The ACI 562 Repair Code

Code Requirements for Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings

by Keith Kesner1 Chair ACI 562 Lawrence Kahn2 Former Chair ACI 562
1. 2.

Associate WDP & Associates, P.C. Norwalk, CT Professor - Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA USA

Why a Repair Code?

Long-term industry need
Variations in practice Variations in repair performance Establish required minimum practice Help for building officials

Large segment of construction industry

20 Billion dollars 8 Billion dollars in corrosion damage

Why a Repair Code?

Repair performance
COE - 50% of repairs are not performing satisfactorily
Design errors Construction errors Material selection errors

Con Rep Net

5 years 80% of repairs are satisfactory 10 years 30% of repairs are satisfactory 25 years 10% of repairs are satisfactory

Why not a Repair Code?

Complicated process
Took 7 years to develop

Lack of consensus on practice

Lots of arguments

Establish minimum practice requirements

What are minimum requirements?

Concern about limiting creative solutions Fear of something new

Motivation
ACI 318 Survey
One-half use for repair of existing structures Use for non-building structures

Conclusions from ACI 318 Survey

ACI 318 functioning beyond its intent Code guidance for repairs is needed

Motivation
Vision 2020 Create a repair/rehabilitation code to:
Establish evaluation, design, materials and construction practices Raise level of repair/protection performance Establish clear responsibilities Provide Building Officials with means to issue permits

Motivation
Challenges of existing structures
Hidden damage Unknown structural conditions

Motivation
Lack of specific code requirements:
Variations in repair practice Different levels of safety and reliability No direction for building officials

Building Codes
Developed by consensus process
Written by code writing organization Code committee
Membership balance Producers / Users / General

Interest

Written for design professionals

Architects and engineers
Code of Hammurabi 1772 B.C.

Building Codes
Adopted in law
Into a general building code

ANSI Standardization Process

Approval of code writing committee Approval of code writing organization Publication for public comments Verification process is followed

Codes vs. Guidelines

Codes
Adopted by regulatory agencies Mandatory language (shall not should) Establish required practice ACI 318, ASCE 7, IBC, IEBC - codes

Guidelines
Non-mandatory language (should not shall) Establish recommended practice ACI 364, ICRI documents - guidelines

Code vs. Commentary

Code
Mandatory language (shall not should) Requirements to be followed Only codes and standards as references

Commentary
Guidance on how to satisfy code Non-mandatory language The why and the how Any references can be used

How was ACI 562 Developed?

Committee formed in Spring 2006 ACI code committee Evaluation, Repair and

Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings

Starting points
Existing U.S. building codes Existing international repair codes Philosophy of code

Review of Existing Codes

U.S. Codes
ACI 318, Chapter 20 IBC, Chapter 34
5% rule trigger for upgrade to current code Repair requirements vary with edition

International Existing Building Code

First published in 2003 ACI 562 developed for adoption into IEBC

ACI 562 - Philosophy

Emphasize performance based rather than

prescriptive requirements
Encourage creativity and flexibility Enhance life safety (equivalent safety) Extend service life Provide sustainable and economic alternative Establish responsibilities

ACI 562 - Organization

Part I General
General Requirements Chapter 1 Terms / Definitions Chapter 2 Standards Chapter 3

Part II - Evaluation Requirements

Design Basis Chapter 4 Loads Chapter 5 Analysis of Existing Structures Chapter 6

Part III Implementation

Structural Repair Design Chapter 7 Durability Chapter 8 Construction Chapter 9 Quality Assurance Chapter 10

Responsibilities
Licensed Design Professional
Evaluation Repair & durability design

Constructor through plans and specifications

Construction sequencing, means & methods Follow evaluation and design specifications Report uncovered defects

Owner through general building code

Known conditions and maintenance

ACI 562 Key Points

Determine design basis for repairs Preliminary evaluation
Substantial structural damage

Analysis, design and durability Quality assurance Maintenance and monitoring

Design Basis Code

General building code under which the project

is completed
Possible design basis codes:
IBC IEBC Local building code - general building code ACI 318 Combination of ACI 318 and 562

When do structures need to satisfy current codes?

