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2010 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing

Study on a Sea Radio-wave Propagation Loss Model


Mingyi Zhu , Xiangyang Zhao
Department of Automobile Henan Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College Xinxiang, China e-mail: zmingyi@126.com
AbstractIn mobile communication, the covering range and the interference is considered to be so important in each base station that it is necessary to know the regional transmission loss. Currently, there is a high margin of error in actual transmission loss model on the sea. This paper presents a propagation loss model. After doing many experiments, the results show that the error between the models predicted levels and measured levels of models is less than 3dB within the radio line of sight. Once over the radio line of sight, the model prediction accuracy will decrease, which is to be considered the Earth's curvature on the impact of propagation loss. Keywords- mobile communicationspropagation loss model sea environment

Yu Zhang
College of Physics & Information Engineering Henan Normal university Xinxiang, China e-mail: hsdzhangyu@126.com model[1], as well as logarithmic distance path loss, attenuation factor and Motley experience indoors model[2]. Each model has its own advantages in different environment. However, these models are mainly aimed at a variety of land environments, which has certain restriction in the sea environment. This paper presents a novel radio propagation loss model suitable for sea surface based on the actual measurement, which provides a reference for engineering design. II.
UP

A SEA RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL SET

I.

INTRODUCTION

At present, mobile communication is the most active and vigorous field in modern information technology industry. In order to ensure electromagnetic compatibility, a fundamental question must be considered: the received signal field strength or power is obtained for each point, in the mobile communication system within the coverage area, which determines the coverage of each base station and interference. As we all know, the radio signals propagating along transmission channel are always attenuation. Two factors are to be considered. Firstly, a spherical wave natural diffusion will cause attenuation with the wave propagation distance increasing. Secondly, the surrounding propagation environment, include a variety of obstacles to wave absorption, scattering, diffraction, or reflection effects, which also cause signal attenuation. When the radio waves propagate is through the mobile channel, the attenuation characteristics are usually measured by propagation loss. Because of the complex geographical environment and the radio-wave propagating irregularly, each base station's coverage area propagation loss must be measured in the mobile communication system, and the cost is enormous. Recently, computer-aided system is used to predict the coverage area and interference for each base station, which has become a trend, based on one or a few field strength prediction method. The propagation loss predicting methods include Okumura, Hata,Cost231-Hata, Walfish-Bertoni, Walfisch-Ikegami, Egli, Lee, PlaNET and other outdoor
978-0-7695-3989-8/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/CMC.2010.57 428

Nowadays, in the mobile communications propagation loss prediction, radio waves can be generally regarded as a free-space communication on the sea, so the free-space ship model can take place of it[3,4,5]. In fact, this is a misunderstanding. The actual sea received signals not only include the direct line of sight signals , but also sea reflected signals, namely, the overall received signal is the synthetic signal of the direct signal and reflected signal. The reflected signal can generally be considered as only one on the sea. In addition, the signal propagation loss is to be considered as the wave propagating along the two paths, as shown in Fig. 1. Generally, the fishing cockpit height is 3 meters (m) and passenger cabin height is 20m above sea level. The base station tower for sea service is built on top of a hill along the coast, which is at altitudes of 50 to 200m. Because the sea propagation loss is very small, so the signal can be transmitted in long distances. In this case, the Earth can not be regarded as flat, but should be regarded as spherical. Also, the earth curvature would have an impact on signal propagation. Additionally, the islands, mountains, large ships, etc. will also cast a shadow effect on the signal propagation path. Considering the signal propagation loss caused by the hull, a sea propagation model should be as follows: PLpath = PL0 + PL1 + PLboat + PLearth + (1) Where

PL path is a propagation path loss on the sea;

PL 0 is free-space propagation loss; PL 1 is path loss caused


by sea reflection;

PLboat is hull penetration loss;

PLearth is the diffraction loss caused by the curvature


earth over the line of sight;

In (2)

is

the carrier wavelength;

f is the carrier

is

the correction factor.

