multiple queries quickly. It also
has the capability to provide on-line information retrieval
and automated report generation for the users.
The developed system is quite user friendly, so that any
person can obtain the required information effectively out
of the database, after few weeks raining and practice.
Furthermore, self explanatory menus will keep guiding the
user.
Conclusion
The developed GFPS system creates an environment,
16
September 2007
which is in harmony with the inherent requirements of the
end users in terms of hardware, software and finance
personnel. This software development is a step forward
towards the overall computerization plan for finance
department. The guidance given by the higher
management of different finance departments proved to
be the main drive behind this achievement. The design and
development work, undertaken for the GFPS, has been
covered in detail.
This software design and development was purposefully
undertaken since no software development work was
previously carried out to develop the database system for
finance department. The goals set at the start of this
research have been achieved. The requirement
specifications have been fully implemented, and the
designed system truly represents and satisfies the user’s
requirements. This research has led to the development of
a real working of a financial management system, which
can be readily deployed and practically utilized by the
finance department. This software has been purposefully
designed and developed to meet the requirements of a fast
and reliable information system for the user in order to
improve significantly the capability of any department
dealing with finances.
The application software for GFPS is developed for
carrying out detailed system study and analysis of finance
department books. The developed package is an
integrated system, which would ultimately take care of
most of the aspects of finance procedures. The emphasis
has been laid to develop a structured system, which is user
friendly, easy to handle, easy to use and covers almost all
the essential aspects of expenditures in respective
departments. The effort is aimed at producing software
that is functionally acceptable, quickly adaptable, highly
reliable and most efficient in processing. It is easy to
handle, simple to operate while economical to maintain.
The GFPS has automated the record of expenditures for
codes, expenditure, cut, posting and system functions.
The complete details of requested expenditure with
respect to particular diary number within a year have been
automated.
Each department’s request can be recorded and achieved
independently using GFPS. Project authorization on day
as well as weekly basis, authorization number,
authorization date and amount authorized is completely
processed. Project releases on day as well as weekly
basis, released number, released date and amount
released is completely recorded. The reports have been
designed on standard format based on specific queries. A
set of standard queries has been identified with a complete
support built in the system. Security is of paramount
importance regarding the finance department daily routine
matters with respect to expenditure. It carries top priority
once it comes to the data handling of the department.
 ENGINEER PEC
Keeping its significance in view, GFPS is equipped with
necessary security features to deny access to
unauthorized intrusions and thus keeping away any illegal
attempts.
Further research can be made on rules of finance
allocation as they may change from time to time and a
detailed reporting mechanism can be established. The
software development work can be undertaken in future to
further enhance the features of GFPS, in connection with
the computerization plan of finance department. It can be
established as short-term or long-term plans.
GFPS has been thoroughly evaluated by financial experts
who tested it on real-time financial projects. It remained
under trials for four weeks. It has provided promising
results and all the users have found it extremely useful,
highly reliable and accurate, very secure, user-friendly,
very fast and excellent financial management system.
References
1. Somerville, I., “Software Engineering”, Addison -
Wesley Publishing Company, 5th Edition, 1996.
2. Kroenke, D. M., “Database Processing Fundamental
Design and Implementation”, A Simon & Schuster
Company, 6th Edition,1998.
3. Robinson, B. and . Prior, M., “System Analysis
Techniques”, International Thomson Publishing
Company, 1995.
4. Gruber, M., “Understanding SQL”, BPB Publications,
1990.
5. Shepherd , J. C., “Database Management, Theory and
Application”, 1990.
6. Rishe, N., “Database Design”, RR Donnelley & Sons
Company, 1992.
7. Jennings, R., “Using Access 95”, 1997.
17
September 2007
8. Date, C. J., “An Introduction To Database Systems”, 6th
Edition, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 2000.
9. McFadden, F. R. and Hoffer, J. A., ”Modern Database
Management”, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company Inc., 2002.
10. Ricardo, CM. “Database Systems, Principles, Design
and Implementation”, Macmillan Publishing Company,
New York, 1998.
11. Visual FoxPro 8.0, Complete Command reference
with tutorial, 2003.
About the Author
PEC Registration No. Elect/5228
Dr Muhammad Younus Javed did his
PhD (Adaptive Communication
Interfaces) from University of
Dundee, United Kingdom in 1991
and MS (Disambiguation Systems)
from the same university in 1988. He
completed BE Electrical
Engineering from UET Lahore in
1982. He is serving in the College of Electrical and
Mechanical Engineering (C of E&ME) since 1991 and has
taught a number of courses at undergraduate and
postgraduate level. He is currently Head of the Computer
Engineering Department at C of E&ME, National
University of Sciences & Technology, (NUST), Rawalpindi.
Five PhD scholars are working under his supervision. He is
recipient of ORS Award from the University of Dundee for
his outstanding PhD research work. His areas of interest
are Digital Image Processing, Operating Systems,
Database Systems, Algorithmics and Communication
Interfaces. He has 78 national / international publications
to his credit. Mr Munawar iqbal is student of MS Computer
Engineering at NUST and is presently pursuing Thesis
work under the supervision of Dr Younus Javed.
 ENGINEER PEC
Essentials of Earthquake Designs
Junaid Sultan Khan
Earthquake
Earthquake kills ten thousands people every year. The
knowledge has now increased and the structures are
designed using quantitative dynamic analysis, using
spectra of defining parameters. From the wave readings
observed in different stations the position of the center of
earthquake can be calculated. The seismic waves radiate
from the source below the ground surface as opposite
sides of the fault, rebound to decrease the strain energy in
the rocks. The point is called focus and directly above this
is called the epicenter. Earthquakes with foci 70 kms or
less are shallow and below 300s km are called deep.
Smaller earthquakes, known as after shocks follow most
earthquake of the shallow origin. Foreshocks before major
earthquake sometime predict the main shock.
Major earthquakes were attributed to volcanoes
previously, but global geology explained the plate
tectonics phenomena. The lithosphere, which is outermost
part, consists of stable rocks (plates) 80 km in depth and
the movement of these plates produces seismic activities.
Three types of elastic waves cause shaking and produce
earthquake. The forth wave is called P-wave and its motion
is same as sound wave i.e. alternately pushes and pulls
the rock or other medias. The slower wave is called S-
wave and at ground level it produces both vertical and
horizontal motion. These waves can not travel through
liquids such as oceans. The speed of both waves depend
upon the density of rock, the first to reach are P-waves
effecting like a sonic boom and some seconds later the S-
waves arrive with components of side to side motion,
causing horizontal and vertical motions. The S- waves are
destructive. Both waves are dependent on density and
elastic modulus. The third type is called surface- wave,
further sub-divided into love-wave and Raleigh-wave. The
love-wave moves ground side to side without vertical
movement, while the Raleigh-wave moves in a vertical
plane. Both types are slower in speed than body waves of
P&S wave types. Nevertheless, love-wave is faster than
Raleigh-wave with unpredictable pattern.
The shaking at ground level is more pronounced than in
deep basement, tunnel and mines as amplitude of waves
is doubled at the surface. Earthquake waves are affected
by both soil conditions and topography. Seismic waves in
addition to simple shake-up has rotational element having
strong effect due to torsion forces. Earthquake forces
damage structures directly and indirectly resulting in fires,
abrupt changes in soil pressures, displacement,
landslides, sea waves and changes in levels.
Magnitude
Wadati in Japan originated in 1931 and later, Charles
Richter in California in 1935, invented “Richter scale”. The
18
September 2007
Richter maximum wave amplitude defined as logarithm to
base ten and recorded on seismograph. The rise of one
mean ten rise of the wave were period of half second. The
instruments record the components of ground
acceleration, two in horizontal direction and one in the
vertical.
Special geological engineering studies for each site
consisting of occupancy, map showing faults (active) and
existing structural type are to be carried out. The quantum
of studies depends upon the type of structure but revolve
around two pre-requisites.
1. Measurements of density, water content, shear
strength, behavior under flooding, attenuation in situ
and laboratory of boreholes samples.
2. Determination of wave speeds.
In short prediction of ground acceleration, duration,
frequency strong portion of earthquake is compulsory for
designing a structure. The response of the structure is
complicated and it depends on several factors such as
amplification, soil condition and source distance.
Moderate earthquake with long duration may cause more
damages. In addition when the frequency of structure and
ground motion is close, ground motion is amplified.
Foundations
The super-structure interfaces foundation and under static
load generally the vertical loads are transferred to
supporting soil. In seismic areas the loads imposed can
exceed the vertical loads of a structure and also produce
uplift coupled with horizontal forces and movements at
foundation level. Experience has shown that building on
rock suffer very little damage in respect to building on deep
soils. The liquefaction, which kills the supporting soil
pressure, is also worked-out. The design base shear was
formulated to be directly proportional to seismic zone
factor, importance factor and variable further proportioned
to site coefficient and fundamental building period. All
these factors, which can be examined from the earthquake
codes, are used in the formula for design shear.
Liquefaction
Loose saturated sand deposits are exposed to soil
liquefaction and causes settlement of structure and
landslides. Loose sand deposits have tendency to
compact and decrease in volume. Water can not drain
rapidly and there is increase in pore water pressure.
Shaking increase the pore water pressure more than over
burden pressure, the sand shear strength shall reduce and
is in liquefied stage. The sand boils at surface during an
earthquake. Evaluating the potential of soil is difficult task
and standard penetration, cone penetration and other
methods are used to determine design parameters. For all
new constructions, a choice is to be made between
designing for liquefaction or move the project. Sometime it
is preferable to modify the soil conditions by:-
1. Excavation and replacement of soils.
2. Compaction piles and grouting.
 ENGINEER PEC
3. Chemical stabilization using additives.
4. Dewatering systems.
Dynamic motion
Structural dynamic is applied to calculate stresses and
deflections. In earthquake, the loading is time varying and
maximum values are worked for structural design. Simple
structure system is represented in terms of single degree
of freedom, which ultimately leads to multiple degrees of
freedom. Dynamic equilibrium is derived from static
equations that the applied force is equal to stiffness
resistance and resultant displacement. In case of dynamic
equilibrium, a time varying force (force multiplied by time)
and its mathematical solution derives formula for
calculating the design parameters. Time dependent force
on a simple structure (single storey) the assumptions are
made: -
1. Mass at roof level
2. Roof system is rigid
3. Axial deformation of column neglected.
The base motion is product of mass and ground
acceleration. The earthquake forces are classified into
harmonic and impulse types. The harmonic loading
consists of train of sinusoidal waves having given
amplitude, while impulse loading are of short duration,
having impulses of different shapes. The seismic design
forces are calculated by two procedures: The equivalent
static force procedure and dynamic analysis. The static
force procedures are based on empirical formulas and are
commonly used for regular structures having uniform
distribution of mass and stiffness. For irregular structures,
dynamic analysis is used. Under the code regular
structures are up to 240 feet height and irregular structures
are 65 feet or less. Above these heights, for poor soil
pressures and earthquake greater than 0.7 seconds
period, the dynamic analysis is required. The design base
shear is directly proportional to the seismic importance
factor, soil condition factor at site and seismic dead load
and inversely proportional to fundamental period of the
structure and ductility / strength factor. The design shears
is not to exceed or decrease the limits under the code. The
Seismic zone factor (peak-ground acceleration) has to be
scaled from seismic zone map and range from 0.075 to
0.4. The importance factor is for margin of safety,
especially hospitals and fire-brigade station buildings and
range from 1 to 1.25. The building period is directly
proportioned to a fixed factor depending on steel or
concrete frame (range .02 to .035) and height of building.
Structural system coefficient depends on ductility and
strength of system.
Steel Structures:
The ductility of steel makes it ideal for seismic design. It
has strength and toughness but what is more important is
welding and riveting. Structural members are designed as
fuses and detailed to dissipate earthquake energy in the
19
September 2007
inelastic range. The location of all components, which are
likely to be damaged, should not affect gravity load
capacity of the structure. All other components remain in
the elastic range. The design force level depends on the
first yield level of structure when deviations start from the
plastic response. Modification factors prescribed further
reduce the design force level. Seismic design of structural
steel system covers moment resisting frames, simple
braced frames and eccentrically braced frames. The
ductility of steel reduces yield strength and therefore, its
limits lower than 50 Ksi is prescribed in the code for
structural components during the design earthquake. The
other components are expected to yield during the strong
earthquake.
The first system consists of moment resisting frames of
steel columns and beams are bolted, riveted or welded at
joints. This system is most ductile and is preferred for
earthquake areas. Beam to column connection and panel
zone carries paramount importance. All connections
should be strong, stiff (rigid) and having post-yield
deformation capacity without loss of strength. Reinforced
connections having cover plates, welded flange plates,
triangular haunches, strait haunches and vertical plate ribs
are used. A beam-to-column panel zone flexible
component of steel moment resisting frame is to be
catered for local stresses generated and strengthened
according to design procedures. The second system
consists of simple braced frames, which provide lateral
strength and stiffness against earthquake forces and wind.
The philosophy of bracing is that the failure occurs only in
braces, leaving the columns / beam connection
undamaged; thus structure survives earthquake without
losing gravity-load resistance. Beams and column in
braced frames must be designed to remain elastic when all
braces reach maximum tension or compression capacity.
The third system consists of a mixture of moment resistant
frame and braced frames having benefits of ductility
derived from first system and energy dissipation from the
braced frames. The loads in the braces are transferred to
column or another brace through shear and bending in
segment of beam. This small beam (link) is designed to
dissipate the earthquake-induced energy. All other
components of system are designed to remain elastic
during the earthquake.
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Reinforced concrete is widely used in construction industry
and experience shows of last few decades that buildings
are designed after finding out expected demands
matching with capacity in earthquake areas.
The ground motion and structural parameters are worked
out and consist of structural fundamental period, yield
levels, and force displacement characteristics. The
demands have been worked out from shaking tests and
performance of structure to actual destructive earthquake.
The structural engineer, apart from normal design has to
take a great care of ductility or inelastic deformation
 ENGINEER PEC
capacity. A good design concept of is structural
redundancy to be achieved by continuity between resisting
elements by monolithic construction of reinforced cement
concrete. All parts of the structure should be tied to act as
unit together, which also caters for shear forces and
torsion.
Sufficient ductility has to be built in case the strength of
structure can not insure elastic response. Ductility demand
is the ratio of maximum hinge rotation to rotation at first
yield. The cardinal principle is to avoid shear failure in
members. It is imperative that structural members should
first fail in flexure not in shear and bond/anchorage. Shear
walls having height to width ratio of 2 or 3 may be carefully
designed and diagonal steel also added.
Hinging Region from the Anchorage with hooks
face of the column
Loads
i. Static: One direction, in increment until deformation.
ii. Reverse: Loading cycle in predetermined amplitude
until deformation.
iii. Dynamic: Time varying displacements are applied to
selected points of structure.
iv. Shaking Tables: Computer – control actuators are
used for input already worked out.
Effective lateral confinement of concrete increases
strength of concrete and deformation capacity, lateral ties
or spiral steel, covered by thin concrete confines concrete
and increases ductility. Rectangular hoops are weak at
corners and therefore, not as effective as spiral steel for
members subject to axial loads. Flexure deformation
capacity of hinge is closely related to curvature at that
section. The curvature varies over the length of “Plastic
Hinge.” Beams and column joints critically stress and
beams design near intersection is of particular interest.
These potential hinging regions are provided with spiral
and lateral ties for earthquake areas. The lateral steel in
hinging regions of beams confines the steel, resist against
buckling and works against transverse shear. Further, it
should be insured that the beams develop their full
strength in flexure rather than the shear.
In column design, it has to be insured that the failure of the
frame should not occur in column. Plastic hinging should
occur in the beam and thus column collapse is saved. The
strong column – weak beam practice is intended to insure,
20
September 2007
Plastic Hinge Locations
the stability of frame in earthquake excitation. The collapse
of the column, results in the collapse of the structure at and
above. The bi-directional loading in column may shift
hinging from beam, to column and therefore, in such
cases, the column should be 1.5 times stronger than the
beam in flexure. The ideal location for plastic hinge should
be in the beams and bases of the first or lower story
columns and all other members should
remain elastic under the design
earthquake. However, slab column
connection should have stirrups and
steel going into the column for safety.
Shear Walls
The structural wall reduces inter-story
damage during strong earthquakes.
Simple walls with height / width ratio
limited to 2.0 are common in multistory
buildings. In the cantilever walls
horizontal and vertical steel is
provided and resists all shear and
moments.
A horizontal force acts at some
distance above the base, causing
flexure hinging at the base of the wall.
The walls are designed so that as to Section of the
yield at the base. The horizontal force wall at the base
distance above the base is of
importance. In case it is higher above the base, it will take
lesser flexure hinging force in comparison to nearer
position at the base. Dynamic analysis of shear walls show
that maximum shear calculated at the base of the wall can
go 3.5 times greater than shear needed to produce flexure
yielding at the base. The shear depends on fundamental
time period and rotational ductility of the wall. Further, it is
assumed that the hinging region where destruction occurs
is roughly an equal to thickness of the wall. Shear walls
having stiff and well-confined flanges or boundaries
(column) are better than plan rectangular sections. Where,
geometry changes along the height of wall, special
confinement steel is provided. The designs of coupled
walls are used instead of simple shear walls. The walls are
coupled by beams and the beams serve as primary unit to
absorb shock and save the structure. In reinforced
concrete design, the provision of ASCE-95, IBC-2000,
 ENGINEER PEC
Plan Elevation
UBC-97 and ACI chapter 21 are used.
A horizontal force acts at some distance above the base,
causing flexure hinging at the base of the wall. The walls
are designed so that as to yield at the base. The horizontal
force distance above the base is of importance. In case it is
higher above the base, it will take lesser flexure hinging
force in comparison to nearer position at the base.
Dynamic analysis of shear walls show that maximum
shear calculated at the base of the wall can go 3.5 times
greater than shear needed to produce flexure yielding at
the base. The shear depends on fundamental time period
and rotational ductility of the wall. Further, it is assumed
that the hinging region where destruction occurs is roughly
an equal to thickness of the wall. Shear walls having stiff
and well-confined flanges or boundaries (column) are
better than plan rectangular sections. Where, geometry
changes along the height of wall, special confinement steel
is provided. The designs of coupled walls are used instead
of simple shear walls. The walls are coupled by beams and
the beams serve as primary unit to absorb shock and save
the structure. In reinforced concrete design, the provision
of ASCE-95, IBC-2000, UBC-97 and ACI chapter 21 are
used.
Principal Steps
1. Earthquake forces, base shear and estimated
fundamental period of vibration of structure are
calculated while distribution of shear over the height is
estimated for the design.
2. The design forces and story drift ratio are calculated
on basis of base shear, gravity and wind loads.
3. All the member and joints are designed for most
unfavorable conditions to insure ductile behavior in
each principal direction.
4. For all buildings over 24 stories, dynamic analysis is
warranted under the codes.
5. Ultimate strength methods (strength design) are used
by adopting load factors, reduction factors and
combination, according to design codes. The required
strength is based on the most critical combination of
factored loads and capacity.
6. A.C.I code requires the strength:
1.4D + 1.7L
U = 0.75 [1.4D + 1.7L ± (1.7W or1.87E)
0.9D±(1.3W or 1.43E)
21
September 2007
1.4D+1.7L+(1.7H or 1.4F)
0.9D+(1.7H or 1.4F)
0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4T)
Where
U = Required Strength.
D = Dead load.
L = Live Load.
W = Wind Load.
E = Earthquake Load.
F = Load due to fluids.
H = Load due to soil pressures.
T = Load due to temperature and
shrinkage
7. The equations are given to give an idea that to what
extent the earthquake affects the design, but in actual
practice there are variation in different codes.
8. The code limits the concrete strength to 3000 lhs /in2
and maximum yield strength of steel to 60,000 lbs. /in2.
In no case over specified steel be used in beams as it
effect plastic hinging at the ends and the shear
strength of beam gets lower than the moment capacity.
9. The beams section should be with width / depth ratio of
greater than 0.3. The width should be more than 10
inches and equal or less than width of supporting
column with the bearing, 1.5 times depth of beam.
Laps should not be within 2 times depth of beam near
the ends. Hoops should support longitudinal bars
firmly. The shear force in concrete should be neglected
for design.
References
1. Seismic design handbook by Farzad Naeim.
2. NEHRP guidelines for seismic design of buildings.
3. Recommended lateral force requirements and
commentary (1999 SEAOC bluebook)
About the Author
Junaid Sultan Khan PEC Registration Number: Civil/
21813, Bachelor of Engineering (2001) Major in Civil
Engineering, from University of Engineering and
Technology, Peshawar, N-W.F.P, 1ST Division throughout
Engineering University. Did final project on Design of
Flexible Pavement of the Peshawar-Islamabad Motorway
(M-1). It was based upon American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Road
Note 29, TRL Road Note 31 (For Tropical Countries)
Codes. Including a brief over view of Motorway Economic
study. Completed first semester of Master’s in Structures
from University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar,
N-W.F.P and Master’s will be completed in the start of
2007. Working as a Junior Engineer (J.E) with “Associated
Consulting Engineers (From July 2003 and still working).
Worked as Engineer with Creative Construction Company
(September 2001 to July 2003).
 ENGINEER PEC
Hydro-Energy and Water Vision in Pakistan
Engr. Abdul Qayyum
Introduction
Tomorrow belongs to hydro energy. There are three
naturally compatible types of hydro power (Fig. 1);
a. Impoundment like Tarbella and Mangla.
b. Diversion
like GBHP Project and, c. Pumped Storage. Pakistan is
well suited for all the three hydro powers, and it, can meet
its all present and future electricity requirements only by
this inexpensive type of hydro-energy, due to its unique
1-Impoundment
2-Diversion
25 to 30% wastage in pumping
Fig 1 - Three efficient types of hydro power generation
favorable environment for them. With proper planning, it
should be possible for Pakistan to export this type of hydro-
energy. A careful study has shown that the total potential of
hydro energy in the world is not less then 15 billion MW.
Out of this, only 20% has yet been exploited and most of
the unused and untapped hydro potential is in the under
developed/developing countries. Pakistan is one of them.
In financial year 2003-2004, the total generation in
Pakistan was 68,987 MKwh, in which hydel component
was only 27,358 MKwh (39.6%) and the thermal
component was 41,629 MKwh (60.4%). In 2004-2005 the
total generation was 73,000 MKwh, in which the hydel
component was 25500 MKwh and the ratio of hydel to total
was further decreased to 0.349. Pakistan’s economical
24
September 2007
survival, at least, requires the reversal of this ratio. If
exploited properly, even in the existing (Tarbella, GBHP
Project, Mangla) arrangement, with the introduction of
pumped storage and generation, the annual power
shortages can be greatly minimized if not eliminated.
Regulated water releases are permitted through all the
main hydel power plants in Pakistan. Capabilities of
Tarbela, Mangla and Barotha remain as 760 MW (load
factor= 21%), 400 MW (load factor = 40%) and 580 MW
(load factor = 40%) against the installed capacities of
3478, 1000 and 1450 MW in winter. The balance of
installed capacity in winter and peak demand throughout
the year is met through thermal generation. Power
generation, especially after the present oil crises, oil fired
stations are the costliest among various thermal power
100% Impoundment hydro
20 to 30% wastage in pumping
70 - 80% to grid (or a
portion to grid and the
remaining to upper
3- Pumped reservoir in the form
Storage of water/ energy
storage system)
100% Diversion/ Impoundment
hydro
units. The thermal units also require to be shut down during
annual maintenance.
To meet the varying power demands, the provision of
thermal and hydel mix of power stations (plants) is adopted
both for the improvement of load factor of the base plant
and the adjustment of the power generation to match the
daily and seasonal load fluctuation of the national grid. But
increasing the energy production by the present pattern
can not help reduce unit price of electrical energy. The
most reasonable means to increase the productivity of
plants or decreasing the unit cost of energy in Pakistan is
the use of pumped storage plants and generation (Fig 2 &
11). When the load enters in base phase (Fig 7) of the plant
or when productivity is less due to limited water flows,
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

