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Molded-case Circuit Breaker vs Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers Coordination of MCCBs Transformer Damage Curves Transformer Protection TCC Clipping & Tick Marks I2T Settings What and Why? Questions EasyPower,
LLC
In general:
Comparison
Characteristic Maintenance MCCB No user-serviceable parts LVPCB Can be inspected and maintained, including contacts, arc-chutes, etc. Carry Fault Current for two 30-cycle periods 15% max Not Required Switchgear (ANSI C37.20.1) Always 100%
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Short-Time Duty Cycle Short Circuit Test power factor Instantaneous Trip Normal Use Cont Current Rating
Not Required (But can be tested) 15 to 20% (> 20kA) Required Switchboards (UL891) 80% (unless 100% rated)
EasyPower,
LLC
Calculated SC Current
= pf of 14.4%
Impact on Coordination:
Short-time withstand rating allows LVPCB to stay closed, allowing downstream equipment to clear fault. Lack of short-time rating means that MCCB must have instantaneous trip to trip breaker at the short circuit withstand rating Newer MCCBs may be tested for shorttime withstand. 6
EasyPower,
LLC
In general, MCCBs in series will often not coordinate with each other due to instantaneous trip elements. Coordination is much more reliable with LVPCBs IF the proper trip units and settings are used.
EasyPower,
LLC
Specify LVPCBs with no instantaneous or switchable Will coordinate with downstream MCCBs Use Short-time delay to coordinate between main and feeder breakers Can also use Zone Selective Interlocking with LVPCBs.
EasyPower,
LLC
MCCBs in Series
General case do not coordinate May coordinate below certain levels of fault current.
Easypower, LLC
Easypower, LLC
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Easypower, LLC
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In 2005 NEC required selective coordination of emergency power systems This spurred MCCB manufacturers to improve testing and documentation of MCCB coordination Fuses, if applied per manufacturers instructions (2:1) have been shown to coordinate by test
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Use upstream breaker with high shortcircuit withstand rating and set instantaneous above actual maximum fault current available Use MCCBs that are tested combination and shown to coordinate up to certain fault current
EasyPower, LLC 13
Valid only by test Test data shows MCCBs will coordinate even though curves overlap on TCC Limited to same manufacturer Tracked in EasyPower Library Data
EasyPower, LLC
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EasyPower, LLC
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EasyPower, LLC
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EasyPower, LLC
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Low Voltage Breakers and Trip Units TCCs include all breaker operating time and tolerances as long as they do not touch, they should coordinate Relay curves show only nominal relay operate time need to allow additional time separation Traditionally we have used 0.3 to 0.4 seconds
EasyPower, LLC 18
Since we must allow this CTI between each pair of relays, clearing times get very slow when we have more than two or three relays in series. Especially true in industrial applications
EasyPower, LLC
Breaker Operating Time (2 to 8 cycles) Relay Overtravel (Electro-mechanical) Relay Error CT Error Lockout Relay Operate Time
EasyPower, LLC
Newer Digital Relays have no overtravel and are extremely accurate can we reduce the CTI? Yes we can, but keep in mind:
Still have breaker operate time and CT error CT Saturation must still be considered as well
EasyPower, LLC
UPSTREAM DEVICE
ElectroMech. Relay
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.30
DOWNSTREAM DEVICE
Fuse
0.20 0.20 Separation 0.10
EasyPower, LLC
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Protecting Transformers
Overloads Internal Faults Through Faults Transformer Damage Curves only deal with through faults not internal faults, not overloads If you have an internal fault the transformer is already damaged
EasyPower, LLC
Through-Faults
ANSI C57.109 Oil Frequent vs Infrequent faults Mechanical Damage = Frequent Fault
Thermal
Mechanical
ANSI C57.109
Category I II III IV Single-Phase (kVA) 5 to 500 501 to 1667 1668 to 10,000 Above 10,000 Three-Phase (kVA) 15 to 500 501 to 5000 5001 to 30,000 Above 30,000 Frequent Fault n/a 10 5 5
EasyPower, LLC
Per-Unit Current Seen by Primary Protection Not the Same as Seen by Secondary Winding. Winding Damage on Through-Faults a function of current through any one winding. We must adjust damage curve or primary protection curve to compensate
EasyPower LLC 26
1 pu 1 pu
1 pu .58 pu
Ignoring Load Current, Primary Relay or Fuse will see only 58% of the per unit current in the secondary winding for ground fault on secondary side.
.58 pu
Currents For SLG Fault on Wye Side
EasyPower LLC
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<600V
Bkr or Fuse 125% 125% N.R. 250% 250%
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EasyPower LLC
Transformer Inrush
Transformer Primary Protection Must Ride through Inrush Inrush hard to calculate, high in harmonics Assume 8 to 10 x FLC for 0.1 sec Based on Self-Cooled Rating
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Intended to aid in understanding of impact of short circuit current on coordination Well look at why we want to use these features and how they behave in EasyPower
EasyPower, LLC
Consider TCC using manufacturers TCC and no tick marks Curve may extend to maximum fault current grid line on TCC If we do not know what the maximum fault current through each device is, it is difficult to determine selectivity
EasyPower, LLC
Tick Marks Can be Added to Indicate Maximum Fault Current Possible For Each Device Selected under Short Circuit tab for each protective device Can select cycle, 5 cycle, or 30 cycle
EasyPower, LLC
In addition to Tick Marks, we can stop (clip) TCC at the maximum fault current it can see. Also selected under Short Circuit tab for each protective device Can select cycle, 5 cycle, or 30 cycle
EasyPower, LLC
TCC Defaults
EasyPower Defaults as delivered: TCC curves clipped cycle Tick Marks for each device cycle When TCC is opened or created, EasyPower faults every bus and uses maximum current through each device to determine clipping and tick marks. But if a single bus is faulted tick marks and clipping can change.
EasyPower, LLC
480 V Trip Units Generally Have I2t function on Short-time and (sometimes) Ground Function Cuts off the corner of Short-Time curve In = ON, Out = OFF Intent is to improve coordination with downstream fuses
EasyPower, LLC
In many situations, use of I2t function will increase arc-flash incident energy. Generally not necessary for coordination with other trip units or MCCBs. Not widely used.
EasyPower, LLC
EasyPower, LLC