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CELLULAR OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT Hotspot Verification Methodology

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MCD Operations Radio Network Planning Guideline

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Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. G. Hellstern B. Viviand R. Collmann J. Kozlik R.-M. Grner W. Kllmar ACS/EFP ACS/SR2 ACS/SR2 ACS/SR1 ACS/SR2 ACS/OAD

cc:
Mr. H. Derrey OC

Abstract: This document describes concept and methodology for verfication of traffic hotspots. Approval Name Signature Name Signature C. Brechtmann K. Eckert R. Collmann

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Table of Contents
1 HISTORY .................................................................................................. 3 2 REFERENCES............................................................................................. 3 3 SCOPE...................................................................................................... 3 4 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 4 5 CONCEPT ................................................................................................. 4 6 INSTALLATION STEPS .............................................................................. 7 7 POSTPROCESSING METHODOLOGY........................................................12 8 SUMMARY...............................................................................................16 9 ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................16 10 ANNEX A LIST OF REQUIRED HW AND SW MODULESFehler! Textmarke nicht definiert.

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1 History
Date 9.12.1997 Edition Draft Origin OC/NPL Comments

2 References
[1] [2] 3BK 11202 0014 DSZZA Power Control and Handover Algorithms, Release 3 M. Hellebrandt, R. Mathar, M. Scheibenbogen: Estimating Position and Velocity of mobiles in a Cellular Radio Network, IEEE Transactions on VT, Vol. 46,No.1,Feb. 1997, pp. 65-71 G. Hellstern, Detector of High Traffic Areas for Microcellular Network Planning, internal paper G. Hellstern, MicroBTS Demonstrator Description, internal paper 3DC 20008 0001 UZZZA Hardware Commercial Configurator for Antenna Systems 3DF 00995 0000 UCZZA Antenna Engineering Rules A955 Product Description, to be released W. Kllmar, Hotspot Trial, internal report 8BL 00601 0000 MPZZA, BSS-Definition of Quality of Service Indicators

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

[10] B. Viviand, Hotspot Verificator 1.0 Users Guide, to be released

3 Scope
The intention of this paper is to give an overview about the Alcatel concept of hotspot verification. Several methodologies for postprocessing will be described.

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4 Introduction
The required amount of sites of cellular networks is either determined by coverage or by traffic requirements. In low traffic areas this amount is primarily determined by the achievable cell ranges based on the link budget and the terrain. In high traffic areas, cell ranges become smaller in order to reduce the maximum amount of traffic per cell. Thus two layer microcellular networks are introduced in order to handle high traffic areas and local traffic hotspots. The aim of the microcellular layer is to handle as much traffic as possible, but keeping fast moving mobiles in the umbrella cell. According handover algorithms are implemented within the Alcatel microcellular concept [1]. Microcells are either installed to provide continuous coverage in high traffic areas or in order to cover local traffic hot-spots. In the latter case the MicroBTS is a quick and effective way of solving local capacity problems, especially in regions where no carrier upgrading is possible in the macrocellular layer. The traffic in dense areas is usually inhomogeneous. In order to install MicroBTSs most effectively within the network, it is important to know how much and where high traffic densities will occur. Since no exact traffic data bases are available with a sufficient resolution, a methodology for hotspot detection and verification is necessary. The most promising methodology for hotspot detection is a triangulation approach [2] based on RXLEV downlink field strength measurements and field strength prediction, which is currently under development within Alcatel. The most simple approach of hotspot detection is based on experience. Planning results, statistical evaluation of the operating network or site surveys can be used as an input for this task. Using a traffic verification approach is then the appropriate method in order to quantify the traffic amount at the presumed hotspot and to estimate the offload of the macroBTS, which can be achieved by installation of the MicroBTS. The benefit of a hotspot verificator depends on the reliability of the results. Thus the aim of this document is to define an accurate hotspot verification concept and methodology.

