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Vol. 1 Issue I, August 2013 ISSN: 2321-9653

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T )

Magnetic and dielectric properties of Li NiCd ferrites

Mr. Naveen
Sonipat Institute of Engineering & Management

Abstract The magnetic properties of mixed Li0.5 Ni0.75x/2 Cd x/2 Fe2 O4 (where x = 0, 0.11, 0.32, 0.53, 0.72 and 0.91) ferrites have been reported. The lattice parameter increases linearly with Cd content, which is attributed to ionic size differences of the cations involved. The saturation magnetization increases with increase in cadmium content up to 0.26 and then it decreases with further addition of Cd. The decrease in saturation magnetization (Ms) above Cd = 0.26 is explained on the basis of canted spin model. The a.c. susceptibility measurements show presence of MD particles in the samples. The initial permeability is found to increase monotonically with cadmium content. It is observed that i increases gradually with temperature and then it drops to zero near Curie temperature (Tc ). The continuous decrease of Curie temperature (Tc ) with Cd2+ content is attributed to the dilution of AB interaction. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ferrites; LiNiCd ferrites; Magnetic properties

1. Introduction Lithium ferrite is a unique member of a spinel class of ferrimagnets. For more than a decade lithium ferrite materials have been dominating the field of microwave applications because of their rectangular and square hysteresis loop characteristics, high Curie temperature and large saturation magnetization. Lithium ferrites replace garnets and other ferrites in microwave applications because of their low cost and superior performance [1]. The studies of Li-ferrite with different metal ions such as Ni, Mg, Mn, Ti, Zn and Co have been carried out by many workers [25]. Lithiumcadmium ferrite system is the most widely studied system because of its use as latched microwave components, sensors, switching devices etc. [6,7]. However, studies on mixed LiNiCd have not been carried out. In this communication we report on the magnetic properties of mixed LiNiCd ferrites.

air. Pellets (1 cm diameter and 0.3 cm thickness) and toroids (ID = 1 cm, OD = 1.5 cm) pressed at 8 t in.2 were used in the measurement of magnetization and initial permeability, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using Philips PW-1710 diffractometer with Cu K radiation ( = 1.5418 ). The magnetization measurements were carried out using a high field hysteresis loop tracer operating at a constant magnetic field of 3 kOe. The low field a.c. susceptibility measurements were carried out using a double coil apparatus operating at 260 Hz in an r.m.s. field of 7 Oe. The initial permeability measurements on toroidal samples were done using LCR-Q meter (Aplab, model-4912) at a fixed frequency of 1 kHz as a function of temperature.

3. Results and discussion The single-phase spinel nature of the samples was confirmed by XRD patterns. The variation of lattice parameter a with Cd content is shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen that the lattice parameter increases linearly with cadmium contents obeying Vegards law [8]. The Cd 2+ ions have larger ionic radius (0.97 ) than Fe3+ (0.65 ), Ni2+ (0.74 ) and Li1+ (0.71 ) ions. The Cd2+ ions successively replace Fe3+ ions on A-site. This results in a increase of lattice parameter with

2. Experimental Ferrites samples with the composition Li0.5 Ni0.75x/2 Cdx/2 Fe2 O4 (where x = 0, 0.11, 0.32, 0.53, 0.72 and 0.91) were prepared by standard ceramic method, using AR grade components oxides. The presintering of the samples was carried out at 600 C for 12 h and final sintering at 1000 C for 24 h in

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the content of cadmium. A similar type of variation is also

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T )

observed in LiCd [9] and LiNi [10] ferrites.

Fig. 2. Variation of saturation magnetization with content of cadmium.

Fig. 1. Variation of lattice parameter with content of cadmium.

Based on this and the Neels two sublattice model we propose the following cation distribution: (Cdx/2 2+ Nix/2 2+ Fe10.36x 3+ ) A [Li0.5 1+ Ni 075x 2+ Fe1+0.36x 3+ ]B O4 2 The substitution of non-magnetic Cd2+ ions on the A-site transfers Fe3+ ions from A- to B-site and affects the magnetic moments of an individual sublattice as well as the AB interaction. This results in the increase of saturation magnetization. The decrease in magnetization beyond x = 0.5 has been attributed to the presence of YK angles in spin system at B-site. The presence of canted spins in LiZn ferrites has been confirmed by Mossbauer spectroscopy [12]. Since zinc

The variation of saturation magnetization with content of Cd is shown in Fig. 2. It can be observed that the saturation magnetization (Ms ) increases with cadmium contents up to x = 0.5 and shows a decreasing trend later on. The energy calculations show that the size and valency of cations and the oxygen parameters of the anions are the important parameters in deciding the cation distribution in ferrites. Vishwanathan and Murthy [11] have suggested a cation distribution based on these criteria. Accordingly the Cd2+ ions have the preference for A-site, Ni2+ ions prefer B-site and the iron ions are distributed among A- and B-sites.

Fig. 3. Variation of normalized a.c. susceptibility with temperature.