pumped storage starts working and there are more than

one mode of its configuration. The net result is that the unit
cost of generation comes down as the load on the unit
increases and is minimum at full load.

Therefore, if during the low demand period or during low

load factor due to limited water flows an artificial load is
created, the unit cost of power generation will come down,
benefiting the network (Fig 2).

Base load plants work for a period of 5,000 hours or more

in a year (i.e. > 57% of time). Medium load plants work
between 2,000 and 5,000 hours a year and peak load
plants work for less than 2,000 hours in a year i.e. < 22% of
time. Base load plants have to run continuously and,
therefore, there is very little operational flexibility.

Medium load plants are operational predominantly on

week days. These plants may have some operational
flexibility.

production at an appropriate load factor (table-2). This

stored water is used for power generation during the peak
– demand period. Figures-4 & 6 show the load curve of a
network with a pumped storage plant working in
conjunction with the base plant.

It will be seen from the figure that the load fluctuation for the
base plant has been considerably reduced. Also there is a
bulk transfer of energy from the low-demand period to
peak period. The pumped storage plant assists the
network in two ways (1) It improves the load factor during
the low-demand period, benefiting the network and (2) It
reduces the demand on the base plant by generating peak
power making it possible to use lower capacity units.

Thus it is prudent to explore feasibility of pumped storage

The peak load plants are used for a short duration, the load
factor being 10% to 25%, investment in these is
comparatively less and corresponding reduction of
productivity is, in general, acceptable and economically
justifiable.
and generation on existing hydropower plants and on most
of the future hydroplants, so that the availability of water
and production of hydro-energy is increased to the
required level.

Fossil fuels are getting exhausted rapidly therefore the

world is turning its attention towards renewable resources
of energy such as hydro-power, solar-energy etc. In
Pakistan, the bulk of our known reserves of hydro-power
potential are yet to be tapped. However, great fluctuations
in river flows do not permit uniform production round the
year. Pumped storage / plant and generation is one such
type of energy production which promises filling the gaps.
In this type of plant, energy is stored up in a high level lake
by pumping up water during low demand periods such as
the nights, during weekends, and in countries like Pakistan
throughout the winter, when our limited availability of water
does not allow the impoundment/diversion hydro energy

25
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

channel. The only difference is an additional lake at the

lower end in which tail water is stored up for pumping in the
existing powerhouse, additional machinery has to be
provided for pumping. Reversible units would be used for
new powerhouse. The conduit system in some cases has
to be designed for the two-way movement of water. The
transmission lines connecting the powerhouse to the grid
can also be used to draw power from the grid during
pumping operations. Figure-8, typically represents the
pumped storage scheme configuration.

In the year 2000 the United States had 19500 MW capacity

of pumped storage. They consume more power filling their
reservoirs than they generate by emptying them. Still the
technique is considered a worthwhile addition to the
Why pumped storage/generation? electrical grid as the most cost effective means for
regulation of electrical power.
Electricity itself cannot be stored, but the potential to
generate electricity can ---- for example, in a battery. Load Factors (LF) of Tarbela, Mangla and GBHP at 4
Pumped storage plants provide a way to store the potential
energy of water. This enables meetings peak power Representative Days and the Average Daily Load
demands by pumping tail basin water to upstream Factor (LF) Table - 2
reservoir during low demand period and utilizing this % LF
additional water to generate electricity during peak
Date GHAZI
demand period of the day. TARBELA MANGLA
BAROTHA
a. Economic Justification 16.3 41.1 33.1
Jan 10, 04
i. Many countries have a special tariff for peak-load
power which is about 2 to 3 times more than the Apr 20, 04 31.3 78.0 57.4
normal tariff. In future, a similar situation may 94.7 46.0 87.2
develop in Pakistan. Therefore, the plant can be Aug 20, 04
made to earn additional revenues because of the Dec 20,
44.1 53.6 29.3
conversion of cheap off-peak power to costlier 04
peak power. These revenues can pay back the Average
investments made in the plant. 46.6 54.675 51.75
daily LF
ii. The alternative of generating peak power by using
fossil fuels is prohibitively costlier.

b. Need of Reserve Plant

The base units are deficit in providing the peak demand.
The deficiencies of a base unit can be over come by
providing pumped storage as an auxiliary plant which
should be able to perform following functions:-
i. To generate peak power quickly and efficiently
during the peak demand period
ii. To create an artificial load during low demand
period and to improve the load factor of the base
plant
iii. To adjust the power generation to match the load
fluctuations of the network
iv. To be able to take the full load quickly from the
stand-still or from shut down position.

Constitution

The plant has most of the components of a normal

hydroelectric plant namely the high level lake, the power
tunnel or penstocks, the powerhouse and the tail race

26
ENGINEER PEC September 2007

Table 1: Installed Capacity & Capability of WAPDA System As of July 2005

Sr. Name of Power Station Installed Capacity Capability (MW)

No. (MW) Summer Winter
1. Tarbela 3478 3691 760
2. Mangla 1000 1020 400
3. Chashma Low Head 184 184 75
4. Ghazi Barotha 1450 1450 580
5. Warsak 243 195 145
6. Small Hydels 108 68 34
Sub-Total (Hydel) 6463 6608 1994
GENCO-I:
7. TPS Jamshoro #1-4 850 695 695
8. GTPS Kotri #1-7 174 130 150
Sub-Total GENCO-I 1024 825 845
GENCO-II:
9. TPS Guddu Steam #1-4 640 430 430
10. TPS Guddu C.C. #5-13 1015 875 945
11. TPS Quetta 35 22 22
Sub-Total GENCO-II 1690 1327 1397
GENCO-III:
12. TPS Muzaffargarh #1-6 1350 1260 1260
13. NGPS Multan #1&2 130 100 100
14. GTPS Faisalabad #1-9 244 175 210
15. SPS Faisalabad #1&2 132 100 100
16. Shahdra G.T. 59 40 40
Sub-Total GENCO-III: 1915 1675 1710
GENCO-IV:
17. FBC Lakhra 150 35 35
Sub-Total WAPDA Thermal 4779 3862 3987
Total Capacity (WAPDA) 11242 10470 5981
Private Projects
18. KAPCO 1638 1342 1342
19. Hub Power Project 1292 1200 1200
20. Kohinoor Energy Ltd. 131 120 120
21. AES Lalpir Ltd. 362 351 351
22. AES Pak Gen (Pvt) Ltd. 365 344 344
23. Southern Electric Power Co. Ltd. 117 112 112
24. Habibullah Energy Ltd. 140 126 126
25. Rouch (Pak) Power Ltd. 450 395 395
26. Saba Power Company 134 123 123
27. Fauji Kabirwala 157 150 150
28. Japan Power Generation Ltd. 135 107 107
29. Uch Power Project 586 548 548
30. Altern Energy Ltd. 10.5 10 10
31. Jagran Hydel 30 30 6
32. Liberty Power Project 235 210 210
33. Chashma Nuclear (PAEC) 325 300 300
Sub-Total (Private) 6107.5 5468 5444
Total (WAPDA System) 17349 15938 11425

27
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

In 1999, EU had 32 GW capacity of pumped storage out of
a total of 188 GW of hydropower and representing 5.5% of
total electrical capacity in the EU. A worldwide list of some
pumped storage plants may be seen at Annexure-1.
Cycle efficiency of a pumped storage plant
The cycle can be divided into two portions the pumping
cycle and the generating cycle. While pumping, losses will
be incurred in the transformers, motors, the pumps and the
penstock pipes. While generating, losses will be incurred
in the penstocks, the turbines, the generators and the
transformers.
The efficiencies of the machines are given below:-
Transformer - 98 per cent
Motor-generator - 96 per cent
Turbine - 92 per cent
Pump - 88 per cent
Penstocks - 96-98 per cent (depending upon
the length)
There are 20 - 30 percent losses, therefore, the overall
cycle efficiency obtained ranges from 70 to 80 percent.
That means for every 3 to 4 MW drawn from the network
during off-peak period and throughout the winter in
Pakistan, 2 to 3 MW are returned back to the network while
about 1 MW is consumed and may be considered as
waste.
Advantages of pumped storage plant
a. The plant has a long life. Plants are giving efficient
service even after 25 years of operation.
b. There is reliability of operations. Outages are low and
maintenance costs are small.
c. There is a great flexibility of operations. The unit can
be fully loaded from standstill within few minutes and it
can be shut down quickly. There can be rapid change
over from one mode of operation to another mode.
These features help the network in efficiently meeting
sudden peaks and shock loads. The set can do
spinning reserve duty at a very low cost, compared to a
thermal set. (Presently used in Pakistan).
d. In Pakistan unutilized capacity in winter at Tarbela, and
Ghazi-Barotha and even at Mangla can be activated at
very low cost along-with meeting the peak demand by
hydropower. This provision should be considered in
the feasibility of all future plants at Indus and Jhelum to
increase their load factor.
Because of these advantages, a pumped storage unit of
100 MW in U.K. was equated to a thermal unit of 120 MW,
when the preliminary estimates were prepared. These
days when new power plants are being planned, a
provision for a pumped storage plant with a capacity of 15-
20 per cent of the thermal capacity is provided for. It is
found that a combination of a pumped storage plant of 500
MW capacity along with a thermal plant of 2000 MW
capacity benefits the network more than a thermal plant of
2500 MW capacity.
Scenario in Pakistan
Pumped storage generation in Pakistan has special
attraction due to the reason that at major hydropower
plants almost 71% of their capacity (4200 MW) remains
unutilized during winter season. Load factor lowers down
up to 3% on some days. In other words the potential exists
much more than to fulfill the peak demand only. In deed the
present ratio of hydel to thermal production can be
reversed by the use of this type of hydro energy by
exploiting it in existing setup. (Fig 10(a-d))
Pumped storage generation - scope in Pakistan
a. Pattern of demand
The demand for power fluctuates from minute to minute,

Table – 3 Daily Average with/without Pumped Storage Load Factor (LF) and the Generation Capabilities
LF/Capabilities
Present Accumulative with
Unutilized 75% of Pumped Storage
Plant Unutilized Capabilities
(Potential)
Capabilities LF
% LF %LF % LF (MW)
(MW)

Tarbela 46.6 1697 53.4 40.1 86.7 3174

Mangla 54.67 556 45.33 34.00 87.67 894

Ghazi Barotha 51.75 749 48.25 36 87.75 1272

Told Daily average 51.00 3002 49.00 36.7 87.37 5340

28
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

day to day and season to season (Figure-10(a-d)). To

study the pattern, the quantitative scenario in tabulated
form of all the sources, as of July 2005, is shown on next
page:
In Pakistan the total installed capacity (hydel & thermal) is
17349 MW where as the average daily demand is less then
8000 MW (table 1& Fig 10(a-d)). Therefore, the today’s
need, to decrease the unit cost is to increase the load
factor (LF) of existing system and not to enhance the
conventional (hydel or thermal) installed capacity. This
requirement be maintained for future plants also.
From the above Table the ratio between installed capacity
of hydel and thermal component is:-
b. Alternatively if 11623 MW is installed with pumped
storage;
Already installed capacity = 5928 MW.
Pumped Storage cushion = 5695 MW.
25% wastage during pumping = 1424 MW.
Net achievable pumped storage generation = 11623 –
1424 MW – 5,928 = 4271 MW.
May be it is just theoretical and hence optimistic figure to
some extent but practicable generation has to be worked
out and this needs to study whether appertain with main
structures can be accommodated Annex-2 or otherwise on
prorate basis.