5 Concept
The aim of the verificator is to allow traffic measurements at presumed traffic hotspots without complete installation of a base station. As a result of the measurement we get the traffic share, which could have been handled by a real BTS at the same location as the verificator without disturbing the actual traffic [3]. Figure 1 summarises the key modules of the hotspot verificator. A standard MicroBTS with a specific software, which requires no Abis connection is installed at the location of the presumed area of high traffic within the coverage range of one or several MacroBTS as the potential umbrella cell(s). This MicroBTS transmits a BCCH carrier on a Hotspot Verification Methodology Edition MCD 01 9.12.1997
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specific ARFCN but does not handle any traffic, since it is not connected to the network. For the selection of the ARFCN either a test frequency is available or the frequency of an existing cell can be reused. This ARFCN is defined as a neighbour of the umbrella cell at the OMC-R. Thus mobile stations moving in the coverage range of the MicroBTS will report every 480ms the received downlink RXLEV value to the BSC of the umbrella cell. This level information will be used for traffic evaluation. Several postprocessing methodologies will be described in chapter 7.
Coverage Range of Umbrella cell

220V Power supply or 24V battery 220V/ 24V Laptop with Terminal emulation for BTS configuration: ARFCN, BSIC, Power, status barred MMIC Cable MMI Box Micro BTS demonstrator with special SW Feeder cable micro cell antenna

Coverage Range of MicroBTS demonstrator

BCCH

adjustable Mast

Macro BTS as the potential umbrella cell

Abis interface not connected

Abis interface Postprocessing of Abis trace files, to detemine the MicroBTS traffic share K1103 BSC OMC

Figure 1 Modules of the hotspot verificator

The BSIC (=NCC,BCC) is transmitted on the BCCH carrier. In order to avoid handovers of mobiles located in the coverage range of the microcell, the transmitted BSIC has to differ from the BSIC which is defined for that cell at the OMC-R. Thus for mobiles in the connected mode, the received downlink power level will be reported within the measurement report, but handover attempts towards this MicroBTS will be avoided due to the wrong BSIC. In order to avoid cell selection in idle mode the MicroBTS has to be configured in the status barred. As shown in figure 1, a laptop with terminal emulation is used to configure the MicroBTS. The following parameters need to be adjusted for a hotspot verification measurement: ARFCN, BSIC (=NCC,BCC) and output power. The laptop is connected to the MicroBTS via the MMI Cable and the MMI Box.

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The MicroBTS needs to be connected to a 220V power supply. If no power supply is available a 24V battery unit can be used by removing the E-Box. The MicroBTS operates with a special software, making operation without a connection to the Abis interface possible. The following two operation modes are possible: MicroBTS demonstrator Hotspot verfication The concept of the MicroBTS demonstrator allows mobile to mobile calls without an Abis connection as described in more detail in [4]. Within this document only the concept of the Hotspot verification mode will be considered. The recorded power levels and messages are reported on the Abis interface and can be traced with a protocol analyzer (e.g. K1103). The Abis trace files will be postprocessed and the MicroBTS traffic share will be evaluated. The described concept of the hotspot verificator can be used for the following tasks without having an impact on the operating network: Verification of presumed traffic hotspots Optimization of parameters like antenna type, position, output power etc. Performance analysis of the future cell for the selected parameters

