The lecture deals with

First Law of Thermodynamics Heat is a Path Function Energy is a Property of the System A Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind Analysis of Closed Systems

Energy is a Property of the System

Refer to Figure 6.2 again and consider Eq. (6.5)

(6.8)

and quantity

depend

on

path

function

followed

by

the and

system.

The

is the same for both the processes

connecting

the states 2 and 1. The quantity

does not depend on path followed by is an exact

the system, depends on the initial and final states. Hence differential.

Differential of property of the system

This property is the internal energy of system, E (6.9)

Energy of an Isolated System

An isolated system is one in which there is no interaction of the system with the

surroundings. For an isolated system (6.10)

A Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind

Thermodynamics originated as a result of man's endeavour to convert the disorganized form of energy (internal energy) into organized form of energy (work). (6.11) An imaginary device which would produce work continuously without absorbing any energy from its surroundings is called a Perpetual Motion Machine of the First kind , (PMMFK). A PMMFK is a device which violates the first law of thermodynamics. It is impossible to devise a PMMFK (Figure 6.3)

Figure 6.3
The converse of the above statement is also true, i.e., there can be no machine which would continuously consume work without some other form of energy appearing simultaneously.

Analysis of Closed System

Let us consider a system that refers to a definite quantity of matter which remains constant while the system undergoes a change of state. We shall discuss the following elementary processes involving the closed systems.

Constant Volume Process Our system is a gas confined in a rigid container of volume V (Refer to Figure 6.4)

Figure 6.4
Let the system be brought into contact with a heat source. The energy is exchanged reversibly. The expansion work done (PdV) by the system is zero. Applying the first law of thermodynamics, we get (6.12) or, (6.13) Hence the heat interaction is equal to the change in the internal energy of the system.

Constant Volume Adiabatic Process Refer to Figure 6.5 where a change in the state of the system is brought about by performing paddle wheel work on the system.

Figure 6.5
The process is irreversible. However, the first law gives (6.14) or (6.14)

Interaction of heat and irreversible work with the system is same in nature. (-W) represents the work done on the system by the surroundings

Specific Heat at Constant Volume

By definition it is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a unit mass of the substance by one degree.

(6.16)

While the volume is held constant. For a constant volume process, first law of thermodynamics gives (6.17)

Therefore,

(6.18)

Where is the specific internal energy of the system. If use mean specific heat at constant volume

varies with temperature, one can

(6.19)

The total quantity of energy transferred during a constant volume process when the system temperature changes from

(6.20)

The unit for

is kJ/kgK. The unit of molar specific heat is kJ/kmolK.