Hydel/Thermal = 6463 / 10886 = 0.59 …….A
Ratio of capability in winter between hydel and thermal =
1994 / 9431 = 0.21……….B
Our emphasis is to increase both ratios A and B and this
objective can be obtained by increasing the hydel
component both in summer and winter.
For simplicity, the load factor of hydel component in winter
may be taken as (Tarbela, Mangla & Ghazi-Barotha).
Capability in Winter / Installed Capacity = 1740 / 5928 =
0.29 …………...C
Present average daily capability/installed Capacity = Load
Factor (LF) = 3002/5928 [Table 1 & 3] = 0.51……… … D
Capacity to be installed in MW = Installed Capacity
/Average Load Factor (D) = 5928 / 0.51 = 11623 MW.
In other words to get 5928 MW effectively, in the
conventional manner, we have to install 11623 MW, which
is extremely expensive.
Even if part of the net achievable 4271 MW, (average daily)
is obtained additionally, from our existing hydel stations, it
will;
i. Increase the productivity of already installed hydel
units by using their unutilized capacities
throughout the year.
ii. This arrangement will decrease the per unit
generation, capital as well as maintenance costs
many folds.(Fig-11)
iii. Make possible the best utilization of national
resources and reduction in production cost will
lead to real economical growth.
c. A statistical analysis of present scenario/scope in
Pakistan is produced below.
Fig 2 shows the relation between the unit cost and the load
factor of a plant. Fig-11 depicts that the present cost of
production at the three plants in Pakistan can theoretically
be decreased more than fifty percent of the present cost by
utilizing pumped storage hydro energy. As in the
conventional design of future plants at Indus/Jhelum, the
load factor cannot be increased to an acceptable value, the

Table - 4- Daily Average with/without Pumped Storage Load Factor (LF) and the Generation Capabilities
(With two Future Plants)

Average Load Factor Load Factor with Average Capability Average Capability
in Conventional Pumped Storage in Conventional with Pumped
Plant
Method % % Method MW Storage MW

Tarbela 46 87 1697 3174

Tarbela Ext. - 4 46 100 441 960
Mangla 55 88 556 894
Ghazi Barotha HPP 52 88 749 1272
Kalabagh 51 (Liberal side) 88 1836 3200
Basha 51 (Liberal side) 88 2300 4000
Total 7579 13500

29
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

provision of pumped storage be considered.
Table-3 depicts, both, capabilities/load factors of all the
main existing plants, individually and when combined
together.
Thus, it emerges that during the year, the unutilized hydel
capacity of existing plants can be used in pumping and
future hydel plants can be designed in conjunction with
pumped storage generation so that the maximum hydel
component is achieved. (Table-1 to 3, Fig 10 (a-d))

For Pakistan, we find that through the conventional Planning for the Future
(without increasing the load factor by use of pumped
storage generation) design/ construction of hydro/ thermal “Prior planning prevents poor performance”. It should be
plants. There seems no hope to meet our energy possible to think in term of international super grids in the
requirements in an economical way. Present/ Future future for which a number of countries may cooperate with
average scenario of load factor/ generation/ capabilities is each other to make the best use of the different resources
shown in Table-4. available for power generation. Example is the EU, which
is getting the benefits of cooperative efforts in the
Present Load = 8000 MW integrated thermal, nuclear and hydel power stations.
Load in 2016 at the increase of 400 MW/ year = 12000 MW There should, therefore, be no hesitation to
Above discussion leads to the following conclusions change/improve our present stations of = 60% load
i. Without Pumped Storage; factor and design future plants having load factor > 80%
Total average daily generation (in year 2003-2004) in throughout the year. For this purpose; paras 3 & 4 in view,
Pakistan 189.00 Mkwh presently, at Tarbela (Figure-9) we have;
Average daily hydel generation 71.23 Mkwh
Ratio between Hydel and total generation 0.376 a. High Level Reservoir (Tarbela) with,
ii. With pumped storage only at Tarbela: i. Maximum conservation level - 472.41 m.
Average daily hydel generation 4479 /1000 x 24 Mkwh ii. Crest of Main Dam - 477.90 m.
= 107.49 Mkwh b. Low Level Reservoir (Ghazi) with,
Ratio between Hydel and total generation = 0.568 i. Maximum conservation level - 341.50 m
iii. With pumped storage at all the three existing plants ii. Crest of Barrage - 342.00 m
Average daily hydel generation 128.16 Mkwh iii. Live storage capacity - 60.20M. m3
Ratio between Hydel and total generation 0.678
iv. Tarbela 4th extension- By providing reversible
Pumped Storage generation in the future extension 4
project, we can get further 960 MW which is equivalent
to 23.04 MKwh.
v. Changing the present conventional design of Kala
Bagh Dam plant to the mixture (55% conventional +
45% reversible pumped storage) the total average
generation can be increased to 76.68 MKwh.
= (3600x0.55) + [(3600x0.45) x 0.75]
= 1980+1215=3195 MW
Daily average generation = 76.68 MKwh
Total hydel daily generation = 151.2+76.68= 227.88
MKwh
vi. Changing the present conventional design of Basha
Dam Project to the mixture (55% conventional+45%
reversible pumped storage)
Total average hydel increase= (4500x0.55)
+[(4500x0.45)x0.75] = 2475+1518.75 = 3994 MW
Daily average generation = 95.86 MKwh
Total hydel daily generation = 227.88 + 95.86 =
323.74 MKwh say 324 MKwh

324 MKwh average daily hydel generation is about 70%

more than the total (hydel + thermal) present generation in
Pakistan. It means that we will become self sufficient with
some surplus for possible export and simultaneously we
can get rid of or at least reasonably reduce the thermal
component just after the construction of Kala Bagh Dam
Project and Basha Dam Projects.
The Conduit system for generation, Transmission lines
connecting to / from the National Grid. Only additional
machinery along with pipe system has to be provided for
pumping. Similarly the provision of pumped generation at
future plants at Indus / Jhelum rivers should be checked.

30
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

At present the average daily capability of Tarbela is about storage plants should be taken care of through proper
1700 MW due to low reservoir and average daily feasibility studies and reports.
generation is 41 Mkwh. By installing pumping we can Upper
enhance the average daily capability to say 3174 Mw
where as average daily generation can be increased from
reservoir
41 Mkwh to 83.4 Mkwh. Load factor of the system will
increase accordingly. Hence Tarbela can be upgraded in
two phases. In first phase only pumping upto 1500 MW is
suggested and in 2nd phase extension 4 of Tarbela be
carried out by installation of reversible units. For 100 Generating
cumecs of pumping nearly 192 MW motor is required at
Terbela. Experts services are available in the market.
Pumping
Even for Mangla and Barotha powerhouses, it appears Lower
feasible that by installing the pumping arrangements and reservoir
providing suitable downstream ponding weirs, the hydel
capability can be increased to 5340 MW and average daily
hydel generation can be enhanced to 128.16 Mkwh. A
proper feasibility study should be carried out.
Pumped storage
Construction of future dams through conventional design, power plant
method /systems at Indus/Jhelum rivers cannot increase
the load factor, and hence, it cannot decrease the unit cost
of generation. Therefore, there is pressing need that Figure 6 Pumped storage scheme configuration
conventional design be changed, and about 45% provision
of the pumped storage generation be incorporated in all
the future plants. Pumped storage stations can adopt a number of roles
within the operation of an electrical supply grid, and can
perform some of these roles concurrently. It is common for
Other Requirements / Implications
the operation of pumped storage plant to vary over time as
they are to respond to changing market conditions.
This is a Concept Paper and, the other important aspects
(Annex-2)
such as type and working of plant, site selection, lake
classification / machinery and power house for pumped

31
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

installation of pumps / reversible plants.

c. For future plants, it is recommended to study the
possibility for about 45% supplemental provision of
pumped storage generation.
d. When the cheap hydro-energy and water are made
available in abundance the agricultural areas can be
increased through tube wells by extending
transmission lines in those areas.

The environmental impact of pumped storage stations is

usually much less than that of a conventional hydropower
station since the required downstream water storage is
usually much smaller in size. The need for a pump-priming
head usually positions the pump-turbine below the level of
lower reservoir, often underground. The typical design life
of a pumped storage station is 80-100 years.

The principle areas of pumped storage benefits can be

summarized as under:

a. Improved energy regulation and operation of the

supply grid
b. Delivers ancillary services to the supply grid, such as
standby and reserve duties, frequency control, and
flexible reactive loading
c. No gaseous emissions and have little environmental
impact during its operation
d. Allows flexible and rewarding commercial operations
across a variety of electrical power supply scenarios.
e. Availability of water is enhanced through recirculation.
Agricultural areas can be increased.

Recommendations

a. Pumped storage and generation appears most

feasible for Tarbela Dam. A proper feasibility should be
carried out by HEPO or through some outside
consulting firm.
b. A study of all existing hydel plants be conducted to
investigate the potential for pumped storage and

32
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

China

Guangzhou, (2000), 2,400 MW

u
Tienhuangping (2001), 1,800 MW
u
Germany
u
Goldisthal (2002)1,060 MW
u
Markersbach (1981), 1,050 MW
u

Ireland

Turlough Hill 292 MW

u

Italy

Piastra Edolo (1982), 1,020 MW

u
Chiotas (1981), 1,184 MW
u
Presenzano (1992), 1,000 MW
u
Lago Delio (1971), 1,040 MW
u

France

Grand Maison (1997), 1,070 MW

u
La Coche, 285 MW
u
Le Cheylas, 485 MW
u
Mortézic, 920 MW
u
Revin, 800 Mw
u
e. Construction of future thermal plants be avoided or Super Bissorte, 720 MW
u
discouraged and taken up only under special
circumstances. Japan

References Imaichi (1991), 1,050 MW

u
Kannagawa (2005), 2,700 MW is under construction.
u
a. Hydro-Electric and Pumped Storage Plants by MG. When completed in 2005, it will be the world's
Jog, Published by WILEY EASTERN LIMITED ISBN largest pumped storage plant.
81-224-0074-4 Dehli. Kazunogawa (2001), 1,600 MW
u
b. ICOLD proceedings May 2005. Kisenyama, 466 MW
u
c. Generation data of financial year 2003-2004, 2004- Matanoagawa (1999), 1,200 MW
u
2005 and that of load curves load factors of Jan Midono, 122 MW
u
10, 2004, July 10, 2004, August 20, 2004 and Niikappu, 200 MW
u
December 10, 2004 from National Power Control Okawachi (1995), 1,280 MW
u
Centre letter No. 133/ LO-38 dated 06.12.2005. Okutataragi (1998), 1,932 MW
u
d. VOITH SIEMIENS HYDRO POWER GENERATION Okuyoshino, 1,206 MW
u
Germany. Shin-Takasegawa, 1,280 MW
u
e. TOSHIBA Power systems & Services Australia. Shiobara, 900 MW
u
Takami, 200 MW
u
f. Colenco Power Engineering Ltd. Switzerland.
Tamahara (1986), 1,200 MW
u
Yagisawa, 240 MW
u
Annexure 1
Yanbaru (1999), 30 MW is the first seawater pumped
u
Worldwide List of Pumped Storage Plants
hydro plant.
Australia
Poland
Bendeela, 80 MW
u
Żarnowiec, 716 MW
u
Jindabyne Pumping Station
u
Porąbka-Żar, 500 MW
u
Kangaroo Valley, 160 MW
u
Solina, 200 MW
u
Tumut Three, (973, 1,500 MW
u
Żydowo, 150 MW
u
Wivenhoe Power Station, 500 MW
u
Niedzica, 92.6 MW
u

33
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

Dychów, 79.5 MW
u

Russia

Zagorsk (1994) 1,200 MW

u
Kaishador (1993) 1,600 MW
u
Dneister (1996) 2,268 MW
u

Taiwan

Minghu (1985) 1,000 MW

u
Mingtan (1994) 1,620 MW
u

United Kingdom

Cruachan, Scotland
u
Dinorwig, Wales (1984), 1320 MW
u
Ffestiniog, Wales 360 MW
u
Foyers, Scotland
u

United States

Blenheim-Gilboa, NY (1973), 1,200 MW

u
Castaic, CA (1978), 1,566 M
u
Clarence Cannon, MO (1983), 58 MW
u
Helms, CA (1984),
u
Lewiston (Niagra), NY (1961), 2,880 MW
u
Ludington, MI (1973), 1,872 MW
u
Mount Elbert, 200 MW, 1,212 MW
u
Mt. Hope, 2,000 MW
u
Raccoon Mountain, TN (1979), 1,530 MW
u
Summit Pumped Water Plant, 1500 MW
u
Taum Sauk, MO, 450 MW
u
Bath County, VA, 420 MW
u

Other

Siah Bisheh, Iran, (1996), 1,140 MW

u
Rance River, St. Malo, France 240 MW hybrid
u
pumped water-tidal plant
u
Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme, South
u
Africa, (1983) 1,000 MW.
Juktan, Sweden
u

Salt water (ocean)

Kunigami Village, Okinawa, Japan

u
[1](http://www.jcold.or.jp/Eng/Seawater/Seawater.ht
m)[2](http://www.hitachi.com/rev/1998/revoct98/r4_1
08.pdf)
K o k o C r a t e r, O a h u , H a w a i i
u
[3](http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/pshpps/pshpps.ht
ml) (Proposed)