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6 Installation steps
The following sections describes the required steps and methods of the hotspot verification process. The postprocessing methodology will be described more detailed in chapter 7. Step 1: Identify a potential traffic hotspot as a measurement location The hotspot verificator approach can be used in order to evaluate the efficiency of a site, related to the expected amount of traffic. Before this measurement can be performed the potential hotspots need to be detected and an according site needs to be selected. In order to find hotspots the following methods can be used Local environment knowledge is still the most effective way to identify traffic hotspots, by the usage of maps or personal investigation of the location: Look for public squares, junctions, railway stations, shopping or business centres etc. Take into account the experience of the operator, the planning team and the results of site surveys. Analyze cells of the operating network with high load and/or quality problems based on cellular statistics, e.g sites with a high call block/drop rate (e.g. OMC-R counter type 5, Quality of Service Indicators [9] and Dico evaluation, e.g. BSC traffic and call evolution per day). Especially macrocells, where no further carrier upgrading is possible to solve capacity problems are ideal for an installation of a hotspot MicroBTS. The hotspot traffic characteristic can be time and season dependant, evaluate the period of peak hour traffic based on experience or available measurements (OMCR counter). Take into account the cell boundaries based on field strength predictions and/or measurements in order to determine which MacroBTS is covering the potential hotspot. It can be possible, that the presumed hotspot area is within the coverage range of two MacroBTS. In that case two Abis traces need to be performed and evaluated. When selecting the sites, general aspects of site acquisition should also be taken into account (possibility for installation of a real BTS). Timing advance measurements allow a resolution of 550m. This technique is certainly most effective when using directive antennas on large sector sites. The result will be a ring area, where the subscribers are located. RXLEV measurements also provide information on the distance of the mobiles, but are difficult to interpret, since indoor/outdoor mobiles cannot be distinguished.

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 The amount of incoming and outgoing handovers between a pair of macrocells provides information, which can be used for the evaluation of the traffic distribution within a macrocell (based on A interface measurements processed with Aglae, the .THO-File or OMC Counter evaluation). Step 2: Parameter Definition The following parameters need to be defined and will be set at the OMC-R or downloaded via the laptop as will be described in Step 4. 1. Selection of ARFCN and definition of microcell and handover relationship For the selection of the channel there are two possible cases, either a test frequency is available, or a frequency of the operating network will be reused. A test frequency is a frequency which belongs to the operators band but is not in use within the network. If a test frequency is available, the microcell needs to be defined as a new cell at the OMC-R. The microcell needs to be defined as a neighbour of the umbrella cell. The advantage of the usage of a test frequency is, that the verificator can be installed anywhere in the network without a risk of interference, provided that the test frequency has a minimum separation of at least two channels to the channels in use. Thus no analysis of the frequency plan is required. If no test frequency is available a frequency of the operating network will be reused. The used frequency needs to be selected carefully for each measurement site, in order to prevent active or passive interference. An according analysis of the frequency plan is required. The cell reusing this frequency needs to be sufficiently far away. Since a cell with this frequency is already defined at the OMC-R, no new cell needs to be defined. It is sufficient to define this cell as a neighbour of the umbrella. The coverage range of the hotspot can be within the coverage range of two potential umbrella cells. In that case the Abis interface measurements have to be performed at both macrocells and the neighbourhood relationship from the macrocell towards the micro BTS has to be defined at both macrocells, if the measurement is performed simultaneously. 2. Definition of output power, antenna type, height and position The antenna type, height, position and the output power has to be defined in a way, that the intended coverage range or the intended indoor coverage is achieved. It is recommended to combine the hotspot verification with fieldstrength predictions (before MicroBTS installation) or measurements (after MicroBTS installation) in order to determine the area, where the measured traffic occured. The result of a measurement campaign should be the measured traffic in combination with an according power or