IBC Chapter 34
If alterations or additions increase force in a structural element by more than 5% Repairs to elements that are found to unsound or structurally deficient

IEBC
When substantial structural damage has occurred

When required by a local code or building official

Applicability
Existing concrete buildings Superstructure, foundations (slabs), precast

elements structural load path

Structural vs. nonstructural Unsafe Composite members concrete Nonbuilding structures when required

Controversy Maintenance
To assure durable repairs Maintenance recommendations shall be

documented
A maintenance protocol should be

provided

Preliminary Evaluation
Preliminary evaluation
Determine extent of structural damage present Evaluation based upon in-place conditions Can use assumed material properties

Substantial structural damage?

Determines if compliance with current code is required

Substantial Structural Damage

Defined in IEBC
Reduction of greater than 33% to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system Reduction of greater than 20% of the vertical capacity in an area that supports more then 30% of the structures area Requirements vary with IEBC edition

Trigger for upgrade of structure to current code

requirements

Evaluation & Analysis

Preliminary evaluation When there is reason to question Structural assessment/structural analysis As-measured section properties and dimensions Material properties
Available documents + historical tables Tests

Evaluation
Determine existing conditions Safety shoring Based on in-situ geometric and

material properties
Number of samples (ACI 214) Load tests (ACI 437 versus ACI 318)

Load and Resistance Factors

Resistance, capacity reduction factors,
Measured properties Failure mode Historic material properties Default values

Loads and Load Combinations

Essentially ASCE/SEI 7 (ACI 318) Construction, unoccupied ASCE/SEI 37 External reinforcing systems
Uex = 1.2D + 0.5L + Ak + 0.2S Fire + elevated temperature with FRP External unprotected reinforcement

 factors
Encourage confirmation of material

properties
factor from ACI-318
No confirmation of material properties

ACI 318 Chapter 20 if material

properties are confirmed

tension= 1 compression= 0.9 shear= 0.8

Analysis, Design and Durability

Performance based 3D, nonlinear or
Make a patch or add a wall

Actual load and force distribution Reinforcement and repair materials

e.g. FRPs and polymer concretes

Compatibility Fire resistance Service life

Analysis
Member properties Material degradation Deformed condition Redistribution of forces Shrinkage & creep Soil-structure interaction Load path

Seismic Resistance
ASCE/SEI 31 Seismic Evaluation ASCE/SEI 41 Seismic Rehabilitation Implications for building officials, West coast vs.

Evaluation & Analysis - Testing

Destructive & nondestructive Cores (ASTM C42 & C823) NDT when valid correlation is established. Steel Reinforcement: historical values, samples

(ASTM A370)

Load Testing
ACI 437-13
New code for load testing

Why not ACI 318-11 Chapter 20?

Design of Structural Repairs

Strength & Serviceability Effect of repair on structural system Composite behavior
Tensile strength Adhesives Pull-off test
Bond: 1.5 x required ++

Reinforcing
FRP (ACI 440.6) and steel Fire (external reinforcement)

Uex = 1.2D + 0.5L + Ak + 0.2S

Existing prestressing Supplemental posttensioning
Secondary effects Define repair sequence: removal, placement, stressing

Durability
Durable materials

interaction with existing structure (compatibility) in environment anticipated maintenance

Corrosion protection & cover Corrosion & deterioration of reinforcement

Corrosive environment Existing reinforcement Galvanic action

Cracks

Construction
Stability and shoring
Designed by an LDP Consider: sequence, in-situ conditions, changes in conditions

Construction
Temporary conditions
ASCE/SEI 37 when feasible Stalled projects?

Environmental
Instructions to contractor
Report new conditions Control of debris

Quality Assurance
Require testing and inspection
Commentary list of items to inspect

Repair inspectors should be qualified by

demonstrating competence
LDP may inspect their projects Testing as required by LDP Existing conditions shall not be concealed
Construction observation

ACI 562 - Going Forward

Published by ACI in March 2012 New code cycle
Starts at upcoming ACI convention Work towards adoption into IEBC

Education on using ACI 562

ICRI 150 Notes Seminars Presentations

ACI 562 - Going Forward

Improve the state of practice Incorporate work of other committees / groups
Repository of knowledge ACI Guidelines ICRI Documents

Impact
Cost savings for repair of repair in $ billions Code requires accountability of both engineers

and contractors
Repair industry is a serious endeavor
Education and skills required

Engineering requirements lead to clear

specifications and increased quality

Safer structures

Acknowledgements
ACI TAC for approval of code Efforts of ACI and ICRI members in creating

code
15 Engineers 3 Academics 3 Contractors 1 Material supplier 1 Owner 1 Building code official

Thank You

Questions?