34
ENGINEER PEC September 2007

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ENGINEER PEC September 2007

36
ENGINEER PEC September 2007

37
 ENGINEER PEC
About the Author
Engr. Abdul Qayyum, presently working as Principal
Engineer Design structures in GC, M.Sc. in Structural
Engineering from UET Lahore and Advanced Structural
Engineering from USA is author of four Research Papers
presented as follows:
Structural Behaviour of Light Weight Concrete at the
Annual Convention of American Concrete Institute in 1989
at Atlanta (USA) February 18 – 21, 1989.
Structural Engineering and Construction published in the
proceedings of Second East Asia Pacific Conference on
Structural Engineering and Construction held on 11 – 13
November 1989 in Thailand.
Concept Paper on Hydro-Energy and Water Vision in
Pakistan, Introduction, Scope / Future Planning and
Recommendations presented in IEP seminar on 1
February 2006 in Lahore.
(Revised) Hydro-Energy and Water Vision in Pakistan –
“Concept Paper for Pumped Storage & Generation” in a
Seminar at WAPDA Auditorium Lahore on July 22, 2006.
Experience June 1981 June 1998
The officer worked in WAPDA Design T&G (Transmission
Lines and Grid Stations Now NTDC) from dawn to disk
over and above the call of his duties and met targets
assigned to him.
In August 1994, M.D. (T&G) assigned him the challenging
task of protection of two 220 kV D/C T/Lines between
Mangla – Ghakkar being in very vulnerable condition when
no WAPDA officer was accepting the challenge. The officer
took strong cognizance of the situation / site parameters
and proposed very timely, economical and effective
remedial measures for protection of Sakator Nalla
peripheral foundations. Recognising his efforts, M.D.
(T&G) issued him an appreciation letter.
In 1995-96 the officer protected 500 kV Terbella-Gatti
Transmission Line Tower on the River Chenab crossing at
nominal cost and saved Rs. 10 millions of the Department
as worked out by NESPAK for making new piles
foundations besides other irreparable national loss if the
line Tower had been collapsed.
During 1996-97 he provided services in the construction of
three 220kV Grid Stations and completed the design of
three Transmission Lines (220 kV T/Lines AES LALPIR
PHASE I & II, 220 kV D/B CHASHMA (N) – DAUD-KHAIL
38
September 2007
T/Lines) passing through difficult and weak soils. By dint of
his engineering judgement and optimised designed
foundations, we saved more than Rs. 15 Million of the
Department. Remedies regarding site problems were also
advised by him through frequent site visits.
July 1998 to August 2002.
Joined Pakistan Hydro-Consultants for the supervision of
Ghazi Baortha Hydro-Project.
Worked as Assistant Resident Engineer Structures from
July 1998 to December 1999.
Worked as Assistant Resident Engineer Earth Works from
January 2000 to October 2000.
Worked as Claim / Contract Engineer from November
2000 to December 2002.
Joined Mangla Dam Rising Project Joint Venture
Consultants. (January 2003 to August)
Worked as Principal Engineer Design Structures.
Joined General Consultants WAPDA Vision 2025
Programme.
Worked as Contract / Tender Documentation Engineer
from August 2003 to May 2004.
Working as Principal Engineer Design Structures from
May 2004 to date.
The officer has state-of-the-art knowledge, hardworking,
commitment to his profession and fully confident in his
approach which helped a lot to higher authorities in taking
crucial engineering decisions to save the costs.
As recognition of his above meritorious services, the
officer was strongly recommended for first prize in 1995-96
& 1996-97.
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

Frontiers of Science and Engineering engineer in UK in 1994. By now in 2006 the women
scientists and engineers are executing all the national level
Entail Women Scientists and mega projects as sole responsible officers in almost all the
Engineers countries. According to US vision of the engineer 2020 [2]
and new century engineering programs for women [3] the
* world population will increase to 9 Billion by 2020 out of
Dr. N. Khan, Z. Saleem , A. M. Chaudhary, A. which some 8 Billion will reside in South East Asia so we
M. Mirza need to train women to cope with the impending economic
stresses.
Abstract
National Academic Press (NAP) publications and others
This work reviews some of the major achievements of elite [2-11] have focused existing generic and future potential
women scientists & engineers and explores the unique
frontiers in science and engineering where probably
women naturally suit better than men. There are several
frontiers in science and engineering that have to do with
ultra-short time scales such a nanotechnology and sub-
attosecond events; ultra-large large scale system such as
information technology and telecommunication; and ultra-
complex scale systems such as biotechnology and neural
networks. Theses frontiers have to merge environmental,
life, and applied sciences for stunning new unexplored
possibilities. Research and exploration needs patience
and continued hard work that entails women full
participation in all programs. Natural forces of this world
are forcing faculty and students to work together across
traditional disciplinary boundaries. This is the world of
energy, environment, biotechnology, complex
manufacturing methods, product development, logistics
and communications. These frontiers address some of the
very scary challenges to the future of the world. There are
many compelling reasons for opening the doors, removing
the barriers, and encouraging the full access participation
of woman wisdom in all fields of science and engineering
as researcher, educator, sales engineer and project Fig.1 NAP free online books on woman
manager. (Courtesy of National Academic Press).

Keywords
Women education, Women scientists, Women
engineers, Minority education.
History of Women Scientists and Engineers
It matters little who was the first woman scientist or
engineer; however, it matters if one deems women not
equivalently intellectual as the men. In certain cases
women have proved even to be superior researchers and
innovators than the men i.e. Madame Marie Curie [1] won
noble prize twice, first in physics and later in chemistry. It is
what men scientists or engineers could not do to date. First
women who got engineering degree in UK is Alice
Jacqueline Perry who graduated with a first class honors
degree in Civil Engineering from Queen's College Galway
in 1906 and Nina Cameron Graham who graduated at
Liverpool University in 1912. Women engineers due to
domestic pressure did not practice but now they do. First
woman was appointed as government chief highway
issues of women scientists and engineers. Few samples
are shown in Fig.1. It is important for Moslem countries to
let the women share its responsibility in national
development.
In fact, Moslem women due to combined impact of religion
and culture are not being allowed enough opportunities
with full access. Responding furiously elite educated
Moslem women even accuse men as unprepared,
unwilling and unfit for era of information technology [4].
However, it is local issue that is evolving as self sustaining
revolution in Moslem countries and is likely to make its own
way. Women involvement in science and technology is
since the start of history. Frontiers of science and
engineering research have become too entangled and
complex [5]. I believe the furtherance in research now
requires full women participation in science and
engineering to connect up the missing links to synthesize
the realism of nonlinear nature. Some of the most famous
earlier women scientists and engineers are shown in Fig.2.

40
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

(Courtesy of http://www.rice.iit.edu/engineersweek/timeline.htm)
her part but Asian woman need to transform herself from
shy lady into a professional engineer or scientist. Who likes
to be the first Moslem woman Nobel Laureate? Women
journey from dark ages to full participation level is the sun
way lagoon. Marie Curie obtained Nobel Prize twice; firstly
in chemistry (1903) and secondly in physics (1911). Her
daughter, Irene Curie, also got Nobel Prize in chemistry
(1935). Females have proved their worth by obtaining
Noble Prizes in all disciplines including literature (8),
Sciences (10) and Piece (11). In fact woman is considered
a symbol of piece in all the cultures. Percentage of women
Nobel Laureates in different disciplines is shown in Fig.3.
40

Percent of Nobel Laureates

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Literature Science Piece
Broader disciplines

Fig.3 Percent of women Nobel Prize winners (29) in

various disciplines

Fig.2 Some well known woman engineers and inventors.
Hypatia was the first Egyptian woman mathematician and
philosopher who developed the hydrometer to measure
the specific gravity of fluids and an astrolabe to determine
position of sun and stars. She served as a great
philosopher teacher in Alexandria University.
Fundamentalist Christian monks of Church St. Cyril killed
this great woman in 415 [6]. Augusta Ada daughter of
English Poet Lord Byron is the first woman, tutored by
famous mathematician Augustus De Morgin, who
developed computer programming skills like looping,
indexing along with binary system used by today’s
supercomputers. Margaret Knight developed paper
bagging machine and a rotary engine. Emily Roebling (civil
engineer) husband died and she continued his job to
supervise construction of famous Brooklyn Bridge in New
York. Madame Marie Curie extended human vision to X-
To author’s perspective if an innocent girl (Lise Meither)
can be mother of atomic bomb then what the individuals
prove by raising discrimination barriers on their way.
Today’s woman is Master of Science and can do as much
engineered job as the professional men of course. Women
scientists such as L. Buck (2004), B. MaClintock (1983), R.
L. Montalicini (1986), G. Elion (1988), R. S. Yalow (1977)
and C. Nusslein (1995) have got Nobel Prizes in
medicines; Marie Curie (1903), Irene Curie (1935), G. R.
Cori (1947) and D. C. Hodgkin (1964) in chemistry; Marie
Curie (1911) and M. G. Mayer (1963) in physics; have track
record of excellence in innovatory, enabling and emerging
fields of science and technology. In sciences they have
demonstrated their capabilities by winning Nobel Prizes in
Physics (2), Chemistry (3), Biochemistry (1) and
Medicines (5). Percentage of women Nobel Laureates in
pure or applied sciences is shown in Fig.4.
50
Percent of Nobel Laureates

rays and got Nobel price twice. Lise Meither (innocent 45

depth) is considered to be the mother of atomic bomb 40
technology. H.E. Maria Liesler extended normal 35
30
communication technology to present age spread 25
spectrum communication concepts. Maria Telkes 20
introduced solar energy technology to lay down basis of 15
renewable energy. 10
5
0
Toady women are participating in science and engineering Physics Chemistry Medicine Biochemistry Engineering
but its full utilization is essential for both economic as well Subjects
as technical reasons. Western woman is reasonably doing
Fig.4 Percent of women Nobel Prize winners in sciences (11)

