HVAC CONTROLS AND BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

Chapter-1 Introduction to HVAC Control Systems

. . Control . Control Loops . Control Modes . Gains and Loop Tuning . Control Action . Control Range . Control Documentation and Operation . Servicing and Maintenance Normal Position Control System ? 1-1 1-3 1-5 1-9 1-23 1-26 1-30 1-32 1-32

Chapter-2 Control System for Buildings

. Modem Control Systems . Sustainable Development and Global Environment .. Energy Efficiency . Building Control System . Control Modes .. Two Position (ON/OFF) Control .. Floating Control .. Proportional Control .. Integral Control .. Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control .. Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative (PID) Control .. Cascade Control (Reset Control) . Logic Control . Control Mode . Optimum Start . Sampling Time . Tuning . Complexity of Control Systems 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-6 2-6 2-8 2-9 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-23

Chapter -3 Sensors and Transducers

. Classification Of Instruments . (Definition of Terminology) . Sensor Performance Characteristic . Selection Requirements 3-1 3-4 3-9 3-10 I

HVAC Controls and Building Automation Systems . Classification of Error . Temperature Sensors .. Principles of Temperature Measurement .. Thermocouple .. Thermistors .. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) .. Integrated Circuit (IC) Temperature Sensors .. Summary of Temperature Sensors .. T mp rat r . Moisture Sensors .. Humidity Sensors .. Relative Humidity Sensors .. Resistance Type Humidity Sensors .. Capacitance Type Humidity Sensors .. Lithium Chloride Dew-point Sensors .. Chilled-Mirror Dew-point Sensors .. Psychrometers . Pressure Sensors .. Summary of Pressure Sensors for BAS Applications .. Mechanical Pressure Gauges .. Diaphragm Sensor .. Potentiometers .. Electrical Pressure Guages .. Capacitance Pressure Detectors .. Inductive Pressure Transducers . Flow Sensors and Meters .. Differential Pressure Flow Meters .. Orifice Meter .. Venturi Meter .. Displacement Flow Meters .. Turbine Meter .. Target Meter .. Vortex Meter/Swirlmeter .. Passive Flow Meters .. Transit Time Ultrasonic Meters .. Magnetic Flow Meters .. Mass Flow Meters .. Displacement Flow Meters sors M as r Errors 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-16 3-17 3-19 3-22 3-24 3-24 3-25 3-25 3-26 3-26 3-26 3-27 3-28 3-28 3-29 3-31 3-32 3-34 3-34 3-34 3-34 3-36 3-36 3-37 3-37 3-38 3-40 3-41 3-42 3-42 3-43 3-43 3-44 3-46 3-48

Chapter-4 Control Valves and Dampers

. Introduction .. Study Objective . Two-Way Control Valves II 4-1 4-1 4-2

 .. Style and Principles of Operation . Three Way Control Valve . Valve .. Valve .. Flow Characteristic Selection .. .. Valve Selection .. Valve .. Valve Schedule . Control Dampers .. ( ) Two Position Duty .. ( ) Capacity Control Duty .. () Mixing Duty .. Factors Affecting Damper Performance .. Volume Control Dampers .. Damper Applications .. Damper Actuator Selection Guide (Valve Sizing) (Close Off Pressure) (Sizing) 4-2 4-9 4-11 4-13 4-17 4-21 4-23 4-23 4-25 4-26 4-30 4-34 4-37 4-39 4-40 4-41 4-41

Chapter-5 Introduction to Building Automation System (BAS)

. Introduction _ _ .. What is Building Automation? .. Building Automation Building Control .. Building Automation System . Building Automation System Architecture _ _ _ .. Configuration .. Field-Level Controllers .. System-Level Controllers .. Management Level _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. BAS Trend Logging .. Data Analysis and Report Generation .. Totalization .. Scheduling .. Equipment Interlocks .. Metering .. Monitoring .. Graphic .. Alarms .. Maintenance Scheduling and Inventory Control .. Controls .. Software Functions .. User Access Level Management Processor (Basic Functions) 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-5 5-7 5-7 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-19 5-19 5-22 5-22 5-22 5-22 5-22