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best server plot. Based on a simulation the antenna type, height, position and the output power can be optimized and defined. The hotspot verificator is equipped with an omnidirectional standard microcellular antenna with an antenna gain of 5dBi. If a different antenna type is intended to be used for that site, it should be used instead. The installation height of microcellular antennas should be in between 5 to 12 m according to [6]. 3. Definition of BSIC The BCCH carrier transmits the BSIC, which consists of two figures, the Base Station Colour Code (BCC) and the Network Colour Code (NCC). In order to prevent handover attemps towards this cell, the BSIC transmitted by the MicroBTS has to differ from the BSIC which is defined for that MicroBTS at the OMC-R. The recommended way to define the different BSICs is, to use a wrong NCC and a wrong BCC. If a wrong NCC is used it will be more easy for postprocessing purposes to identify, the Dummy BTS within the measurement report. 4. Definition of measurement time and period It should be taken care, that the measurement period is long enough and the measurement is performed during the peak hour traffic. The longer the measurement the more reliable will be the results, on the other hand, the higher will be the effort for postprocessing related to calculation time and required disk space. It is recommended to perform measurements for the period of 24 hours. With these results it is possible to evaluate the traffic profile versus time. Available traffic measurements of the operating network can also support the decision, by the evaluation of the according OMC-R counters, Dico evaluation or Quality of Service Indicators . Step 3: MicroBTS installation The Abis interface is not connected to the MicroBTS. If no 220V power supply is available, the MicroBTS can be connected to a 24V battery unit instead. The adjustable mast can be set at the defined position and height. The antenna will be connected to the MicroBTS with a feeder cable. For the download of the MicroBTS parameters in step 4 the MicroBTS is connected to the laptop via the MMI cable and the MMI Box.

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It is recommended to setup the equipment in a car in order to be more flexible. The adjustable antenna mast can also be car mounted. Step 4: OMC-R Modifications and Parameter Download to MicroBTS The parameters which have been defined in step 2 have to be input at the OMC-R and downloaded from the laptop to the MicroBTS via the MMI Interface. 1. Modifications at the OMC-R If a test frequency is used, a new cell and a handover relationship from the umbrella cell towards this cell has to be defined at the OMC-R. The BSIC defined for this cell is input. If an ARFCN of the operating network is reused, no new cell needs to be defined. A handover relationship from the umbrella cell to an existing cell, which is sufficiently far away, using this frequency is defined at the OMC-R. 2. Parameters for Download to the MicroBTS The following parameters which have been defined in step 2 will be downloaded via the MMI interface: The defined BSIC, which will be transmitted on the BCCH carrier and which has to differ from the BSIC defined at the OMC-R above. The defined ARFCN, output power and the parameter setting the MicroBTS in the status barred in order to prevent handover attemps towards this cell. After parameter download, the MicroBTS will transmit the BCCH carrier according to the parameter settings. It is recommended to use a spectrum analyzer or a test mobile in order to make sure, that the MicroBTS is operating correctly. Step 5: Recording of Abis traces and measurement of coverage area For configuration and method of measurement of Abis traces, refer to the manual of the appropriate protocol analyzer (e.g. K1103). The protocol analyzer is connected to the Abis interface of the umbrella cell. The measurement will be performed during the period, which has been defined in step 2. The aim of the Abis interface trace is to record the RXLEV values of the serving cell and the neighbouring cells, which are reported by the MS within the measurement report. One of the neighbouring cells is the received BCCH power level of the hotspot verificator. The following messages have to be recorded for postprocessing purposes:

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 Measurement Results (UL&DL Measurement Reports) Channel Activation Messages RF Channel Release Messages However it is recommended to record all Layer3 messages. In addition to the fieldstrength prediction, measurements can be performed for the evaluation of the coverage area. Step 6: Postprocessing Postprocessing is based on the Abis trace evaluation of the measured RXLEV values of the serving cell (potential umbrella cell) and the hotspot verificator MicroBTS. There are three methods for the evaluation of the traffic share, the according methodologies will be described and discussed in chapter 7. Step 7: Repetition of measurements for one potential hotspot When the measurements according to step 1 to 5 have been performed, the amount of traffic, which would be handled by a MicroBTS at the selected location with the selected coverage range has been evaluated. In order to optimize these parameters or in order to get a better overview on the traffic distribution of the hotspot, it can be usefull to repeat the measurement with modified parameters or to perform several measurements simultaneously: Perform the measurement for one potential hotspot at different locations in order to get an overview on the whole hotspot area. If sufficient frequencies are available, perform simultaneous measurements at different loacations. Perform the measurement with different coverage ranges (output power, antenna height), to find a relation between the percentage of traffic and coverage range as shown in figure 2.
Measured Hotspot Traffic