A. The Free-space Propagation Loss According to [6], it can be directly obtained the freespace propagation loss as follows:

frequency, d is the distance between the sending and receiving antennas; C is the speed of light; Gt , Gr respectively, transmitter and receiver antenna gain.

PL0 = 10log

[4 d ]2 4 df = 20log Gt Gr = 32.45 + 20log f + 20log d Gt Gr 2 C Gt Gr

(2)

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a sea surface signal propagation path

Figure 2.

Two-path propagation mode

B. The Propagation Loss Caused by Sea Surface Reflection The two tracks (i.e., two beam waves) model can reflect the real propagation on the sea. Its median loss can be considered equal to a free space loss, which can be used for analyzing it, as shown in Fig. 2. It includes a direct wave and an ideal surface reflected wave in the condition of the smooth and flat sea surface. In Fig. 2, hR stands for the antenna height of being sent signal and hT , the antenna height of being received signal; d is the distance between the sent and received
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antennas; d 0 is the direct wave path length; d r is the reflected wave path length. The geometric relationship is shown in Fig. 2, pathdifference r between reflected wave and direct wave as follows:

r = (hT + hR )2 + d 2 (hT hr )2 + d 2
Because of

(3)

d >> hT , hR

1h +h r d1+ T R 2 d

1 hT hR d1+ 2 d

2hT hR = d
(4) (5)

Erec 2h h 2(1 cos) = 4sin2 ( ) = 4sin2 t r (6) 2 E fs d


The loss caused by the reflected signal is

Phase difference caused by the path as follows:

After simplification and approximation, the square of a ratio between the received field strength and freespace field strength as follows:
TABLE I.

4hT hR = d

PL1 = 4 sin 2 (

The expression of dB is as follows:

2ht hr ) d

(7)

2 ht hr ) dB PL1 = 10Log 4sin 2 ( d

(8)

THE SAMPLE POINTS AVERAGES

d(km) Pd(dBm) d(km) Pd(dBm) d(km) Pd(dBm) d(km) Pd(dBm)

7 -61 16 -61.2 25 -69.3 34 -71.9

8 -57 17 -67.7 26 -72 35 -72.6

9 -56 18 -63.7 27 -70 36 -74.3

10 -56 19 -62.5 28 -70.5 37 -74.7

11 -55.5 20 -63.5 29 -71.9 38 -78.1

12 -56.6 21 -63.5 30 -72.4 39 -79.2

13 -56.8 22 -64.5 31 -70.7 40 -78.4

14 -59.8 23 -63.9 32 -68.9 41 -81.1

15 -61.7 24 -69 33 -71 42 -78

TABLE II.

THE SAMPLE POINTS AVERAGE

d(km) Pd(dBm) d(km) Pd(dBm) d(km) Pd(dBm) d(km) Pd(dBm)

50 -63.1 59 -65.8 70 -71.8 81 -95.4

51 -62.4 60 -65.1 71 -74.2 82 -95.7

52 -66.6 63 -66.4 73 -77.7 83 -93.7

53 -66.1 64 -71.6 74 -77.5 84 -93.8

54 -66 65 -67.9 75 -79.7 85 -95

55 -67.3 66 -68.1 76 -81.4 89 -100

56 -68.1 67 -73.4 77 -84.2 90 -100

57 -64.9 68 -70.1 79 -88.3

58 -65.1 69 -72.5 80 -91

Figure 3. Compared the predicted level with measured level

Figure 4. Prediction error

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C. Determination of Hull Penetration Loss and Correction Facto In order to determine the hull penetration loss PLboat and correction factor , Mobile Communication Experiments have been carried out on the sea. The base station is located in the seaside hill peak, output power of 85W, 20m feeder (the loss of jumpers, connectors and other wear is about 1dB), the antenna altitude is 200m above sea level, using 65degree directional antenna, a gain of 18dBm and an inclination of 0 degree, then the base station's effective radiation power (EIRP) is obtained, which is 66.29 dBm. Tested mobile phone is located in the cockpit of fishing boat (with glass windows), whose altitude is 3m above sea level. Fishing boat traveling along the base station antenna main lobe with stormy waves, the effects of base station antenna side lobe can be neglected. Sample data points are away from the base station between 6km and 42km. In order to eliminate the data fluctuation caused by wave turbulence, an average interval is 1km. The received power Pd in each of sample interval as follows:

levels for an average interval of 1km, the results are shown in TABLE II. The propagation prediction models prediction error is shown in Fig. 4. Considering the tested phone at vessel's deck, there is no hull penetration loss. In Fig. 4, the error is less than 3dB between the predicted levels and measured levels, when the sample points within the 40km ~ 80km away from the base station, once over 71km a sharp increase. By using the method in [7] to calculate the radio wave propagation line-of-sight, it can be obtained that the value is just equal to 71km. So this model is useful to predict propagation loss in the line of sight. Over the line of sight, the propagation loss is caused by the Earth's curvature, which is to be considered. IV. CONCLUSIONS

Pd =

dn

/N

(9)

In (9), Pdn is the samples points received power at range of (d-0.5, d+0.5), N is the total number of sample points in sampling intervals. The test results in Table 1. The actual path loss of various sample points along test line as follows: (10) PL path = EIRP Pd According to the test data from TABLE I, (1) and (10) are fitted, obtained = 5 dB , PL boat = 10 dB (the different types of boats are slightly different loss), In addition, when communication distance is in the line of sight, it can be assumed that the diffraction loss PLearth is equal to 0dB caused by the Earth's curvature. The fitted curve and measured curve is shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that the sea radio-wave propagation loss model except at the beginning of 7km, the measurement error is nearly 10dB, which is less than 5dB at the other sampling points, and the two levels attenuation trends are consistent. III. THE MODEL TEST In order to test the adaptability of the model, the same base station (the parameters unchanged) is used. Tested vessels using cargo ships and mobile phone on the 10m above sea level deck, the sample points is 40km ~ 80km away from the base station, receive

This paper proposes a sea wave propagation loss prediction model. There are some factors to be considered, including the free-space propagation loss, diffraction loss caused by the Earth's curvature, path loss and the hull penetration loss caused by sea reflection. By doing experiments, the correction coefficient of loss calculation model is obtained, which makes the model more practical. Moreover, the results of experiment are shown as follows: 1) Within the radio line of sight, the error between the predicted levels and measured levels of models is less than 3dB, which is very small. 2) Once over the radio line of sight, the model prediction accuracy will decrease, which is to be considered the Earth's curvature on the impact of propagation loss. REFERENCES
[1] G. Q. Liao, Ch. F. Du, Overview of a radio wave propagation model in cellular mobile communication system, J. Shan dong Communication Technology, 22(4)( 2002)15-23. [2] X. B. Xu, Sh. D. Zhou, CDMA System Engineering Handbook. Beijing: People's Posts & Telecom Press, 2002. [3] Y. L. Long, M. Huang, Prediction of Propagation Path Loss of The Building with Finite Conductivity Uniform Geomet rical Theory of Diff raction,. In Asia pacific Radio Science Conference. Tokyo , Japan , Aug , 2001. [4] Sh. J. Wang, Y. X. Wang, the calculation of Radio waves transmitted loss along the smooth surface, J. Microwave Journal, 21 (6)( 2005) 27-29. [5] K. Zh. Yang, Sh.H. Jing, Mobile antenna systems handbook. Beijing: People's Posts & Telecom Press, 1997. [6] Y. Zhang, Electromagnetic of spatial spread. Xi'an: Xidian University, 2007. [7] Y. X. Xie, Radio wave propagation-ultrashort wave, microwave, millimeter wave. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press, 1990.

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