41
 ENGINEER PEC
Women have got enough excellence in the fields of
sciences, especially medical sciences. Now they need to
focus on other disciplines such as telecommunication,
electronics engineering. Emerging and enabling
technologies suitable for women scientists and engineers
may include photonics engineering, nanotechnology,
artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and neural networks.
Research requires devotion, patience, tolerance and
endurance that are the unique features of women
community. They have demonstrated their research
capabilities by inventing telescope (S. Mather: 1870),
washing machine (M. Colvin: 1871), sewing machine (H.
Blanchard: 1873), anti-pollution device and noise absorber
coating (M. Walton: 1879), ice cream freezer, hair curler
and air pump (B. L. Henry but nick name Lady Edison:
1887), elevator safety (H. Tracy: 1892), syringe
(L.Geer:1899), radioactivity and X-rays (M. M. Curie:
1903), engine (M. Knight: 1904), refrigerator (F. Parpart:
1914), electric heater (I. Forbes: 1917), invisible glass,
antireflection coating, artificial raining (K. Blodgett: 1917),
permanent wave machine for hair dressing (M. Joyner:
1928), atomic bomb (L. Meither: 1939), jam proof radio
communication system (H. Lamarr: 1940), telephone
switching system (E. S. Hoover: 1954), tunable dye laser
(M. Spaeth: 1964), polymers, optical fibers, kevlar, bullet
proof vests, radial tires and airplane fuselages (S. L.
Kwolek: 1965), correction fluid (B. N. Graham: 1956),
antifungal and antibiotic (R. F. Brown: 1957), petroleum
fuel and gasoline (E. M. Flanigen:1958), drinking fountain
device (L.O’Donnell: 1985), cancer drugs and kidney
transplant (G.B. Elion :Nobel Laureate: 1988), Barbie doll
and breast prosthesis (R. Handler: 1995).
Besides it women scientists have developed cancer drugs,
pain relievers, security system and wave machines. The
first woman patent was registered in USA in 1809. Woman
scientists and engineers patents registration rate was
about 1% by 1888 that has increased to 6% by now [7-9].
However, according to Marry Ruthsdotter, director
Women’s History Project, some women in West after death
of their husbands started projecting themselves seeming
Fig.5 Mother of atomic bomb surrounded by affected
Japanese children.
42
September 2007
too intellectual just to call attention of others with
apparently rude and unladylike attributes. As a result of it
some other good inventing ladies could not get recognition
of their truly acceptable attributes. Similarly, a black Negro
woman E. Eglin developed clothes wringer but did not
patent in her name because white women will not buy it.
The still waters are often unfathomable. Time has shown
an innocent mother surrounded by victims of her atomic
wisdom. Although, same knowledge can be often used for
destructive purposes but we do not believe Lise Meither
wanted her wisdom to end up as shown in Fig.5.
She would have cried exactly as the real mothers of these
children seeing the after affects of her wisdom after US
nuclear attack on Heroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
Generic Issues in Science & Engineering
Career-related statistics for women in academe can vary
greatly across scientific and engineering fields. Some of
this variability is related directly to issues that are of a
particular nature: the public image of a specific field; its
visibility to science and engineering majors as a career
opportunity; the demand for it in the private sector; and its
distribution among the academic programs of doctorate-
granting universities. These issues are perhaps of lesser
importance than the broad, generic issues that affect most,
if not all, career patterns of women scientists and
engineers who choose to work in higher education. It is the
generic issues that interventions are expected to address
first and foremost. Given the persistent, low percentages
of women who become tenured on science and
engineering faculties, despite enlargement of the pool of
female applicants for entry-level appointments, the
tentative conclusion can be drawn that the "glass ceiling"
operates at the associate professor rank in most research
universities [2-5].
Most of the recent literature on career patterns of women
scientists and engineers reviews the perennial issue of the
apparent conflict between the demands of motherhood (or
other familial obligations) and those of the profession. This
conflict has taken an especially acute form in the context of
academe because of the requirements for tenure.
Recognition of the "biological clock" and, more generally,
of a faculty member's familial obligations is still treated as a
variance to normal professional activity instead of as an
integral part of it. These three generic issues do not
exhaust the tableau of problems that face women who
choose careers in academe to do teaching and research in
scientific or engineering fields. But they do surface
repeatedly in a number of recent self-evaluations
undertaken by major research universities to assess the
academic environment for women on science faculties.
Major findings in these studies echo the concerns such as
with few exceptions women in science are but a small
minority in their peer groups, and their proportion drops
 ENGINEER PEC
sharply as they advance through their careers. The
resulting isolation impedes research, increases stress,
and may lead to abandonment of a scientific or
engineering career. The period when successful scientific
or engineering careers are usually forged corresponds to
the period of childbearing. Experimental work, which
makes extraordinary demands on availability in time or
location, raises conflicts with the family responsibilities that
continue to be disproportionately borne by women.
Women graduate students are often dissuaded from
pursuing certain areas of science. In some disciplines they
are discouraged by faculty and student colleagues from
pursuing mathematical or theoretical investigations; in
other fields women are discouraged from pursuing
experimental work [2-5].
Women on Frontiers of Science & Engineering
We cannot succeed on many critically important policy
matters without the full participation of women and
minorities, in both the development and the support of
effective policy and action. The fraction of working women
participating in the scientific and engineering work force is
smaller than that of men. However, as the need for
scientists and engineers increases for the R&D enterprise,
women should find greater opportunities to pursue careers
in these fields. Nonetheless, to increase women's
participation in science and engineering, many barriers
must be overcome. HEC has several important roles
related to these challenges. One of these roles is to inform
both the science and engineering community and the
public of the need to increase the participation of women in
scientific and engineering careers—to increase not only
economic competitiveness but also educational and
occupational equity. Three important factors have
seriously been realized by the educators around the globe.
To examine a sample of interventions from the wide
spectrum known to have been established in the private
and public sectors both men and women, in science and
engineering careers; To determine the characteristics
shared by programs considered to meet that objective; and
to discuss methods of implementing such programs on a
broader scale. Finally, it heightened awareness of what
universities are doing to increase the quantity and quality
of students pursuing careers in the sciences and
engineering. We need to look for the practical strategies for
increasing the participation of women in science and
engineering—at the undergraduate and graduate levels of
studies [2-3].
Undergraduate Study Initiatives
Senior educators and international expert reports
recommend increasing initiatives for escalating women
participation in science and engineering at the
undergraduate level. Higher education institutions should
43
September 2007
monitor student progress to assess why women scientists
and engineers loose interest in the discipline. Specific
funding sources should be targeted at women to attract
them to applied science and engineering. Comprehensive
interventions should be targeted toward women and
implemented in diverse institutions to attract more female
students. The research based on interventions for women
in science and engineering at the undergraduate level
should be expanded by funding longitudinal evaluations of
selected programs. Newer models and strategies should
be developed, evaluated and revised where necessary for
involving faculty members in strategies to increase the
participation of undergraduate women in science and
engineering.
Graduate and Postdoctoral Initiatives
To promote graduate education of women in science and
engineering requires a lot to do such as confidence
building or financial prosperity aspects need to be
awakened in women graduate students to gain scientific
expertise and effective communication skills to go forward
in careers in science and engineering. To retain graduate
students in the sciences and engineering, departments
and institutions must develop programs of positive
incentives for faculty. For instance, initially proportional
seats may be reserved for women researchers. The level
playing field concept for women graduate students must
be articulately and concretely demonstrated by upper
management of the academic institution. University
management should consider women graduate student
problems such as child bearing/rearing issues and
personal family issues of talented females. If such facilities
are not provided to the female candidates then they will
look for alternate options giving above facilities. Resolving
issues related to balancing family and scientific career
goals for women graduate students must be a high priority
for any academic institution. Women at graduate and
postdoctoral level usually are married with family
responsibilities. They need financial assistance to cope
with routine problems. Universities can arrange special
pay package out of projects for female researchers to
increase women involvement in science and engineering
[2, 5].
Graduate-and postdoctoral-level interventions aid the
process whereby individuals form the networks that lead to
job opportunities, shared research and, ultimately, a sense
of the possibilities, both personal and professional, in their
chosen fields of study. The percentage of women enrolled
in graduate science and engineering programs is on the
rise in all fields except computer science and the social
sciences. Of some concern, however, is the lengthening
time-to-degree of students pursuing doctorates in science
and engineering. In all fields except engineering, women
tend to have longer registered time-to-degree and total
time-to-degree, which is the total number of years, elapsed
 ENGINEER PEC
between earning the baccalaureate and the doctorate,
including time not enrolled at a university. However, in
most fields these differences are becoming minimal.
Experience indicates that successful programs at the
graduate level of education are addressed to specifically
identified needs, demonstrate multiple linkages between
graduate school and other populations, and are
characterized by substantial faculty or mentor
commitment. The processes by which men and women
move through graduate school activities are not
necessarily the same; do we know in what ways they are
different? Initiatives and efforts that are not interventions in
a structural sense but nevertheless affect outcomes, for
example, student membership in professional societies,
caucuses, associations, support groups, and coalitions.
Systemic approach may alter institutions or its hard
settings to accommodate women scientists and
engineers. A teaching fellowship training program that
includes training on sensitivity to gender issues is an
intervention that can change the setting in which teaching
and research are done and in which the pursuit of careers
takes place.
Technical Women Faculty
Most of the surveys carried out for woman scientists and
engineers in all areas of the workplace reveal generally
lower salaries for female members of the profession. The
discriminatory forces that influence the situation of women
in society in general are presumed to influence the careers
of faculty women in science and engineering. The talent
pools from which faculty are hired is closely related to the
number obtaining their doctorate in science and
engineering. Relatively low rate of continuation of women
into engineering graduate school, compared with that of
women in other disciplines, cannot be explained in terms of
a simple lack of interest in graduate studies on the part of
the women. The attractive job offers available to
engineering BE graduates must certainly be a factor, but
other factors also appear to be at work. The representation
of women in science and engineering seems to be
increasing at all academic levels.
Efforts must be made to eliminate discrimination, real or
perceived and enhance confidence of woman at work
place. To promote careers of women in academia the
universities need to develop strategies to attract women
scientist and engineers in university. Prioritize women
participation by relaxing some strict barrier rules such as
publications and experience to let them be floating in main
stream [2-5]. A university can establish an office on the
status of women faculty members, whose director is a
senior female professor with line responsibility to the vice
chancellor of the campus. Revise the tenure track process
on campus to ensure that untenured women faculty
members are indeed reviewed by their peers during the
44
September 2007
probationary period and that every tenure-review
committee has at least one senior female member as
youngster colleagues may have personal clashes with one
another. Universities may create family-friendly workplace
environment by establishing flexible work schedules, job
sharing, and subsidized, proximate child care as standard
features of campus programs for the faculty. Allow
maximum flexibility in working conditions consistent with
carrying out responsibilities of teaching or research by
female scientists and engineers [2].
A lot many females just abandon jobs due to strict timing
requirements such as reaching sharp by bus at 8 am whilst
her own children a lot many females just abandon jobs due
to strict timing requirements such as reaching sharp by bus
at 8 am whilst her own children go to school at 830 am. She
just can not come and cruel bosses start explaining without
understanding her issue. If a female director is appointed
for female staff then she can ask to other heads or deans to
consider her issues and give job assignments in
accordance to availability. It is non sense to loose a
talented female just because she can not reach at 8 am to
take a lecture. A mild policy may be to change her timetable
as per her convenience to accommodate her other duties
as wife or as a mother. The departmental climate also
affects women students [5].
Women students at universities tend to believe that lack of
departmental attention and caring means they do not
deserve to keep going or that they must not be good
enough. Most male doctoral students, conversely, are
more self-confident and consider themselves entitled to an
advanced degree, so the absence of departmental caring
does not seem to bother them as much as it does to the
women. In fact departmental climate and culture play an
important part in the progress of doctoral students,
particularly women in science and engineering. To improve
this climate and reduce overall attrition rates in graduate
school, the Graduate School Office may start
institutionalized programs that bring together the faculty,
students, and departmental graduate secretaries [2-5]
100
90
Teaching Quality Score
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Woman (04/05) Men (04/05)
Woman (05/06) Men (05/06)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Subjects
Fig.6 Student teacher’s evaluation in Engineering at
FUUAST (Semester Spring 2006)
 ENGINEER PEC
The universities may start special encouraging programs
in a well engineered manner. In general it has been
observed that female scientist and engineer lecturers
teach more responsibly and well prepared manner
compared to male lecturers. Let us see real statistics of the
male and female staff in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering at Federal Urdu University of arts
Science 7 technology Islamabad-Pakistan. This
department has four female and five male teachers.
Student’s lecturer evaluation has shown that female
assessment score has increased over one year
assessment period whilst men evaluation has gone down
as shown in Fig.6.
This may partly be attributed to male lecturer trend to teach
in multiple universities to earn more money. Over 400
students have intuitively verified that female lectures of
electronics engineering, mathematics, computer science
and humanities deliver more comprehensive and well
prepared lectures compared to male lecturers. Based on
student evaluation the head has decided to increase
female lecturers and laboratory technician strength to
provide more comfortable and flexible environment to the
female students in laboratory. Old age heads may request
to management to involve female lecturers in department
management to configure the environment according to
their personal convenience under supervision of senior
experienced professors.
Future Woman Scientists & Engineers
Academe need to intervene in a strategic manner to
increase woman population in science and engineering
faculties. Undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral
interventions aimed at recruiting and retaining more
women in scientific and technical fields serve the interests
of education in general as well as the interests of women.
Within an individual department to achieving this goal the
graduate students in the same or related departments
such as electronics and telecom may meet together for
discussions on how to get ahead and how to cope with
daily problems in the classroom, in the research
environment, and with colleagues and supervisors.
Academe may start programs of male and female visiting
scientists and engineers, who meet with the students and
other interested people to discuss and facilitate the
careers of these students in science and engineering [10-
11].Among recurring topics of discussion are the
relationship of a female student with her peers and with her
research adviser, balancing career and family
responsibilities, and strategies to eliminate the "chilly
environment" often encountered by women pursuing
graduate studies and later employment in the science and
engineering. The full access of woman in research goes far
beyond just opening the doors of educational institutions
and the workplace. It means changing and enhancing the
prospects of students, teachers, supervisors, leaders, and
45
September 2007
the public in general about the capabilities and
contributions of women, developing in women strong self-
esteem and sense of self-competency and discovering
what experiences reinforce these attributes. Whilst
considering full participation and access of women one
also needs to acknowledge the underlying issues that
threaten families, institutions, and communities, so that
creative and effective social policies can be developed and
sustained. Consider subjective issues, identify and
address the fears that will be raised by the proposed
interventions, and consider some scenarios about how to
handle the consequences and the interconnections.
At that point, identify rather specifically what it is that you
want to achieve. In fact, it is very important to revisit this
particular question in a recurring way throughout one's
planning, implementation, and evaluation. Yes, repeatedly
concentrate attention on just what is it you are trying to
achieve [7-10]. Let us reiterate our encouragement to
search very carefully for the important feedback loops in
the interventions, to recognize and to come to grips with
deeply-rooted beliefs and fears that will affect your
success, to be scrupulous in distinguishing myth from
reality, and to pay a great deal of attention to the changing
external context for we are addressing a moving target as
the social, scientific and engineering frontiers advance. As
we plan and discuss the interventions to enhance the
recruitment and retention of women in science and
engineering, we must bear in mind that much of the design
of the current work structures and environments were put
in place a long time ago by people different from those who
will work in them in the future. We need to consider the
future society pattern in which the planned woman work
force will be functioning [9-11].
Female High-Tech Emancipation
Recent developments in attosecond physics have lead to
extraordinary expeditious photonic processors [12-15]
conceiving perception of infinite bandwidth requiring
renewed understanding of the fundamentals of science
and engineering [16]. To go beyond the frontiers of science
and engineering we need to work with woman patience
and a mother’s love to unearth the ultimate truth of nature.
What we do today will be regarded as a barbarian time by
our women of 2050 as we today think of women selling and
buying in dark ages. Today woman scientists and
engineers are only able to design chemical, biological and
nuclear weapons but also capable to detect chemical and
radiation signatures to ensure existence of such legal
weapons and their integral parts. Sulfur mustard breaks
down in the environment into thiodiglycol and two
impurities, thioxane and dithiane, which can be identified
as signatures of mustard presence. However, most of
nerve agents such as sarin, soman, and VX contain a
phosphorus-methyl (P-CH3) bond that is difficult to break
rendering its hard detection [17]. Woman as military
 ENGINEER PEC
scientists and engineers have full comprehension of the
significance of high energy lasers, bio materials,
nanotechnology, electro-optic sensors, potential
techniques and algorithms critical for their national
defense, command and control [18]. Woman scientists
and engineers have most significant role as sales
engineers, research scientists and product developers
[19].
Sadartha [20] defined word love as a passion that a mother
has for her baby and ascribed all the other definitions of
love as its subsequent derivatives. An old time vision
needs to be created in modern society where woman
despite emancipation feels deprived. Woman among men
should have the level of confidence about gender
interaction the way a man after eating has no feel for
appetite. Once his/her eating desire is over after dining
he/she actually conquers his desire for hunger. A similar
feel and conquer is needed to woman whilst working
among men. How to achieve is an uphill task that needs
research. We may define civilization as an era when
women and men will have no depression of being that
gender regarding implementation of their aims and ideas.
According to Emma [21] peace or harmony between the
sexes and individuals does not necessarily depend on a
superficial equalization of human beings; nor does it calls
for the elimination of individual traits and peculiarities. The
problem that women confront today, and which the nearest
future is to solve, is how to be one's self and yet in oneness
with others, to feel deeply with all human beings and still
retain one's own characteristic qualities. Our motto should
not be: forgive one another; rather, understand one
another.
To understand everything means to forgive everything
does not appeal many of modern women; it has the odor of
the confessional; to forgive one's fellow being conveys the
idea of pharisaical superiority. The demand for equal rights
in every vocation of life is just and fair; but, after all, the
most vital right is the right to love and be loved. Indeed, if
partial emancipation is to become a complete and true
emancipation of woman, it will have to do away with the
ridiculous notion that to be loved, to be sweetheart and
mother, is synonymous with being slave or subordinate. To
me the position of the working village girl is far more natural
and human than that of her seemingly more fortunate
sister in the more cultured professional walks of life i.e.
lecturers, doctors, engineers or layers who have to make a
dignified, proper appearance, while the inner life is growing
empty and dead. Islam gave the first ultimate
emancipation to woman by declaring the close proximity of
God with fathers of daughters on the doomsday.
Conclusions
Women need a central recognition with full access in all
fields of life. Some fields of science and engineering,
46
September 2007
especially medicines, women are much more suited than
men due to their natural sympathetic and loving
temperament that is actually needed to the patient. It is not
possible today to allow 50% population to stay home
without any to do. Looking primitive village life the men and
women work in fields together without any sensitivity to
gender at all. Middle class people care the culture and
build walls on the way of women development. It is duty of
state to provide equal job opportunities to women and
develop working environment to build confidence at
workplace. Of course new entrant woman will bring new
questions and different experiences. Identifying and
understanding the barriers to women's progress in
academic and professional careers so that these can be
removed or overcome and addressing the communication
challenges women and men face together in the
classroom, in the home, in the workplace, and in volunteer
activities so that they can be more effective partners in
their endeavors.
References
World Nobel Prize Records, British Library, London UK,
2006.
Educating the Engineer of 2020, Committee of Engineer
2020: National Academy of Engineering, 2005.
Science and Engineering Programs: On Target for
Women, edited by M. Lakes and L. Skidmore Dix,
Committee on Women in Science and Engineering, NRC,
National Academies Press, 1992.
N. Z. Khan,’ Unprepared, unwilling and unfit: The Moslems
in the age of IT’, FJWU and HEC Int. Conf. Social
Sciences: endangered and engendered, Dec10-12, 2004,
PP. 323.
Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on leading edge
technologies, National Academy of Engineering. National
Academy of Engineering, 2006.
H. Salerno,’ Though unsung and ignored women have
pushed technology frontiers’, Mothers of Invention,
Washington Post Writer, July 12, 1997, PP. H01.
Female Ingenuity: Women and Invention in America by
Anne L. Macdonald Ballantine Books: NY, 1992.
Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for revised
history of technology by Autumn Stanley: The Scarecrow
Press Inc: New Jersey, 1993.
Woman, Technology and innovation, edited by Joan
Rothschild, Pergamon Press Ltd: New York, 1992.
Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations,
 ENGINEER PEC
Remedies: Committee on Women's Employment and
Related Social Issues, National Research Council,
National Academic Press, 1984..
Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Being a Mentor
to Students in Science and Engineering, National
Research Council, National Academic Press, 1997.
T. Juhasz, R. Kurtz, C. Horvath, C. Suarez, F. Raksi and G.
Spooner,’ The femtosecond blade’, Optics & Photonics
News, PP.24-28, January 2002.
T. Krupa,” Optical technologies in fight against
bioterrorism”, Optics & Photonics News, PP.23-26, July
2002.
M. Xiao, H. Wang, D. Goorskey,” Light controlling light”,
Optics & Photonics News, PP.45-48, Sep, 2002.
G. A. Mourou and V. Yanovsky,” Relativistic optics: A gate
way to attosecond physics”, Optics & Photonics News,
PP.40-45, May 2004.
Schrödinger's Rabbits: The Many Worlds of Quantum,
edited by C. Bruce, NAP, 2004.
Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Washington Government Printing Office, December 1993.
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September 2007
Critical Military Technologies, Washington Government
Printing Office, 2006.
T. Anglaew,” IEEE Woman in Engineering”, IEEE Region
10 Section Meeting, July, 2006, Thailand.
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edited by Indian Press, 1950.
Emma Goldman,” The tragedy of woman’s emancipation”,
Blackmask online 2001: http://www.blackmask.com.
About the Author
Registration No. PEC (Elect/4685)
Dr. Nasrullah Khan (59); Senior Member
IEEE (00625749); President’s Award of
Pride of Performance (2006); Member
IEP; Registered with PEC (Elect/4685);
acquired his BSC Electrical Engineering Degree (84) from
UET Lahore, MSC (87) from Reading University (UK) and
PhD (92) from Essex University UK. He has 23 years work
and teaching experience with 5 books and 130 research
publications. Currently, he is working as a Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, FUUAST
Islamabad. His areas of research include Electro-Optics
and Lasers, Optoelectronics, Protective Relaying and
Electric Power Quality.
 ENGINEER PEC
Let’s Affiliate PEC with ABET &
FEANI
…it is just in time to apply now...
Dr. Nasrullah Khan
Abstract
Globalization through emerging revolutionary enabling
and numerical communication technologies with
increased interdisciplinary merger of disciplines such as
electronics, photonics, bioelectricity, neuroscience,
artificial intelligence, integrated optics, nanotechnology,
polymer sciences and information technologies in science
and engineering has caused sheer collapse of orthodox
consensus on concepts of engineering education. It has
become too difficult to recognize what is science or
engineering. As a matter of fact the many of the subject
specialists carrying science degrees are very good
engineers whilst many other subject specialists carrying
engineering degrees are basically engineering scientists.
This paper explores the major differences in science,
technology and engineering to enable Pakistan
Engineering Council (PEC) to focus on the need of
recognizing our engineering education accreditation
standard in the light of international practices of ABET
(USA) and FEANI (Europe). In present paper the PEC is
emphasized to accommodate across discipline technically
matured engineering sciences as an integral part of
engineering education to demark the narrowing blue line
between pure and applied engineering. Finally it will be
accentuated why it is important for PEC to seek the
membership of transnational engineering education
regulatory bodies to emerge as a globally recognized
engineering education accrediting authority of Pakistan.
Keywords
Science, Technology, Engineering, Education,
Accrediting and Recognition.
1. Science, Engineering and Technology
By the end of twentieth century the science and
engineering knowledge has become too embedded within
each other from molecular to complex system level due to
emergence of the enabling, communication and
information technologies; that it has, unbelievably,
become impossible to minutely classify or draw a narrow
line to segregate the frontiers of science and engineering
education and research [1]. It is so unremitting in terms of
realizable borders at all frontiers of science, technology
and engineering. As a matter of fact it is nature that by
definition is so articulated and organized in a complex
nonlinear manner that no science or engineering rule is
able to segregate it from one another. In decades turnover
ever amazing developments have further expanded its
frontiers and the more we discover the more we are lost in it
48
September 2007
[2]. We as engineers and scientists have marked lines to
divide the land and airs into borders else the matter is
barely opposite. We do propose, amend, modify and
optimize things over time to configure the policies to divide
knowledge and wisdom into known professions, as a result
of common human nature, we are likely to place new
wisdoms in disciplines that are usually correct but likely to
be incorrect due to lack of understanding or knowledge of
its further developments, investigations or major future
applications.
Authorized engineering education accrediting and
recognizing practices are very strict in Pakistan but in
some cases accreditation bodies do declare the pure
engineering education either science or technology.
Sporadically good engineers are mistakenly classified as
scientists or technologists and vice versa. My major
impetus is to reorient the thinking of engineering councils,
boards or bodies regarding recognition of technical skills
earned by youngsters that professional recognition bodies
do not recognize and the skilled manpower is eventually
wasted after spending time, money and efforts. It is a
havoc loss of available resources in many countries,
especially Pakistan. Recognition of applied science,
technology and engineering although very late but still just
in time to consider it. In this case the affected people are
innocent youngsters and miserable parents - neither the
concerned degree awarding institutes nor the accrediting
body with its so obvious policy. Graduates from the Quade-
Azam University Islamabad, Government College Lahore
or Peshawer University have perfectly learnt all major
subjects on electronics, logic design, digital signal
processing, communication, semiconductor devices,
a n a l o g u e c i r c u i t s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t h e o r y,
microcontrollers and microprocessors but no one accepts
their education equivalent to graduate electronics
engineers.
Either such programs may be discontinued by the order of
Higher Education Commission Islamabad or be accepted
with suitable upgrade courses. We can not export this
manpower to Middle East as they do not have a
professional engineer license. If the same students with
same knowledge and contents of study come from any
other country out of any engineering degree awarding
institutes then the same will be accepted without counting
the square feet of their classrooms. It is wastage of
manpower and resources that need to be seriously viewed
by the authorities in the greater interest of Pakistan.
According to the PEC advice to the universities, in order to
be considered for accreditation, engineering programs
must be designed to prepare graduates for the practice of
engineering at a professional level. Programs designed to
prepare graduates for supporting roles in engineering i.e.
engineering technology are not eligible, nor are the
programs which do not provide an adequate base for the
application of fundamental concepts to the practice of
engineering. In fact PEC violates its above mentioned
 ENGINEER PEC
guidelines by accepting British 3 Yrs BE Engineering
Program.
It is in fact hard to assess who actually knows practice of
engineering at intellectual and professional level. PEC
needs to define clear instrumental definitions measuring
the desired entry level practice qualification. Now the PEC
has a digital library and access to 70-80% science and
some 20-30% engineering journals that are a good sign of
development. PEC activities such as start of this Engineer
pec magazine, paper prizes, newsletters and seminar
series shows its live involvement and warm wishes to be
functional and progressive. A few years ago the PEC had
neither any professional refreshing course plans for old
engineers. However, it is a point of concern for all
engineers including PEC why it has filed to register itself to
any international engineering board or forum that can
update its accrediting and recognizing policies. I certainly
beg pardon of the PEC if any of my suggestions is not in the
interest of PEC or its members or Pakistan at the end of the
day. Our neighbor country is exporting such manpower to
Middle East and earning lot of foreign revenue and we in
the form of PEC are sticking to so called dead English rules
and trying to push the elephant in the mouse hole. I can to
PEC examples of several foreign universities degrees that
are accredited by PEC and the students have same level of
wisdom as our QAU BSC electronics graduates. Either
electronics degree holders may be granted accreditation
as engineering scientists (B-Tech) or engineers. Legal
status of B-Techs and BE may be ascribed under a uniform
consensus of PEC and HEC experts.
2. Pakistan Engineering Council
Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) is a statutory body
constituted under the PEC Act No.V of 1976 enacted by the
Parliament. Some of its statutory functions relate to
recognition of engineering qualifications for the purpose of
registration of professional engineers and consulting
engineers and promotion of engineering education,
safeguarding the interests of its members and fostering of
high professional standards in the country. PEC interacts
with the Government, both at the Federal and Provincial
level by participation in Commissions, Committees and
Advisory Bodies and acts as a think tank to Government of
Pakistan. The PEC is a fully representative body of the
engineering community in the country and works
transparently. PEC forms an effective bridge between
Government, industry and education. Over the past
quarter century PEC has grown into a mature professional
regulatory body with an unblemished record. It is not too
difficult to conceive the scenario in the country, had there
been no PEC on the landscape. Not only the international
recognition of our engineering degrees would have been
perilously set aside, our own market would have been
flooded with under and sub-qualified engineers.
Maintenance of a register of persons qualified to practice
as professional engineers and consulting engineers. More
49
September 2007
details on PEC are available on its website [3]. Engineering
qualifications awarded by the following foreign universities
and institutions are acceptable to PEC as recognized
engineering qualifications.
American Universities/Institutions:
Accredited by the Accreditation Board of engineering &
Technology. (ABET). New York, USA [4].
U.K. Universities/Institutions:
Accredited engineering degree programs in the list issued
by Engg Council of UK in 1993 and their subsequent
updated versions [5].
European Universities/Institutions:
Accredited engineering degree programs as per index
published by the European Federation of National
Engineering Association (FEANI) Paris, France in the year
1992 and their subsequent updated versions [6].
Canadian Universities/Institutions:
Accredited engineering degree programs in the list issued
by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB)
in the year 1995 and their subsequent updated versions [7]
Australian Engineering Universities/Institutions:
Accredited engineering degree programs as per Australian
engineering courses recognized by the Institutions of
Engineers, Australia in the year 1994 and their subsequent
updated versions [8].
Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) did not mention of its
own compliance to above four bodies and many other
international professional bodies such as BCS, UK [9],
CEE, Europe [10], ECA, Europe [11], ENIC, Europe [12],
ENQA, Europe [13], IPENZ, New Zealand [14], USCIEP,
USA [15], ECSA, South Africa [16], HKIE, Hong Kong [17],
and most importantly the Washington Accord [18], Dublin
Accord [19] and Sydney Accord [20], and lately EMF [21]
regarding the accreditation and recognition or vice versa.
Even the LC of any Pakistani bank is acceptable globally
but the PEC certificate is not considered as a valid
document by ABET (USA), FEANI (France), CEAB
(Canada) and IEA (Australia). PEC should explain to the
member engineers and engineering degree awarding
institutes, why the PEC has not registered itself or sought
membership of any transnational engineering degree
recognizing and engineering program accrediting body
such as ABET (USA) and FEANI (Europe) in last five
decades. The PEC is pleased to say that she accepts
degrees accredited by such and such without any vice
versa acceptance. It is all useless if they do not accept
yours accredited engineering degree in return.
At this moment most of the foreign bodies do look at the
degree granting university and not on the PEC certificate.
ABET, FEANI and CEAB ask for clearing their own six
month’s professional engineer’s test. I personally honor to
the establishment of the PEC and its role but literally how a
 ENGINEER PEC
body can talk or refer to international standards to force the
institutions when she herself is not regarded as an
engineering degree recognizing or accrediting authority by
other international bodies. Let us say PEC was initially not
registered by the international bodies [4-8] then why the
PEC did not struggle to develop links with such well known
bodies to seek guidelines how to improve the engineering
education in Pakistan with so many perks. The PEC is itself
not well performing its functions like looking after the
interests of people of this country and engineering
practices within international standards on public safety
and reliability.
Repeated collapse of bridges, building and networks is self
speaking proof of the norms and engineering standards
maintained in the country. This nation has suffered the
most in history due to the PEC deaf ears towards follies
committed by the construction industry ever since in
Pakistan? Why PEC did not introduce the building codes
earlier before occurrence of repeated earthquakes around
Islamabad? Which road does not need repair within few
months of its construction? Which factory is observing
safety rules and safety standards in the common electric
products for public use? Over 80% metallic casing
products such as washing machines and refrigerators
have no safety grounding green/yellow wire and in 85%
house and industrial wirings the test reports are issued
without even actual visit of the test inspector to the
installation site. How many engineers have been
blacklisted due to their poor performance of work or
misconduct or corruption charges? Many engineers have
been terminated on corruption charges in past in multiple
departments in Pakistan; did the PEC remove their names
from the register? I do not know in what sense the PEC is
safeguarding the interests of this country or its members.
When our engineers go to Canada they need to spend
several months to qualify the CEAB tests to seek
professional license. They do not accept PEC registration
certificate.
If the PEC member engineers have no acceptance outside
the Pakistani borders then how the PEC can talk of
compliance to international engineering standards and
statutes [3]. In fact the PEC reflects a symbol of horrible
police instead of its kind role as adviser to the engineering
degree awarding institutes. As a member of Washington
Accord [18] our engineers can have facilities to work here
or abroad and claim many mobility facilities across the
borders. At present it makes no sense why to bother about
PEC if the engineers have to work abroad or in private
industry. PEC also points on the private engineering
degree awarding institutes without mentioning the plight of
government institutes, which reflects quite a bit of bias that
needs to be reworded and equal caring attitude need to be
meted out to all engineering degree awarding institutes
within our country. By year 2050 some 88% of world
population will be residing in South East Asian region [21].
Is PEC planning how to cope with situation and preparing
50
September 2007
women engineers to meet the upcoming challenges? As a
think tank the PEC must start thinking now and leave no
stone unturned to seek the membership of Washington
Accord that India has already done last year in 2005.
Almost 95% engineers in Pakistani Universities are
specializing in electronics and telecommunication under
all the PEC accredited and recognized programs. Nearly
90% of the real industry demand is electrical and
automation engineers (not the electronics or telecom
engineers); has the PEC ever thought of forcing the
universities for proportional intakes?
Hardly 5% engineers are studying electrical engineering
and all the rest registered in BE telecom or BE electronics
programs [22]. It is sole responsibility of the PEC and HEC
to maintain reasonable proportion of manpower in all
disciplines. Who is going to take care of WAPDA utility
networks spread across the country? Has PEC or HEC or
MOST ever thought of it? No! All of our neighboring
countries have joined or joining international accreditation
and recognizing bodies to internationalize the competency
of their graduate engineers but regretted to say that
nothing is being done at an adequate level by the PEC for
the betterment of its graduate engineers in global era.
Many bilateral and multilateral agreements can be
established between countries and organizations
worldwide but PEC has no time for it, still claiming taking
care of its member engineers. Young engineers are not
aware of it but the PEC should recognize the problem
ahead being a dedicated professional body with a
mandate that supposes PEC to do it. Simple agreements
do not give free mobility facility, but still can be important,
especially on a regional level they are likely to be
preempted by large-scale, multinational, mutual
agreements. If transnational mobility facility is granted to
our engineers then they can freely move and even work or
participate in international professional activities.
3. Accreditation of Accrediting Bodies
For international recognition of engineering degree
programs the international accreditation boards and
bodies need to cooperate with one another to reach a
consensus that may eliminate the need to again test the
capabilities of engineering professionals from sister
countries. As the economic globalization increases [23-
24], we must bring down artificial barriers that limit
workforce mobility and related issues. One way to increase
mobility is through the mutual recognition of degrees,
degree programs, and accreditation systems. Now
international community has a strong desire to work
towards global harmonization that needs workforce
mobility. This has provoked a great deal of activity,
especially in countries that do not have recognized
accreditation systems in place, or even a tradition of
accreditation like Germany [23]. The United States, which
has a strong tradition of engineering accreditation, it is also
working toward global recognition of accreditation
 ENGINEER PEC
methods. Mutual recognition and accreditation will not only
benefit graduates in a particular country, but will also
promote quality control and attract students to national
degree programs. It is generally accepted that a
competent practicing engineer must have a strong
education that teaches analytical and theoretical thinking
that enables problem solving, innovation, and invention. If
not invention then at least instant modifications; training in
working with people from diverse backgrounds and solving
technical problems to maintain the existing engineering
infrastructures on place; and work experience, including
responsibility for making decisions on time to deal with
emergencies and long term planning to predict calamities
and failures. Let us review the existing internationally
established engineering accords, boards and councils for
initial membership or affiliation of PEC.
3.1 Washington Accord
Washington Accord [18] was signed in 1989 by the groups
in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United
Kingdom, and the United States responsible for
accrediting professional engineering degree programs in
their countries. The accord recognizes “substantial
equivalency” of the programs accredited by the signatories
and satisfaction of the “academic requirements for the
practice of engineering at the professional level.” The
accord states that the “processes, policies and
procedures” used in the accreditation of academic
programs are comparable and “recommends that
graduates of accredited programs in any of the signatory
countries be recognized by the other member countries as
having met the academic requirements for entry to the
practice of engineering as per WA. However, the
Washington Accord has several limitations. First, it covers
professional engineering undergraduate programs but not
engineering technology or postgraduate programs.
Second, it does not apply to degree programs accredited
before signing by the accrediting body. Third, it does not
apply to degree programs declared or recognized as
“substantially equivalent” by the signatories. Finally, it
covers only the academic requirements of licensing, but
not the actual licensing, which still varies from country to
country. Interest in the Washington Accord has increased
significantly since it was signed in 1989. Two more
countries have signed on since then and are now full
signatories: Hong Kong in 1995 and South Africa in 1999.
Four countries have been added as provisional
signatories: Japan in 2001 and Germany, Malaysia, and
Singapore in 2003. In addition, the accreditation bodies of
India and Bangladesh have recently expressed their intent
to submit applications for provisional membership, and
Russia has sent representative to the meetings of the
Washington Accord signatories.
To seek membership of the Accord the accrediting
organization needs to apply for provisional signatory
status. The provisional signatory status means that the
51
September 2007
applicant accrediting body has demonstrated that the
accreditation system for which it has responsibility
appears to be conceptually similar to those of the other
signatories of the Washington Accord. By conferring
provisional status, the signatories have indicated that they
consider that the provisional signatory has the potential
capability to reach full signatory status. Award of
provisional status in no way implies any guarantee of the
granting of full signatory status. Equivalence of the
engineering programs concerned shall normally become
effective from the date on which the new signatory was
admitted to full signatory status. For the admission of new
signatories to the Washington Accord requires an
application for provisional status to the Washington Accord
supported by nominations from two of the existing
signatories. A positive vote by at least two-thirds of the
existing signatories, a prescribed period of provisional
status (minimum period of two years), during which the
accreditation criteria and processes established by the
applicant, and the manner in which those procedures and
criteria are implemented, will be subject to comprehensive
examination by a Washington Accord review team.
Unanimous approval of the existing signatories for
transition of the provisional signatory to the regular
signatory is prerequisite. The application for Provisional
Signatory status must be submitted by PEC to the
Secretariat of the Washington Accord in both printed and
electronic form at least 120 days prior to the next meeting
of signatories, and in the format given in Washington
Accord [18]. A decision to admit to Provisional status shall
require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of existing
signatories, and a decision to admit to full signatory status
shall require the unanimous vote of existing signatories.
Such votes shall normally be taken at general meetings of
signatories. The Accord has also approached to an
international funding agency to explore the possibility of
funding support for developmental assistance to countries
applying to become members of the Accord.
Accreditation Board of Engineering & Technology (ABET)
is recognized by the American Council for Higher
Education Accreditation. In general, ABET does not
accredit foreign programs outside USA. However, it issues
substantial equivalency certificates for similar oversees
programs if they qualify in educational outcome. ABET has
signed a number of mutual recognition agreements with
accrediting organizations of other countries. PEC may
apply for it like India, and Bangladesh and others.
Signatories agree to recommend that graduates from
recognized programs be afforded the same rights and
privileges as those graduates in the home country. ABET
recognizes through agreements such as the Washington
Accord, and offers educational credentials evaluation
services. It is to point out that ABET accredits the
engineering programs through its Engineering
Accreditation Commission (EAC) not the institutes. PEC
may apply for membership of Washington Accord the way
as normal universities apply to PEC for accreditation and
 ENGINEER PEC
the ABET will process the case. For more information PEC
may contact ABET, Inc.111 Market Pl., Suite
1050Baltimore, MD 21202 ; Abet website:
http://www.abet.org/contact.shtml, USA.
3.2 The EUR ING Professional Title
The Fédération Européenne d’Associations Nationales
d’Ingénieurs (FEANI) [6] (translated as the European
Federation of National Engineering Associations) is a
federation of national engineering associations from the
EU, European Free Trade Association, and countries
considered “eligible for accession into the EU” at a future
time. Currently, FEANI, which has 26 member countries
representing more than two million professional
engineers, considers itself “the single voice for the
engineering profession in Europe” and is working to “affirm
and develop the professional identity of engineers.” The
European Commission recognizes FEANI as the official
representative of the engineering profession in Europe.
One of the services provided by FEANI, the granting of the
EUR ING professional title, is intended to “facilitate the
mutual recognition of engineering qualifications in Europe”
and facilitate mobility by assigning a “guarantee of
competence” to engineers who wish to practice outside
their own countries, provide information to employers
about educational and training systems in Europe, and
encourage continuous improvements in the quality of
engineers by monitoring and reviewing standards.
Currently, slightly fewer than 30,000 registered engineers
have been granted the EUR ING title. FEANI maintains an
index of universities and other institutions of higher
education and their engineering degree programs
recognized as fulfilling the mandatory educational
requirements for the EUR ING title. Member countries
submit descriptions of schools and degree programs for
inclusion in the FEANI Index upon approval by the
European Monitoring Committee. The FEANI Index is
intended to be the “authoritative source of information
about national engineering education systems and
educational institutions”. Basically, FEANI takes care of its
member European countries only but International
Engineering Institutes and organizations may seek
membership of FEANI regarding accreditation or
equivalency of their programs. Engineering organizations
of several countries like Association for Engineering
Education in South and Central Asia (AEESCA) and The
Institution of Engineers, India, Federation of Engineering
Institutions of South and Central Asia (FEISCA) Nepal,
Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects
(UCTEA–TMMOB) Turkey, Association for Engineering
Education in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (AEESEAP)
and The Institution of Engineers, Indonesia, The Institution
of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) Malaysia and The Institution
of Engineers Singapore (IES) Singapore, have already
sought membership of FEANI for the possible intuitive
recognition purposes. PEC may also apply to FEANI at Av.
Roger Vandendriessche 18, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium
52
September 2007
http://www.feani.org/.
3.3 Engineers Mobility Forum
The Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF) [21], established in
October 1997, was initially formed as a subcommittee of
the Washington Accord signatories to facilitate the mobility
of experienced professional engineers. Unlike the
Washington Accord, which focuses on mutual recognition
of accredited academic programs, EMF is developing “a
system of mutual recognition of the full professional level to
facilitate cross border mobility of registered practitioners.”
This is especially important for currently practicing
engineers whose qualifications are not recognized through
the Washington Accord (EMF, 2003). EMF maintains a
decentralized Register of International Engineers that
includes the names of professional engineers in member
countries who meet very specific educational and
experiential guidelines. The purpose of the registry is to
streamline the process of obtaining practice privileges in
EMF-member countries. The registry is “decentralized” in
the sense that each country operates its own section and
writes its own “assessment statement” describing the
admission requirements for that country. A monitoring
committee in each country develops the assessment
statement, reviews applications for admission to the
registry, and functions as the point of contact for all matters
relating to the registry. EMF members include the national
engineering organizations of Ireland, the United Kingdom,
United States, Canada, South Africa, Hong Kong,
Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, and New Zealand.
FEANI has observer status, and India and Bangladesh
have expressed an interest in joining EMF. With the signing
of the EMF Agreement in June 2001, the International
Register of Professional Engineers (IRoPE) was
established (IPENZ, 2000).
3.4. Vision of Global Engineering Registrar
Global Engineering Registrar (GER) would be the
authorized body responsible for accrediting professional
engineering degree programs and registering professional
degrees through its representative offices through out the
world. The member countries will have equal
representation in global office and all of them will be bound
to guidelines and rules framed by the GER. Universities
and colleges lacking compliance to the proposed GER
regulations may be notified to make necessary corrections
in their procedures if not caring they may be ousted from
the GER list. It could be even more useful to design
common courses and experiments for all the universities to
minimize the overall differences. GER may refuse license
extension to engineers found involved in corrupt practices,
bankruptcy and cheating. This will isolate the bad
professionals and incompetent engineers throughout the
world. The people who do malpractices in one country and
hide in others will have no safe heaven for second chance.
Certainly, in this information era, the engineering ethics
 ENGINEER PEC
and codes of conducts can be implemented through GER
in a far more controlled manner than the on going
practices. It is like the international credit card system. Any
bank defaulter can not hide anywhere in the member
countries. All the engineers will have record in international
database and the fudge degrees and degree programs will
be identified. Today fake degree holders have access to
even HEC database as members of curriculum and
coordination committees to decide engineering course for
the PEC accredited and recognized programs. Private
sector will have better chance of conducting business in
education sector without focal attention of the PEC. The
idea has already progressed well towards the concept of
GER in different continents [21-24].
4. Conclusions
Existing police man role of PEC is appreciated in the
context of geographical traditions but it needs to extend its
role towards ultimate global authority by increasing
linkages between other intercontinental engineering
profession regulatory bodies in East and West to
standardize international recognition of our professional
qualification practicing licenses in the form of PEC
registration certificate. Individual universities can also
approach to ABET, FEANI or CEAB for accrediting their
engineering education programs but that will drain lot of
national revenue abroad. Our neighbor countries like
Malaysia and Singapore have sought but Bangladesh and
India have applied for the membership of Washington
Accord. PEC on behalf of Pakistan can also apply for the
ultimate betterment of the PEC members and the country.
Although, it is all skepticism but still we have to live with the
same neighbors therefore it is advisable to consider it as
an issue that needs solution. As long as PEC does not
accredit itself to world accrediting authorities it should seek
benefit of accrediting policy for the electronics programs
producing lot many graduates that can be suitable export
quality products. General PEC role is reasonably
acceptable but it should focus on integration of emerging
technologies and engineering branches such as photonics
engineering to increase spectral bandwidth of engineering
profile in the country. Enabling technologies such as neural
network, adaptive control, fuzzy logic, photonics,
integrated optics, micro-machined sensors,
nanotechnology, laser engineering and biomedical
engineering need to be encouraged to enhance initiation of
above programs. Orthodox approach to seek job
opportunities before starting programs needs to be
discouraged to develop space of new era technologies.
5. References
1. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on leading edge
technologies, National Academy of Engineering.
National Academy of Engineering, 2006.
2. Tenth Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering,
National Academy of Engineering, 2005:
53
September 2007
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11220.html
3. http://www.pec.org.pk
4. http://www.abet.org/
5. http://www.engc.org.uk/
6. http://www.feani.org/FEANIindex.htm
7. http://www.ccpe.ca/e/ccpe_boards_2.cfm
8. http://www.ieaust.org.au/
9. http://www.bcs.org/BCS/MembersArea/
10. http://www.ceenetwork.hu/a_about.html.
11. http://www.ecaconsortium.net.
12. http://www.enic-naric.net.
13. http://www.enqa.net.
14. h t t p : / / w w w. i p e n z . o r g . n z / i p e n z / f o r m s / p d f s /
EMF_Agreement.pdf.
15. http://www.usciep.org/what_is.shtml.
16. http://www.ecsa.co.za/
17. http://www.hkie.org.hk/
18. h t t p : / / w w w. w a s h i n g t o n a c c o r d . o r g / w a s h _
accord_faq.html.
19. http://www.iei.ie/WebPages/PageDetails.pasp?
pageid=1
20. http://www.ecsa.co.za/International/4Sydney
Accord/Thornybush_report.htm
21. EMF (Engineers Mobility Forum). 2003. A Review of
Recognition Systems for Professional Engineers. In
Global Challenges in Engineering Education:
Proceedings of the 2003.
22. N. Khan, Z. Saleem and A. A. Mirza,” Power
Engineering Education Scenario”, PES Annual
Meeting, Poster paper, Montreal, Canada, 18-22 June
2006.
23. Erwin Educating the Engineer of 2020, Committee of
Engineer 2020: National Academy of Engineering,
2005.
24. Kevin Sweeney,” International Recognition of
Engineering Degrees, Programs, and Accreditation
Systems”, Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting
Engineering Education to the New Century Committee
on the Engineer of 2020, Phase II, Committee on
Engineering Education, National Academy of
Engineering, PP.
About Author
Registration No. PEC (Elect/4685)
Dr. Nasrullah Khan (59); Senior Member
IEEE (00625749); President’s Award of
Pride of Performance (2006); Member
IEP; Registered with PEC (Elect/4685);
acquired his BSC Electrical Engineering Degree (84) from
UET Lahore, MSC (87) from Reading University (UK) and
PhD (92) from Essex University UK. He has 23 years work
and teaching experience with 5 books and 130 research
publications. Currently, he is working as a Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, FUUAST
Islamabad. His areas of research include Electro-Optics
and Lasers, Optoelectronics, Protective Relaying and
Electric Power Quality.
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