Output power of Dummy BTS

Figure 2: Evaluation of the optimum output power

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7 Postprocessing Methodology
The aim of the postprocessing methods is to determine the percentage of traffic share (related to the traffic of the umbrella cell), which would be handled by a real MicroBTS, if it were installed instead of the hotspot verificator. Three different methods based on the measured downlink power levels will be described within this section. Method 1 and 2 is based on a fieldstrength analysis and is recommended to use for a rough estimation. Method 3 is the most accurate method, based on a complete simulation of the Alcatel handover algorithm, but is on the other hand the most time consuming approach. The result of each method is the percentage of traffic share, but it gives no information on the coverage range of the MicroBTS. This information can be derived from an according fieldstrength prediction using the Alcatel RNP tool A955. Method 1: Fieldstrength analysis based on RXLEV Threshold This is the most simple approach, which can be used for a first approximation of the traffic share of a site. Depending on the postprocessing effort, which is planned to be invested, one can use this method to preselect only sites with a sufficient high percentage, which can then be further investigated with the methods mentioned below. The method is based on the following principle: Within the measurement report of the Abis trace, the downlink fieldstrength levels of the serving umbrella cell and the declared neighbourcells are reported every 480ms. The traffic of the umbrella cell can be determined by: Traffic umbrella cell [Erlang]= With: N(total)=Total amount of valid measurement samples reported on the Abis interface P=Measurement period As soon as the signal of the dummy BTS is recognized by a mobile, it will be reported within the measurement report. Thus the recorded amount of samples, where the dummy BTS was recognized as a neighbour will be N(dummy) <= N(total). Since the mobile will only perform a handover towards the MicroBTS, if the fieldstrength level is sufficiently high, only the samples of fieldstrength levels, which are above an adjustable threshold (e.g. -90 dBm) will be counted and set into relation to the total amount of recorded samples. Thus the potential percentage of traffic share of the MicroBTS is estimated by: N( total) 480ms [Erlang] P [Eq. 1]

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Traffic share in MicroBTS [%]=

Amount of samples above threshold 100 % [Eq.2] N( total)

Figure 3 summarizes an example of this method: The total amount of measurement reports (=samples) during the observation period P was 664491. Within 152591 measurement reports, the Dummy BTS was recognized as a neighbour. The fieldstrength distribution of these samples is shown in figure 2. Considering only samples with fieldstrength levels above -90dBm, gives us the estimation of the MicroBTS traffic share accordingly: Traffic share MicroBTS[%]=79079/664491*100%=11.9%

Fieldstrength distribution
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -110 -107 -104 -101 -98 -95 -92 -89 -86 -83 -80 -77 -74 -71 -68 -65 -62 -59 -56 -53 -50 -47 Samples

RXLev [dBm]

Traffic share of -BTS

Total amount of samples: Samples dedicated to MicroBTS Samples > -85 dBm Samples > -90 dBm Samoles >-95 dBm

664491 152591 62824 79079 =>11.90% 94977

Makro

Figure 3: Evaluation of MicroBTS traffic share based on Method 1 - RXLEV Threshold

As a result of the measurement the distribution of measurement samples of the macroand microcells over the observation time can be displayed as shown in Figure 3. Basically the information of the traffic distribution within time is also available with the OMC-R counters. But with the graph in figure 3 the influence of the microBTS during busy and low traffic hour can be seen. This information can also be used for further preselection of measurement results: The more time consuming simulation of method

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3, should be done at least during the period of busy hour. This period can be defined by the curve shown in figure 4.

