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Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Department of Telecommunication Engineering Microwave Engineering Lab #03

Name: ____________________________________Roll Number: _________________ Score: _____________ Teachers Signature: ___________Date:__________________ Instructor: Engr. Zuneera Aziz

Objective: 1. 2. Theory: VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by , then the VSWR is defined as: Transmission line impedance matching and mismatching. Calculation of Standing Wave ratio and reflection Co-efficient

For a radio (transmitter or receiver) to deliver power to an antenna or a load, the impedance of the radio and transmission line must be well matched to the antenna's impedance. The parameter VSWR is a measure that numerically describes how well the antenna is impedance matched to the radio or transmission line it is connected to. The VSWR is always a real and positive number for antennas. The smaller the VSWR is, the better the antenna is matched to the transmission line and the more power is delivered to the antenna. The minimum VSWR is 1.0. In this case, no power is reflected from the antenna, which is ideal. Physical Meaning of VSWR: VSWR is determined from the voltage measured along a transmission line leading to an antenna. VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the minimum amplitude of a standing wave, as seen in the following Figure:

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Engr. Zuneera Aziz

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Department of Telecommunication Engineering Microwave Engineering Lab #03

Figure 1. Voltage Measured Along a Transmission Line. Reflection Co-efficient: When an antenna or the load is not matched to the receiver, power is reflected. This causes a "reflected voltage wave", which creates standing waves along the transmission line. The amount of reflection due to the mismatch is given by reflection co-efficient ( ). If the VSWR = 1.0, there would be no reflected power and the voltage would have a constant magnitude along the transmission line. The reflection Co-efficient is given by

Figure 2. Standing wave patterns

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Engr. Zuneera Aziz

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Department of Telecommunication Engineering Microwave Engineering Lab #03
Lab Task: The java applet is available at: http://www.bessernet.com/Ereflecto/ Please follow the java applet link to solve the exercise. 1. Place screen shots of animations of VSWR at reflection coefficient of: a) b) c) d) 0.1 0.5 0.7 1.0

Also verify the results from theory. 2. Vary the load impedance on the following scale, and show the VSWR. Verify the results from theory equations. a) 20 b) 30 c) 40 d) 50 3. Can Reflection Coefficient be negative? If so, what is the implication drawn from a negative Reflection Coefficient? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What happens when: a) ZL=Zo: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) ZL>Zo: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ c) ZL<Zo: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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Engr. Zuneera Aziz

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