Quality Assurance and Accreditation
of Higher Learning
Dr. Nawar Khan
ABSTRACT
Quality and management of processes and functions in
educational institutions of higher learning in the developing
countries are facing a lot of challenges in terms of
establishment and improvement. The challenges have
root causes embedded in their societies that have become
impediments for social, industrial and financial
development. Assurance and accreditation of quality
management system of education are the means available
for improvement, recognition and stakeholders
satisfaction. Institutional, national as well as international
quality criteria set, management system and assessment
mechanism are available for quality improvements which
can be adopted by educational institutions to become
world class.
Key words:
assessment mechanism to judge the level of quality
achieved. Recognized national and international bodies
have standardized and published such criteria sets of
quality concepts and principles for assurance and
accreditation. A few quality criteria and systems for
assurance and accreditations discussed here are;
Institutional Quality Assurance System.
t
National and International Quality Assurance
t
Systems.
National and International Quality Accreditation
t
Systems.
An educational program of higher learning is usually
accredited nationally for its quality management and
assurance system. For example, Pakistan Engineering
Council (PEC) is performing such role of accreditation for
engineering education in the country. I order to be
recognized internationally for quality, management and its
assurance, national education systems can be accredited
from reputed international accreditation bodies, for
example, Accreditation Board of Engineering and
Technology (ABET) accredittion system for engineering
education.