Measurement results - Macro / Micro

60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 08:47:07 09:47:07 10:47:07 11:47:07 12:47:07 13:47:07 14:47:07 15:47:07 16:47:07 17:47:07 18:47:07 19:47:07 20:47:07 21:47:07 22:47:07 23:47:16 00:47:15 01:47:15 02:47:18 03:47:29 04:47:48 05:47:33 06:47:33 07:47:33

Figure 3 Amount of samples distributet over observation time Method 2:Fieldstrength analysis based on Power Budget Evaluation Another rather simple approach is the evaluation of the pathloss between Mobile/serving cell PL1 = PwrUmbr - RXLEVDL Mobile/MicroBTS PL2 = PwrMicro - RXLEVNcell The traffic share of the MicroBTS can be evaluated based on the percentage of samples, which fulfil the following condition: PL1 > PL2 + HO_Margin [Eq. 3] This method simulates a power budget handover with a handover margin, which can be adjusted for postprocessing purposes. This method could be applied for hotspot verification of a homogenous microcellular network, evaluating the amount of traffic performing a PBGT-handover from one microcell towards the dummy BTS. Method 3: HO-Simulation Based on the measured fieldstrength levels of each individual call the post-processing method simulates the handover algorithm, taking into account the incoming and outgoing HO causes. Thus the amount of incoming handovers and the holding time of the MS within the dummy BTS can be determined for traffic evaluation. Hotspot Verification Methodology Edition MCD 01 9.12.1997
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For this simulation the defined BSS parameter, e.g. T_Dwellmin, Level thresholds and averaging windows sizes are required as an input. The postprocessing time of this method is higher compared to the upper methods. The evaluation is based on the evaluation of individual calls. Therefore the available measurements samples need to be sorted per call. A call is defined by all TCH events between the Channel activation message and the RF Channel Release message. Figure 5 summarizes the considered HO types. Coverage Range of Dummy BTS
Outgoing HO Causes: 18, 9 and 7 or End of call

Coverage Range of Umbrella cell

Incoming HO cause 14

Figure 5: Considered HO types for the HO simulation Incoming handovers from the umbrella cell towards the microcellular layer are based on the velocity dependant handover cause 14 (high level in neighbour microcell). The received fieldstrength level of the target microcell needs to be higher then a given threshold (RXLEV_MCHO_Ncell) for a sufficient amount of time (T_DWell_Min). For the outgoing handover from the microcell towards the macrocell, the following HO causes are taken into account: Cause 18: level downlink microcell - high threshold Cause 9: level downlink microcell - low threshold Cause 7: N consecutive bad SACCH frames Cause 0: End of call Intracell HO and quality HO causes are not taken into account. For more detailed information on the HO causes and on the implemented simulation refer to [1] and [10]. The method provides the following two basic informations as a result: Percentage of calls, which will perform a handover towards the microcell based on the cause 14 handover condition.

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 Percentage of call time, during which a mobile will remain in the microcellular layer, taking into account the incoming handovers (cause 14), the outgoing (cause 18, 9, 7) handovers or the end of a call. With the introduction of the next BSS Software Release B4, new handover algorithms will be defined. Small macrocells, so called minicells are introduced. The handover algorithm for microcells differs from release 3 algorithm. For hotspot verification these handover algorithms need to be taken into account accordingly for postprocessing.

8 Summary
A hotspot verfication methodology is described. The concept can be applied for outdoor or indoor traffic measurements. The concept has successfully been tested within fieldtrials [8]. The concept (chapter 5) is based on downlink fieldstrength measurements of a standard MicroBTS and requires no Abis connection. The result of the measurement is the percentage of traffic, which will be allocated to a MicroBTS, if it were installed instead of the verficator. The required installation steps are described in chapter 6, three appropriate postprocessing methodologies are defined within chapter 7. The most accurate postprocessing method takes into account the microcellular handover algorithms of Release 3 (method 3). For the next BSS software release B4, this method still needs to be defined for microcells and minicells.

9 Abbreviations
ARFCN BCC BCCH BSIC BSS BTS DLS HW NCC MMI Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number Base Station Colour Code Broadcast Control Channel Base Station Idendity Code Base Station Subsystem Base Transceiver Station Data Load Segment Hardware Network Colour Code Man Machine Interface

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OMC-R RNP SW

Operation and Maintenance Centre - Radio Radio Network Planning Software

END OF DOCUMENT

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