IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

1. Pure substance: - is one in which all the constituent particles are same in their chemical nature.
2. Mixture: - is one which consist of more than one kind of pure substance
3. Homogeneous mixture: - Mixture which have a uniform composition throughout e.g. salt in
water; sugar in water.
4. Heterogeneous mixture: - They have physically distinct parts and have non-uniform
composition e.g. - oil and water.
5. Solution: - A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. E.g. lemonade, soda water.
6. Alloys: Mixture of a metal with other metal or non metal e.g. brass (30% zinc and 70% copper)
7. Solute: Part of the solution that in dissolved in the solution
8. Solvent: Part of the solution that dissolves other parts in it.
9. Saturated solution: When no ore solute can be dissolved in a given solution at a given
temperature.
10. Metalloids: Elements that show the property of both metals and non-metals. E.g. boron, silicon
11. Solubility: Amount of solute present in a saturated solution at a given temperature is called its
solubility.
12. Unsaturated solution: When more of solute can be added to solution at a given temperature, it is
called unsaturated solution.
13. Concentrated solution: Amount of solute present in a given amount of solution.
14. Suspension: non-homogeneous mixture in which solids are dispersed in liquids
15. Colloidal solutions: Heterogeneous mixture in which particle size is too small to be seen with
naked eye but big enough to scatter light.
16. Dispersed phase: The dispersed particles in a colloid form
17. Dispersing medium: Component in which dispersed phase is suspended.
18. Elements: it is a form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions into simpler
substance e.g. copper
19. Compound: is a substance composed of two or more different types of elements chemically
combined in a fixed proportion.
20. Tyndall effect:

PROPERTIES
1. Solution
• Homogeneous mixture
• Particles very small, cannot be seen with naked eyes.
• Because of small size particles do not scatter, a beam of light passing through the solution hence
path of light is not visible in the solution.
• Particles cannot be separated by filtration. When left undisturbed they do not settle down. So a
solution is stable.
2. Suspension
• Heterogeneous mixture
• Particles can be seen by naked eye.
• Particles scatter a beam of light passing through it so path is visible.
• Particles settle down when left undisturbed. So a solution is unstable. Particles can be separated
by process of filtration.
3. Colloid
• Heterogeneous mixture.
• Size of particles too small to be seen by naked eye.
• Particles are big enough to scatter a beam of light.
• Particles do not settle down when left undisturbed. Hence quite stable.
 • Cannot be separated by filtration but a special technique centrifugation is used.
4. Metals
• Have a luster
• Conduct heat and electricity
• Ductile
• Malleable
• Sonorous
5. Non-metals
• Do not have luster
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-ductile
• Non-malleable
• Non-sonorous
SEPERATING COMPONENTS OF MIXTURE
1. Evaporation:
Used to separate volatile solvent from non-volatile solute
Or
Used to separate substances where the solvent evaporates in the form of vapour whereas solvent
does not.
2. Centrifugation:
When the particles are very small and pass through the filter paper, such mixtures are separated by
centrifugation.
In this, denser particles are forced to bottom and lighter particles stay at top when spun at high
speed.
Applications:
• Used in diagnostic lab. for blood and urine tests
• Dairies and home to separate butter from cream
• In washing machine to squeeze out water from wet clothes.
3. Separating funnel – Used to separate a mixture of two immiscible liquids ( liquids that do not
dissolve in each other)
Immiscible liquid form separate layers depending on their densities
Applications-
• In separating mixture of oil and water
• In extraction of iron from its ore. Lighter slag is removed from the top.
4. Sublimation – used to separate sublimable substances from non- sublimable substances e.g.
ammonium chloride + salt
Sublime- A substance is said to be sublime when it changes directly from solid to gas and vice
versa
E.g. ammonium chloride, camphor.

5. Chromatography – Process of separation of components that dissolve in same solvent.

Component more soluble in solvent rises faster on a filter paper than the others. Applications
• To separate
• Colours in a dye
• Pigments from a natural colour
• Drugs from blood.

6. Distillation – used for separating two miscible liquids (completely soluble in each other) that do
not decompose on boiling and have enough difference in their boiling points. E.g. acetone and
water.
 Process –
 Mixture is heated slowly
 Liquid with less boiling point vaporize, condenses in the condenser and is collected from
condenser outlet
 The other liquid is left behind in the distillation flask.
7. Fractional distillation - Used to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids whose
difference in boiling points is very less (less than 25 k). Setup is same as that of distillation
except that fractionating column is fitted between distillation flask and condenser.
Fractionating column – it is a tube packed with beads that provide surface for vapours to cool
and condense repeatedly.

SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT GASES FROM AIR (Fractional distillation)

- Firstly, air is cool and compressed by increasing pressure and decreasing
temperature. This forms liquid air.
- This liquid air is warm up slowly in fractional distillation column
- Different liquid gases have different boiling points and are separated at different
heights.
Boiling points of some gases in increasing order
Oxygen > Argon > Nitrogen
8. Crystallisation – Process that separate a pure solid in form of its crystals from a solution.
Used to purify solids.
Applications
• purification of salt from sea water
• separation of crystals of alum
Comparison
1. Crystallisation & evaporation
Crystallization is considered to be better than evaporation for :-
- Some solid decompose or get charred on heating
- Some impurities remain dissolved even after filteration. On evaporation, these
contaminate the solids.
2. Physical change and chemical change

Physical change Chemical change

These changes occur without change in chemical One substance react with another to undergo a
nature or composition change in its chemical composition
No new substance is formed A totally new substance is formed
It is temporary It is permanent
It is reversible It is irreversible
e.g. tearing of paper e.g. burning of paper

Table 2.2 (pg 26)

Chart on page 27