Higher Learning, Quality Management System, All these quality improvement, management, assurance
Developing Countries, Quality Challenges, Quality and accreditation activities are complementary to each
Assurance and Accreditation, Institutional, National and other in progression. None of them can be claimed better
International Criteria. or superior to others in terms of scope and objectives.

1. INTRODUCTION 2. MAJOR QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHER

LEARNING
Quality and management of processes and functions in
service industry, particularly in educational institutions of This section only lists down the major quality attributes of
higher learning, in the developing countries of the world higher learning which require assurance and accreditation
are facing a lot of challenges for quality improvement, Bloom’s Taxonomy 1956).
assurance and accreditation. These include; poor
business management, unguided research and 2.1 Fundamentals of Teaching, Learning and
development, poor quality management system, limited Quality in Education and Management of
financial resources, low education and training, poor Processes
quality awareness, lack of corporate quality culture and old The ‘Education Processes’ include the following quality
vintage technology and equipment etc (Nawar and Sheikh, attributes:
1997;) Sandholm, 2000; Eicher and Mikil, 1993; Hewitt and
Wield, 1995 and Prokopenko, 1995). These challenges Quality of Teacher
t
have root causes embedded in their societies that have Quality of Curriculum
t
become impediments for social, industrial and financial Quality of Examination and Assessment
t
development. Assurance and accreditation of quality Quality of Research and Development
t
management system of education are the ways forward for Quality of Communication
t
its improvement, recognition and stakeholders Quality of Student Support Services
t
satisfaction. There are a few major quality attributes of
higher learning which require assurance and The ‘Management System’ which support all these
accreditation. Institutional, national as well as international education processes include the followings factors:-
criteria and systems are available for quality enhancement
and assessment which can be easily adopted to become Leadership
t
world class. Administration
t
Quality Assurance Program
t
A quality assurance system usually provides a criteria set Academic Culture
t
of quality principles and concept for implementation and

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 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

2.2 Quality of a Graduate (outcome) Socio- Economic Condition

t
Learning Attitude
t
The quality of a graduate (which is the outcome of an As a Resource Person
t
education and its management processes) contains three
basic learning domains as follows: 2.7 Dimensions of a Researcher

Cognitive Domain (mental ability of the graduate)

t There are a few main dimensions of a student as a good
Affective Domain (emotionally moved by learning
t quality researcher as follows:
process)
Psychomotor Domain (skills learned)
t Academic Competence
t
Competence on Research Methods
t
All the above mentioned domains are further divided into a Resources (Information/Others)
t
number of levels and stages. Quality improvement and Commitment & Motivational Skills
t
assurance are of great importance in all these domains.
2.8 Dimensions of a Teacher
2.3 Cognitive Domain
Major attributes of a quality teacher as follows:
There are six important levels of learning in the cognitive
domain as follows, depending on their level of difficulty:- Academic Competence
t
Teaching Skills in Relevant Field (Pedagogy)
t
Knowledge Level
t Student Psychology
t
Comprehension Level
t
Commitment and Motivational Skills
t
Application Level
t
Analysis Level
t
Synthesis Level
t 3. INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM
Evaluation Level
t
This is the first level of quality enhancement where some
2.4 Affective Domain quality conscious institutions develop their own quality
management and assurance system for academic and
There are five critical levels of learning in the affective Research and Development (R&D) activities and take full
domain as follows: advantage of it in delivering quality education. However,
such systems vary from institution to institutions and are
Receive Level
t not known to or shared with other institutions to gain
Respond Level (interactive)
t advantages out of it.
Value Level
t
Conceptualize Value Level
t For example, National University of Sciences and
Internalize Value Level
t Technology (NUST) carries out its academic and R&D
assessment of all its constituent colleges, centers and
2.5 Psychomotor Domain institutions. The top management of the university wants to
make sure that all the quality policies, principles and
There are five main levels of learning in the psychomotor regulations issued through its statute are followed to
domain as follows: improve the quality of education. The assessment criteria
set used for this purpose is placed at Annex A. Normally, a
Imitation Level
t composite team of academia and R&D is used to carry out
Manipulation Level
t a detail check of all quality aspects of academics, R&D
Precision Level
t facility and administrative aspects of an institution for the
Articulation Level
t purpose of improvements.
Naturalization Level
t
4. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL QUALITY
2.6 Dimensions of a Student ASSURANCE SYSTEM

There are a few important dimensions of a good quality ISO 9000 Quality Management Systems (QMS) standard
student as follows: was first aired in 1987 by the ISO Headquarters. ISO 9000
QMS is a world wide standard that establishes the
Maturity
t requirements for quality and management system of any
Social Norms
t institution. The standard was revised in the year 1994 and
Physical Condition
t now the latest version in use is ISO 9000:2000. Next
revision of the standard is expected in year 2008.

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 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

ISO 9000 QMS is a certification, third party audit and College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
t
documentation based standard. It is applicable to all sizes Pakistan Naval Engineering College
t
and types of institutions. It has comprehensive quality College of Aeronautical Engineering
t
criteria set based on quality principles for management
and assurance of education services. It can bring 7. NATIONAL QUALITY ENHANCEMENT AND
consistency in documentations, procedures, processes ASSURANCE SYSTEM
and quality of services in the educational institutions. ISO
Continual Improvement of the
9000 QMS standard provides opportunities for quality
Quality Management System
improvement through periodic audits and reviews.

Pakistan has adopted ISO 9000 QMS standard as Management S

R Responsibility
Pakistan Standard (PS 3000) in 1990. ISO 9000 standard e a
is generic in nature that can be applied to all functions, C q C t
types and sizes of organizations, from manufacturing to U u U i
Performance
Resource S
banking to education to chemical industry etc. S i Management
Measurement s
T r Analysis and T f
Improvement
ISO 9001:2000 QMS standard has a number of clauses O e O a
and sub clauses which are listed in Annex B. However, M m M c
their detailed descriptions are available on website e Education E
E n Graduate t
Process Control
‘www.iso.google’ or can be obtained either from national R t R i
standard body of respective country or ISO Headquarters. s o
There are a total of eight clauses in the ISO 9001:2000 n
Fig. 1: ISO 9000 Continuous Quality
QMS standard QMS.
Improvement Model
5. QUALITY PRINCIPLES OF ISO 9000 QUALITY Higher Education Commission (HEC) has recently
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM published its quality enhancement and assurance criteria
for self assessment in higher learning bodies as shown in
A number of quality principles provide the base for Annex C(ww.hec.edu.org.pk. The aim of this system is to
achievements of continuous improvement objectives of improve and enhance the standard of quality in higher
any institution. (Vincent, & Joel, 2004 and Yung, 1997):- education to the world class.

Customer Focused
t 8. QUALITY ACCREDITETION BODIES AND
Leadership
t SYSTEMS
Involvement of People
t
Process Approach
t here are a number of accreditation institutions in the
System Approach of Management
t country and abroad that accredit the QMS of learning
Continual Improvement
t bodies. These are as follows
Factual Approach to Decision Making
t
Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationship
t PMDC for Accrediting Engineering and Medical
t
Education in Pakistan (PEC Form AC-1)
6. CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MODEL Accreditation Board of Engineering & Technology
t
FOR EDUCATION (ABET)
An ‘ISO 9000 Process Approach Model’ for continuous Association of Advance Collegiate Schools of
t
quality improvement and assurance is shown in Figure 1. Business (AACSB)
Here, the customer requirements are converted through Computer Science Accreditation Board (CSAB)
t
education process into outcome (quality graduate) for
customer satisfaction. However, continuous quality PEC has its own criteria set for accreditation of
improvements of all aspects of education processes is the engineering education in the country as shown in Annex D
essence of this quality excellence process model. (www.pec.org.pk).

NUST is one of the public sector universities which took the 9. INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ACCREDITETION
initiative to adopt ISO 9000 QMS standard for quality SYSTEM
assurance of education system being followed in its
different constituent colleges, centers and institutions as ABET is a well known accreditation body for education in
follows:- engineering. Its accreditation criteria set is shown in nnex
E(ww.abet.org.