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and cadmium are both divalent non-magnetic ions occupying the same A-site, it was thought interesting to investigate such effects in Cd containing ferrites. For samples with x = 0, 0.1 and 0.3, YK angles are either zero or relatively low and for the remaining samples they go on increasing from 25 for x = 0.5 to 48 for x = 0.9. Similar type of magnetization behaviour is observed in case of LiZn [13] and LiCd [14] ferrites. The variation of normalized a.c. susceptibility of the present samples as a function of temperature is shown in Fig. 3. It is seen that the susceptibility is temperature independent for the sample with x = 0. For the samples with x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9, it is initially constant and drops off later on suggesting that there are multi-domain (MD) type particles in all the samples. A sharp drop in ac near Tc , the Curie point, suggests that impurity phases are absent. Bellad et al. [15] and Patil et al. [16] have reported the presence of multidomain type of particles in LiCd and LiZrZn ferrites, respectively. The compositional variation of initial permeability of the present samples is shown in Fig. 4. It is observed that initial permeability increases as Cd content increases. According to Globus [17] the initial permeability is found to be directly proportional to grain size, dm and square of saturation magnetization Ms i = Ms 2 dm K1

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T )

Fig. 4. Variation of initial permeability with content of cadmium.

where K1 is the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant. In the present case, the saturation magnetization shows an increasing trend with Cd content upto x = 0.5. The grain size also varies from 2.3 to 3.6 m. The increase in

initial permeability is thus expected. Such a behaviour is also reported by Bellad et al. [9] in LiCd ferrites. The variation of initial permeability with temperature is shown in Fig. 5. It is observed that i increases gradually and then it drops to zero near Curie temperature. The increase of i with temperature can be explained as follows. The anisotropy constant and saturation magnetization usually decrease with increase in temperature due to thermal agitation, which disturb the alignment of magnetic moments. But the decrease of the anisotropy constant with temperature is much faster than the decrease of Ms . When the anisotropy constant reaches zero, i attains its maximum value and then it drops to zero. The variation of initial

Fig. 5. Variation of initial permeability with temperature.

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sublattice model, while the decrease of magnetization for Cd > 0.26 by three sublattice model of Yafet and Kittel. The ac T curves indicates the presence of multidomain particles in the present samples. The initial permeability increases con- tinuously with Cd content. The Curie temperature obtained from i T curves shows a decreasing trend with the content of cadmium.

References
[1] A.B. Naik, S.A. Patil, J.I. Pawar, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7 (1988) 1034. [2] P.V. Reddy, V.D. Reddy, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 136 (1994) 279. [3] J.S. Baijal, S. Phanjobaum, D. Kothari, C. Prakash, P. Kishan, Solid State Commun. 83 (1992) 679. [4] R. Raman, B. Viswanthan, V.R.K. Murthy, Indian J. Technol. 27 (1989) 165. [5] R.S. Patil, S.V. Kakatkar, A.M. Sankpal, S.R. Sawant, S.S. Suryavanshi, U.R. Ghodake, R.K. Kamat, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 32 (1994) 1993. [6] D. Ravinder, Phys. Status Solidi A 136 (1993) K15. [7] S.D. Sagare, A.S. Vaingankar, S.G. Kulkarni, ICF-7 France, 1997, p. 1. [8] L. Vegard, Z. Phys. 5 (1921) 17. [9] S.S. Bellad, S.C. Watawe, A.M. Shaikh, B.K. Chougule, Bull. Mater. Sci. 23 (2000) 83. [10] A. Globus, H. Pascard, Cagan, J. Phys. (Paris) 38 (1977) 1. [11] B. Vishwanathan, V.R.K. Murthy, Ferrite Magnetic Materials, Narosa Publications, New Delhi, 1990, p. 5. [12] C.E. Patton, C.E. Edmondson, V.H. Liu, J. Appl. Phys. 42 (6) (1971) 2344. [13] M. Rosenberge, P. Deppe, S. Dey, IEEE Trans. Magn. 18 (1982). [14] S.S. Bellad, B.K. Chougule, Mater. Res. Bull. 33 (1998) 1165. [15] S.S. Bellad, S.C. Watawe, B.K. Chougule, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 195 (1999) 57. [16] R.S. Patil, P.K. Maskar, S.V. Kakatkar, S.R. Jadhav, S.A. Patil, S.R. Sawant, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 103 (1991) 51. [17] A. Globus, J. Phys. Coll. C 1 (1963) C1.1. [18] S.C. Watawe, B.D. Sarwade, S.S. Bellad, B.D. Sutar, B.K. Chougule, Mater. Chem. Phys. 65 (2000) 173.

Fig. 6. Variation of Curie temperature with content of cadmium.

permeability with temperature in LiCo ferrites has been reported by Watawe et al. [18]. The Curie temperatures show a decreasing trend with increase in concentration of cadmium (Fig. 6). The Curie temperature mainly depends upon the strength of AB inter- action. Continuous decreasing values of magnetic moment of A-site due to addition of Cd2+ ions on A-site decreases the strength of AB interaction while increasing the strength of BB interaction. Therefore, the decrease in Curie tem- perature may be attributed to overall decrease in AB interaction.

4. Conclusions The lattice parameter increases linearly with cadmium content. The increase in saturation magnetization upto Cd = 0.26 has been explained on the basis of Neels two

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R.G. Kharabe et al. / Materials

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