. Building Automation System

III

HVAC Controls and Building Automation Systems

Chapter-6 Direct Digital Controllers (DDC)

. Basic Feature of DDC Hardware Component _ _ .. DDC Power Supply .. Microprocessor (CPU) .. Microcomputer Structure and Buses .. Memory Size . DDC Input/Output Unit Interface . Direct Digital Controller (DDC) Input Points _ _ _ .. On/Off Input .. Variable Input .. Pulsed Input (PI) .. On/off Output .. Variable Output . I/O Point Characteristics . DDC Operating Sequence . Control Sequence Digital Output (DO) Analog Output(AO) Binary Output (BO) Digital Input (DI) Analog Input (AI) Binary Input (BI) 6-1 6-3 6-4 6-6 6-7 6-9 6-10 6-10 6-10 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-12 6-15 6-18 6-19

. Direct Digital Controller (DDC) Output Points

Chapter-7 Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) Wiring

. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) DDC Controller (Model: UFC0882L) _ _ _ _ _ .. Description .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment UFC0882L .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram .. Description .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UGM2484L) .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram .. Description .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (U8F2484L) .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram . Constant Air Volume (CAV) AHU Controller (UAH1464L) .. Description .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH1464L) .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram (CAV AHU) .. CAV AHU Typical Sensor Termination . VAV AHU Controller Control Logic .. Description of DDC Inputs and Outputs .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2484L) .. AHU Control Logic . VAV Box DDC Controller (Model: UAV0520L) .. Description .. Control of Pressure Independent VAV Operation IV . Fan Control DDC (U8F2484L) . Fan Controller DDC (Model U6F2484L) 7-1 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-3 7-4 7-4 7-5 7-5 7-6 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-8 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14 7-17 7-18 7-21 7-21 7-21

 .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAV0520L) .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram . Lighting Controller DDC (ULC0882L) .. Description .. Output Channels .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (ULC0882L ) .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram .. Typical Sensor Termination . General Monitoring DDC (UGM0882L) .. Description .. Terminal Block Assignments (UGM0882L) .. Typical Sensor Termination .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram . General Monitoring DDC (UGM2484L) .. Description .. Output Channels .. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UGM2484L) .. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram .. Typical Sensor Termination . Common Types of Cables Used in Structured Cabling Systems .. UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) Cables .. Coaxial Cable .. Fiber Optic Cable 7-22 7-23 7-23 7-23 7-23 7-24 7-25 7-25 7-26 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-29 7-29 7-29 7-30 7-30 7-31 7-32 7-32 7-33 7-36 7-36

Chapter-8 Data Communication and Networking

.. Data Communication . Network . Topology _ _ _ .. Mesh topology .. Star Topology .. Tree (Hierarchical) topology .. Bus topology .. Ring topology .. Hybrid Topologies . Transmission Mode _ _ _ _ .. Simplex .. Half Duplex .. Full Duplex (Categories of Network) .. Local Area Network (LAN) .. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) .. Wide Area Network (WAN) . Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model . Network 8-1 8-2 8-4 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-7 8-8 8-8 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-10 8-10 8-10 8-11 8-12 V

HVAC Controls and Building Automation Systems _ _ _ _ _ .. Organization of Layer .. Physical Layer (Layer 1) .. Data Link Layer (Layer 2) .. Network Layer (Layer 3) .. Transport Layer (Layer 4) .. Session Layer (Layer 5) .. Presentation Layer (Layer 6) .. Application Layer (Layer 7) .. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) _ .. ARCNET .. MS/TP (Master-Slave/Token-Passing) .. BACnet MS/TP (Master-Slave/Token-Passing) .. RS-485 .. Wireless . Network Standards 8-15 8-16 8-16 8-18 8-18 8-19 8-19 8-20 8-20 8-20 8-21 8-21 8-22 8-22 8-22

