Questions Civil Engineering

1. What is meant by Multipurpose Project and explain? Project constructed for meeting various purposes. Generally multipurpose projects include Irrigation Purposes Hydro Power Purposes Drinking water supply Fishery and other Purposes 2. Define elasticity, brittleness properties and give examples for the same? Elasticity: It is the property by virtue of which a material deformed under the load is enabled to return to its original dimension when the load is removed. Steel, Aluminium, Copper etc. Brittleness: it is lack of ductility. Brittle implies that it can not be drawn out by tension to small section. Failure takes place without significant deformation. Glass, Concrete etc. 3. Explain various elastic constants and relationship between them? Modulus of Elasticity (E) = Longitudinal Stress/ Longitudinal Strain Modulus of Rigidity (G) = Shear Stress / Shear Strain Bulk Modulus (K) = Direct Stress / Volumetric Strain E = 2G (1+) E = 3K (1-2) = Poissons Ratio = Lateral Strain / Longitudinal Strain 4. What are various grades of concrete used in construction and what do that mean? a. M10 Compressive strength of 10MPa b. M-20 - Compressive strength of 20MPa c. M-25 - Compressive strength of 25MPa d. M-30 - Compressive strength of 30MPa 5. Which is the preferred construction type and why? a. Weak Beam-Strong Column preferred, so that the building does not collapse as a whole, only localized failures occur b. Strong beam-weak column 6. What is shear force? a. The force acting parallel to the surface is shear force 7. What is buckling? Why is it harmful? a. The deformation of column to heavy loads and eccentricity b. Buckling can lead to additional moments due to increase in eccentricity of load as the column deforms 8. What are various techniques of earthquake mitigation in buildings? a. Braced frames, base isolation of buildings, steel frame construction 9. What is Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen of Demand (COD)? a. The oxygen required for decomposition of organic matter is BOD. b. The oxygen required for decomposition of inorganic matter is COD.

10. What are various air pollutants? a. SOx, NOx, Suspended particulate matter, CO2, CO, etc. 11. Relationship between modulus of elasticity (E) and compressive strength (fck)of concrete? E = 5000 12. Why high strength deformed bars are used in pre stress concrete members? i. They have high yield strength so that they can withstand high stresses. ii. Losses are also more in prestress members. If we use mild steel bars, net effective strength is very low after losses. 13. Effective length for the members of different conditions Both ends fixed L/2 Both ends hinged L One end fixed and one end hinged L/ One end fixed and one end free 2L 14. Type of Turbines for different Head conditions Low Head Turbine Kaplan Medium Head Turbine Francis High Head Turbine Pelton 15. Different methods for analyzing the Prestress Concrete Members i. Stress Concept ii. Strength Concept iii. Load Balancing Concept 16. for designing of beam the ratio of Span/ effective depth ratios? i. Cantilever Beam 7 ii. Simply supported Beam - 20 iii. Continuous Beam 26 17. What is Rivet value? It is the minimum of the two values of Strength of joint in Shear and Bearing 18. Application of Lacings and Bracings in Structural Members? i. Lacings are used for eccentric loadings ii. Bracings are used for axial loadings. 19. What are Bogues compounds and mention approximate proportions of them? C3S Tricalcium Silicate 30-50% C2S Dicalcium Silicate 20-45% C3A Tricalcium Silicate 8-12% C4AF Tetra Calcium Alumino Ferrite 6-10% 20. Different tests of cement i. Chemical composition test ii. Normal Consistency test iii. Initial setting time test iv. Final setting time test v. Strength test

vi. Fineness test vii. Specific Gravity test 21. Explain bulking of sand? It means increase in the volume of a given mass of sand caused by the films of water pushing the sand particles apart. 22. Different tests for measuring workability of concrete? i. Slump Test ii. Compaction Test iii. Vee-Bee Test 23. What are properties can be found by following methods?\ Calcium Carbide Test Moisture Content Core Cutter Method Field Density Proctor Compaction Test Optimum Moisture Content & Dry Unit weight 24. What are the engineering properties along with tests of soils? i) Permeability Constant Head Permeability Test for coarse grained soil Falling Head Permeability Test for fine grained soil Pumping Test for in-situ measurement ii) Shear Strength Triaxial Test Unconfined Compression Test Direct Shear Test Vane Shear Test iii) Consolidation Measurement in Consoildometer 25. What is quick sand condition? It is a condition but not the type of sand in which the net effective vertical stress becomes zero, when seepage occurs vertically up through the sands/ cohesionless soils 26. Increasing order of magnitude of pressure values? Active earth pressure < Earth Pressure at rest < Passive Earth Pressure 27. Plate load test is used for? For measuring the settlement of foundations . 28. What is pascals law? The intensity of fluid at any point in a stationary fluid is same in all directions. 29. Fluid Property and arrangements ? Discharge in Pipes Venturi Meter Orifice Meter Velocity of fluids Pitot Tube

30. Differentiate Laminar flow and Turbulant flow? Laminar Flow: Particles moves in layers sliding smoothly over adjacent layers, Reynolds number is very low Turbulant flow: Particles have the random and erratic movement, intermixing in the adjacent layers. Reynolds number is very high 31. What are the coagulants used? i. Alum ii. Coperras iii. Chlorinated coperras iv. Sodium aluminate 32. Water Disinfection methods? i. Treatment with Ozone ii. Chlorine treatment 33. Tests for aggregates? i. Crushing Test ii. Shape Tests iii. Abrasion Test iv. Specific Gravity Test 34. What are the different pavement and different joints in the pavements? Flexible pavements Rigid Pavemetns Joints: Contraction Joints, Expansion joints and longitudinal joints 35. What is Bench Mark? Bench Mark is relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with respect to some assumed datum is known. It is used as either as a starting point for leveling or as a point upon which to close as a check. 36. What are the equipments used in surveying? Prismatic Compass to measure horizontal angles Chain to measure length Theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles Dumpy Level used for leveling work Tacheometer used to measure distances and heights Total Station used for topographical survey and plotting of contour Plane table used for surveying a small area in the field 37. What is meant by Topographical Survey? Survey of collecting existing features of land and elevations of points on the earth and developing contours. 38. What is reconnaissance survey? Survey of collecting preliminary details of site and assessing the site conditions with the help of these preliminary details.

39. What is a contour line? It is an imaginary line passing through points of equal elevation 40. Why is gypsum added to cement? To avoid flash setting of cement and to retard the setting time of cement 41. Mohr Circle is used for? To find out the stresses at a particular point in a body under stress conditions and to find out the principal stresses and maximum shear stress 42. Main formulas used in design capacity of canals? Mannings formula and chezzy formula 43. What are the Atterbergs limits? Liquid limit, Plastic Limit and Shrinkage Limit 44. IS codes for Concrete and Steel? IS 800 Steel IS 456 Concrete 45. Factor of safety for steel and concrete? Concrete 1.5 Steel 1.15 46. What is Bernoulis theorem and application? The total energy of fluid system is always constant at all points. Used to find out the pressure and velocities at various points. 47. What is Hydraulic Jump? When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's initial kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat. 48. Type of reinforcement and their uses? Flexural Reinforcement Used to resist moments Vertical Stirrups Used to resist shear Transverse Reinforcement resist temperature and shrinkage effects 49. Reynolds Number means? It is the ratio of Inertial forces to viscous forces and useful in solving the problems related to Laminar flow. 50. Advantages of using fly ash? can be used with cement in concrete as it is a waste from thermal power projects and it has the property of resistance to chemical attack and other useful properties.