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 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

10. THE EVALUATION MODEL FOR QUALITY

EXCELLENCE

An ever evolving quality improvement, assurance and Vision

accreditation model is shown in Figure 2. Different levels of
evaluation of quality excellence are depicted here. The Standards
continuous quality improvement philosophy can provide
process for excellence in highereducation to bring it to the
international level.
Framework
IQA
Infrastructure
NQA
Institutional QMS
QA
National & International QMS
QC
National & International Accreditation

EXAMS Figure 3: Quality Model of Excellence for Higher

Education

Academic Framework, like Degree, Awards and

t
Legalities etc
Infrastructure, like Human, Capital, Information and
t
Physical entities
Institutional QMS, Local Quality Criteria
t
National and International QMS (ISO 9000 & PS 3000
t
QMS)
National and International Accreditation of QMS ( say
t
PEC and ABET for Engineering)
Figure 2. Evaluation Model for Quality Excellence in
Education 12. RECOMMENDATIONS

Legend: Exams– Entrance, quiz, term, oral and final Following are a few major points for consideration;
examinations Institutional quality enhancement and assurance
t
system be replaced with either national or
Quality Control (QC) – Process Control (SPC and SQC) international system.
ISO 9000 QMS standard certification should be made
t
Quality Assurance (QA) – System Control (Operation mandatory for all learning bodies of higher and lower
Management) echelons of education system of both public and
private sectors.
National Quality Accreditation (NQA) – National HEC should establish an ISO 9000 QMS cell to
t
Recognition centrally plan, control and fund the complete
implementation program of ISO 9000 QMS standard
International Quality Accreditation (IQA) – International PEC should conduct seminars in major engineering
t
Recognition institutions of the country for awareness and
promotion of accreditation criteria and its assessment
11. QUALITY EXCELLENCE MODEL FOR HIGHER mechanism.
EDUCATION PEC should encourage its accredited institutions for
t
ABET accreditation.
Followings are the main factors of support for a proposed Duplication and overlapping in assurance standards
t
quality model of higher education as shown in Figure 3. and accreditation criteria be removed to reduce the
work load on academia.
Quality Vision, Goals and Mission
t t
Academic Standards, which include curricula and
t 13. CONCLUSIONS
duration etc.
Quality of processes and functions in educational

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 ENGINEER PEC
institutions of higher learning of the developing countries
are facing a lot of challenges for its establishment and
improvement. These challenges are having root causes
embedded in their society that have become impediments
for social, industrial and financial development. Assurance
and accreditation of QMS of education are the ways
forward for its improvement, recognition and stakeholders
satisfaction. Institutional, national as well as international
quality criteria set, management system and assessment
mechanism are available for quality improvements which
can be adopted to gain the desired benefits. The attributes
of quality require assurance and accreditation. Models for
continuous quality improvement, excellence and higher
education have also been presented for implementation.
A sample of major attributes of higher learning have been
listed down from its quality perspective. ISO 9000 QMS
standard can fulfill to a large extend the basic requirements
of documentation and consistency of higher education
management system. HEC of Pakistan can play a vital role
in promotion of ISO 9000 QMS standard. PEC can help in
understanding of accreditation philosophy in the higher
learning bodies of engineering in the country to bring its
quality standard to the international level. It should also
encourage its accreditors for ABET accreditation as well.
Annexure ‘A’
INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE CRITERIA
SET
(Academic Questionnaire)
Section-1 General Information
1. Name of the College/Institute
2. Name of College/Institute Head
3. Name of Dean (A/Dean)
4. Names of HsOD
5. Departments and their brief functions
6. Department-wise list of academic and research
programmes being conducted presently
Section-2 Academic
Part-1 - Faculty
1. Qualifications and Experience of Full time Part time
faculty
2. Faculty Student ratio
3. Average stay of faculty in the institution
4. Average faculty load (Hours/faculty member/week)
5. F a c u l t y C o m p e t e n c e . D e s c r i b e h o w t h e
College/Institute assures continued teaching
competence and professional growth of the faculty.
Describe the process of faculty performance review.
6. Supervision of Part Time Faculty. Describe how part
time faculty personnel are supervised and evaluated
to competence in teaching, course conduct and
availability to students
58
September 2007
Part-II Curricular Objectives
1. Course descriptions of all academic programs
Part-III Institutional Facilities
1. Office and Class Rooms Space
2. Laboratories
3. Library & Teaching Aids/Facilities
a. Approximate number of acquisitions in the last two
years, and the total number of
b. Books and bound periodicals.
c. Library expenditure for the past two years
d. Reference services available to students and
faculty
e. Database computer search facilities available to
students and faculty
f. Library Timings
g. Professional lib staff
h. Seating capacity of the library
i. Other learning resources (e.g maps, microfiche,
audio and video tapes, discs etc.
j. Reproduction facilities
k. Teaching aids
4. Computer Facilities
a List the computer facilities available, including
their primary purpose and utilization of the
equipment. Describe plans for expanding,
updating related facilities
b. Describe service available to assist students and
faculty (e.g., consultants program libraries etc).
c. Describe the accessibility of the computer facilities
and services to students and faculty in terms of
numbers and location of terminals and/or
individual computers, and hours of operation.
Describe how student access to these facilities is
provided and monitored.
d. Describe availability of internet facilities to
students and faculty
e. Describe how use by students and faculty is
measured. Discuss levels and trends in computer
usage over the last two-year
Part-IV Exam System
1. Describe how the college/institute ensures the depth
and breadth of papers set by examiners
2. a. Describe the process of marking of papers and
awarding of grades under the relative grading system.
b. How transparency and neutrality is ensured?
3. What is the procedure for students to ask re-evaluation
if not satisfied
4. Describe how exam records are maintained and how
the security of the records is maintained
5. Does the college/institute have exam halls with
appropriate seating capacity and facilities (e.g.
lighting, air conditioning/fans/heaters, wash rooms,
desks etc)?
6. Does the college have a system of training the newly
inducted faculty on the semester system and relative
 ENGINEER PEC
grading system being followed by NUST?
Part-V Administration
1. Describe how good working communication is
ensured between faculty and administrators
2. Procedures for selection and supervision of
administrators.
3. Qualification and experience of administrators
4. Describe how performance evaluation of
administrators is carried out.
5. List the academic activities organized by the
administration during last two years and
improvements made by it compared to previous years.
Part-VI Student Body
1. Describe the opportunities on campus that is available
to students for participation and membership in the
technical and professional societies most closely
associated with their programs. Indicate support to
these activities provided by the college/institute,
department and faculty.
2. Describe the ways in which interaction is enhanced
between the students and practitioner in industry,
government and private practice.
3. Describe the general criteria and procedure for
admitting students.
4. Provide employment data of last two years of students
who graduated from the college/institute.
5. List the number of students’ along with various
awards/prizes won by them during last two years.
6. List the details of students’ participation in
conferences, exhibitions, scholarly, competitions etc
during last two years.
7. List the details of industrial visits conducted for
students during last two years.
8. List details of internship provided to the students
through liaison/coordination with the industries.
9. List the papers published by students especially in
refereed journals and conference proceedings of
international repute.
Part-VII Misc
1. Have the academic wings/departments written down
procedure/SOPs? List and describe how they are
followed. Are there exceptions/violations of
procedures? How oversights are detected /handled?
2. Describe performance of various committees (e.g.
Department faculty meetings, FBS meetings, Disciple
committee meeting, PhD committee meetings etc).
Describe frequency of meetings, monitoring and
follow up actions.
_________________________
(Signature) Dean
COUNTERSIGNED
59
September 2007
R&D Questionnaire
1. Name of the College/Institute
2. Name of College/Institute Head
3. Departments and their brief functions
4. Details of Areas/Fields of Research Interest
5. Details of PhD and MS Qualified Faculty
6. Details of PhD Students at College/Institute
7. Number of PG students at College/Institute
8. Number of UG students at College/Institute
9. Details of research papers published during last three
years
10. Details of research projects undertaken during last
three years
11. Total no of projects commercialized during the period
along with R&D fund generated
12. Total no of invention and patents achieved during the
period along with R&D fund generated
13. Total no of awards/recognition for research work
received during the period
14. Percentage of PhD faculty actively involved in R&D
activity
15. Percentage of MSc faculty actively involved in R&D
activity
16. Ratio of research papers published at national/
international levels to the number of PhD faculty during
last three years
17. Ratio of research papers published at national/
international levels to the number of MS faculty during
last three years
18. Ratio of research papers published at national/
international to the UG and PG students during last
three year
19. Ratio of R&D/consultancy revenue earning to the
funds spent on R&D projects during last three years
20. Names and details of faculty members/students who
have attended the national/international seminars/
workshops/conferences
21. Names and details of faculty members/students who
have the source persons at national/ international
seminars/ workshops/ conferences
22. What are the major R&D facilities developed in the
campus during the period
23. What is the total number of publications of the
college/institute, how many of them were presented in
national/international Journals/Conferences
24. Details of Faculty members who have received
national/international recognition for R&D/
consultancy
25. List of linkages/JVs with industry/firms
26. How do the faculty keep abreast with the recent
developments in S&T
27. Details of methodology/mechanism adopted by the
colleges/institutes to evaluate/analyze the R&D
activities interest of faculty
28. How well endowed are the libraries materials for R&D
activities
29. How well endowed is the laboratories equipment for
 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

R&D activities Annexure ‘C’

30. Details of the books/journals published by the
college/institute NATIONAL QUALITY ENHANCEMENT AND
31. List the details of project proposals/PC-Is submitted to ASSURANCE CRITERIA SET
HQ NUST/sponsoring/donor agencies
32. Details of R&D work/consultancy services and (HEC Quality Enhancement and Self Assessment
availability of expertise publicized by the Criteria Set)
college/institute to the public/private sectors. Other Criteria No Description No. of Standards *
prospective sectors informed about these resources
for commercialization 7. Standard and Quality of Instructions
33. How much R&D funding has been generated by 7.1 Completion of Courses
college/institutes from other agencies 7.1.1 Theory
34. Details of Future R&D Plans of the college/institute 7.1.2 Practical
7.2 Perception of Students
7.2.1 Theory
______________________
7.2.2 Practical
Signature (Dean)
COUNTERSIGNED 7.3 Course File
7.4 Student's Feedback
Annexure ‘B’ 8. Students
8.1 Admission
LIST OF CLAUSES AND SUB CLAUSES OF ISO 9000 8.2 Admission Response and %Age Admitted
QMS 8.3 Intake
9. Academic Buildings and other Allied Facilities
Clause 1. Scope 9.1 Buildings (hired or owned)
1.1 General 9.2 Other Allied Facilities
1.2 Application 10. Annual Cost Per Student
Clause 2. Normative Reference
11. Financial Support to Students
Clause 3. Terms and Definitions
Clause 4. Quality Management System 12. Class Size
4.1 General Requirements 12.1 Theory
4.2 Documentation Requirements 12.2 Practical
Clause 5. Management Responsibility 13. Office Hours for Academic Counseling
5.1 Management Commitment 14. Other Facilities for Students
5.2 Customer focus 14.1 Hostel (S) Accommodation
5.3 Quality Policy 14.2 Convocation Hall / Auditorium
5.4 Quality Planning 14.3 Sports Facilities (including Swimming Pool,
5.5 Responsibility, Authority and Communication Gymnasium etc)
5.6 Management Review 14.4 Student Transport
Clause 6. Resource Management 14.5 Other Facilities
6.1 Provision of Resources
15. Yield
6.2 Human Resources
6.3 Infrastructure 16. Dropouts
6.4 Work Environment 17. Average Duration
Clause 7. Product Realization 18. Internship / Practical Training
7.1 Planning of Product Realization 19. Quality of Product
7.2 Customer-Related Processes 19.1 Placement Bureau
7.3 Design and Development 19.2 Alumni’s Satisfaction
7.4 Purchasing 19.3 Employers' Feedback
7.5 Production and Service Provision 19.4 Acceptance for Admissions in Foreign
7.6 Control of Monitoring and Measuring Devices Universities
Clause 8. Measurement, Analysis and Improvement 19.5 Average Starting Salary of Graduates
8.1 General 19.6 Average Time Taken to Find a Job
8.2 Monitor and Measurement
20. Operational Budget
8.3 Control of Non-Conforming Product
8.4 Analysis of Data 21. Development Budget
8.5 Improvement 22. Investment and Internal Resource Generation
22.1 Investment

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 ENGINEER PEC September 2007

22.2 Internal Resource Generation
23. Research and Publications
23.1 Faculty Research Grant
23.2 Effective Utilization of Research Grant and its
Net Outcome
23.3 Faculty Publications in HEC Approved Journals
23.4 Continuity of Faculty Research
23.5 Academic Collaboration
23.6 Textbooks Written by Faculty Members
23.7 Budgetary Allocation for Conferences,
Seminars, Colloquium etc.
23.8 Computer and Internet Facilities
23.9 A c c e s s i b i l i t y o f F a c u l t y / S t u d e n t s t o
Computers/Internet Facilities and International
Databases
24. Industrial Linkage
24.1 Industrial Liaison Office
24.2 Commercialization of Research Findings
25. Website
Annexure ‘E’
INTERNATIONAL ACCREDITETION CRITERIA SET
FOR ENGINEERING
(ABET Criteria set)
General for Criteria for Basic Level Programs
1. Criterion 1. Student
2. Criterion 2. Program Educational Objectives
3. Criterion 3. Program Outcomes and Assessment
4. Criterion 4. Professional Component
5. Criterion 5. Faculty
6. Criterion 6. Facilities
7. Criterion 7 Institutional Support and Financial
Resources
8. Criterion 8. Program Criteria
14. REFERENCES
1. Eicher L. D. and Mikil R. (1993). Perception Of Quality
In The Developing Countries In: ISO 9000 Quality
Management System, UNCTAD/GATT and ISO joint
publication Geneva Switzerland
2. Hewitt, Tom and Wield David (1995). Technological
Capabilities and Competitiveness. Two Needs That
Defy Measurement In: United Nations Industrial
Development Organization 30 years of industrial
development 1966-1996, Ed: Brennan P.J. and
Weston G. Published by ISC in association with
UNIDO London UK pp. 330-337
3. Nawar, Khan and Sheikh, M.A. R. (October 1997).
ISO 9000 - The Core of TQM for A Developing
Country. In: Proceedings of Pakistan’s Third
International Convention on Quality Control. Lahore:
Ibrahim Publisher pp.333 - 347
4. Prokopenko, Joseph (1995). Human Resources
Development: The Response to Change, In: United
Nations Industrial Development Organization 30
years of industrial development 1966-1996, Ed:
Brennan P.J. and Weston G. Published by ISC in
association with UNIDO London UK pp. 380-389
5. Sandholm, Lennart, (2000). Quality In Developing
Countries In: Juran’s quality control Hand book 4th
edition ed. Juran J.M. and Gryna F.M. McGraw Hill inc.
6. Wilson, Steven R. (1995). The Quest for
Recognizable Standard: New path in Quality,
Standardization and Metrology, In: United Nations
Industrial Development Organization 30 years of
industrial development 1966-1996, Ed: Brennan P.J.
and Weston G. Published by ISC in association with
UNIDO London UK pp. 362-371
7. Vincent, K.O. and Joel E.R. (2004). Principles of Total
Quality, London Kogan Pages Ltd
8. www.abet.org
9. www.iso.google
10. www.pec.org.pk
11. Yung, Winco K. C. (1997). The Value of TQM in the
Revised ISO 9000 Quality System, International
Journal of Operation & Production Management
volume 17 issue 2 pp. 221-230
About Author
PEC Registration. No: ME3640
Dr. Nawar Khan is a professional
Mechanical Engineer. He graduated
from the University of Engineering and
Technology Peshawar in 1981 and
later did his MSc Mechanical
Engineering (Specialized in
Production Engineering) from the
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore in 1995.
Dr Nawar Khan completed his Ph.D under a split Ph.D
program of MoST from the University of Engineering and
Technology Lahore and De Montfort University, Leicester
UK in August 1999. His field of specialization is Total
Quality Management (TQM), particularly the ‘Quality
Awards’. He has got his MBA degree, specialized in HRM,
in January 2005 from Allama Iqbal Open University
Islamabad. He is also a Certified Quality Assurance Lead
Auditor for ISO 9000:2000. He is author of a number of
national and international research publications. Dr Nawar
Khan is also the Principal Investigator of Pakistan National
Quality Award (PNQA) project for Higher Education
Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. He is a member of
Institute of Engineers, Pakistan and lifetime member of
Pakistan Engineering Council. Presently, he is serving as
Professor at the College of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering, Peshawar Road Rawalpindi, a constituent
College of the National University of Sciences and
Technology (NUST), Pakistan.

61