Chapter 5

Periodicity and Atomic Structure

5.1 Development of the Periodic Table

Mendeleev - based on atomic weights. - elements with similar chemical reactivity arranged in a column

Modern

- based on atomic number (number of protons).

What principle gives these two quantities of an atom? This is based on the Chemists Model of an atom.

Atom size

- region occupied by outer electrons - about 200 400 pm - 1 pm = 1 x 10-12 m

Nucleus size

- about 1000 times smaller than atom - 0.2 0.4 pm

Representation of the atoms:

A Z

E = element A = atomic mass Z = atomic number (number of protons) q = charge.

Some examples:

89 39

119 50

2+

Sn

127 53

1-

How many protons (Z)? How many electrons (e)? How many neutrons (n)?

More examples are found in Chem 101 Uvic website (lecture 2 of Dr. Dingles Lecture projectoral notes).

ATOMS

Covalent bonds Molecules

Ionic bonds Ionic solid

Metallic bonds Metals

Need to know more about what the electrons in the atom are doing in order to understand how the atoms combine.

Direct approach can not be done.

We can do this by spectroscopic methods which require interacting matter (composed of atoms) with radiant energy

5.2. Light and the Electromagnetic spectrum (p. 156)

What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Figure 5.3 (page 156).

Composed of all forms of electromagnetic radiation. This is a way in which energy can travel through space Figure 5.4 (page 157).

Mathematical relationship

Wavelength x

Frequency = Speed of light

Symbolically, (meter) (second-1) = c (meter/second) note the units!!!

Note, speed of light in a vacuum is constant. c = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s

5.3 Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Spectra White light (eg., Sunlight)

- continuous distribution of wavelengths - covers the entire visible spectrum (700 400 nm)

Elements (when heated)

- few discrete wavelengths of light - line spectrum - unique for each element.

Figure 5.5 (a) (little different).

Historically, chemists were puzzled. What is the atomic structure???

Balmer (1885) first to make some sense.

The spectral line resulting from hydrogen emission:

656.3 nm (red) 486.1 nm (blue-green) 434.0 nm (blue) 410.1 nm (violet)

Through trial and error, he managed to find a mathematical relationship that gives these wavelengths.

Thus for a hydrogen in the visible region,

1 = R 22

1 n2

R = the Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 10-2 nm-1 n = integer greater than 2

example calculation: given at 656.3 nm, solve for n.

1 = R 22

1 n2

1 656.3 nm =

1.097 x 10-2 nm-1

1 22

1 n2

1 7.20 =

1 22

1 n2

1 7.20 =

1 4

1 n2

1 7.20

1 4 9

1 n2

= n2

n = 3

The significance was not known until later. Hydrogen gives spectral lines in the non visible region.

Lyman series - ultraviolet Paschen series infared

The entire spectrum for hydrogen can fit a modified equation

1 1 = R m2 1 n2

Where, m and n are integers n > m

Summary For m = 1 Lyman series (ultraviolet)

For m = 2

Balmer series (visible)

For m = 3

Paschen series (infrared)

5.4 Particle like Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation (Nature of Matter). Plancks experimental results on blackbody radiation Objects give off light when heated. Eg., Electric burner on a stove Tungsten filament in a light bulb.

Intensity of light emitted is not continuous it has a maximum wavelength and drops.

Figure 5.7 (page 162)

Important point noted: Radiant energy is quantized (occurring in discrete units of size or quanta): E = h

Thus,

E = energy h = Plancks constant = 6.626 x 10-34 Js = frequency (second-1)

or
E = hc

Eg, which wavelength is higher in energy 1300 nm or 700 nm?

Further support for quantization of light: Einsteins photoelectric effect. Beam of light - small particles called photons Irradiation of a clean metal surface can eject electrons But the incoming light must have a certain minimum frequency or energy value. Blue light ( ~ 6.7 x 1014 Hz) Red light ( ~ 4.0 x 1014 Hz) Only blue light can eject an electron from sodium metal

Summary Electromagnetic radiation is dual nature: - wave like properties - particle like properties