Chapter-9 BAS Network Integration

. BAS Hardware Architecture _ .. Centralized BAS .. Distributed BAS . Basic of Network Communication _ .. BUS .. Interface _ .. Integrated Control System .. Gateway .. Hub _ .. Bridge .. Ethernet Switch _ .. Router .. Communications Networks . Communication Protocol _ .. Standard Protocol .. BACnet (Building Automation Control Networking) Protocol _ .. LonTalk .. Modbus Protocol .. European Installation Bus (EIB) _ .. Proprietary Protocol . Low Level Interfacing and High Level Interfacing _ .. Hard Wired Integration or Low Level Interfacing .. High Level Interfacing . Integration _ .. BAS
VI 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-6 9-6 9-6 9-7 9-7 9-8 9-8 9-9 9-12 9-14 9-14 9-23 9-25 9-27 9-28 9-28 9-28 9-29 9-33

Repeater

Security System

Integrate

9-33

.. BAS

Fire Alarm System

Integrate

9-33 9-34

. Security in Networked Building Automation Systems

Chapter-10 Alarm Processing

. Alarm . Alarm . Alarm Management
_

10-2 10-2 10-4 10-4 10-8 10-9 10-10 False Alarm 10-10

.. Analog Alarm Point .. Binary Data Object and Binary Input Object (BI) Alarm

. Analog Input Alarm . Digital Input Alarm . Nuisance Alarm

Chapter-11 BAS Software

. BAS Software Structure _ .. Operating System (Lowest Level) .. Utility Software .. Application Program Software (Highest Level) . BAS Software Design Concept _ _ .. DDC Software .. DDC Firmware .. DDC Database .. DDC Database Configuration . DDC Software Programming _ .. Text-based programming .. Graphical Programming Language (GPL) .. Ladder-logic .. Specific Programming System Features and Parameters . Logic Concept _ _ _ .. Binary Concept .. Logic Function .. AND F .. OR F .. NOT f .. NAND Gate . Review Questions to to to 11-1 11-2 11-2 11-2 11-3 11-3 11-3 11-3 11-4 11-4 11-4 11-6 11-8 11-11 11-12 11-12 11-12 11-13 11-13 11-14 11-15 11-15

Chapter-12 Integrated Building Management System (IBMS)

. Introduction . Energy Management Function . System Configuration . Energy Management and Operation 12-1 12-5 12-6 12-7 VII

HVAC Controls and Building Automation Systems . System Integration . Integrated Facilities Management . Visitor Service . Facility Management System .. Facility Booking 12-7 12-8 12-8 12-9 12-9

Chapter - 13 Control Strategies

. Starting Sequence and Shutdown Sequece of Chilled Water Plant .. Starting Sequence of Chilled Water Plant .. Shutdown Sequece of Chiller Plant Room . Typical chiller sequencing strategies .. Chiller Sequencing for Systems with only Primary Pumping .. Chiller Sequencing for Systems with only Primary Pumping .. Cooling load Chilled Water Temperature Motor Loading .. Strategy for Chiller Sequencing for Systems with Primary-Secondary Pumping .. Strategy for Chiller Sequencing for Variable Flow Systems . Chilled Water Plant Sequencing and Automation ( . Chillerd Water Plant Optimization Strategies .. Fixed start/stop Vs Optimal start/stop .. Leaving Chilled Water Set point with Constant Primary Flow .. . Boiler Controls . Water Pump Controls . AHU Controls .. Constant Air Volume(CAV) AHU .. Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU .. VAV Box Control . Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Controls . Ventilation Fan Controls .. Ventilation Fan Control by Carbon Monoxide .. Ventilation Fan Control by CO2 .. Ventilation Fan Control by Temperature .. Staricar Pressurization Fan . Lighting Control .. Fixed Power Reduction .. Occupancy-Based Time-of-Day and On/Off Control .. Daylight Harvesting .. Demand Limiting .. Lighting Control Systems - Energy management for lighting systems . Selection of Controls for Mechanical Ventilation Systems at r R s t ) 13-1 13-2 13-4 13-4 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-15 13-15 13-16 13-16 13-19 13-20 13-21 13-21 13-21 13-23 13-24 13-25 13-25 13-26 13-27 13-27 13-28 13-29 13-29 13-30 13-30 13-30 13-32

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