MPZ 4230 Final Examination Answers 2010/2011

1. a)
i) Let , , and X y z Y z x Z x y = = = Then
0, 1, 1
X X X
x y z
c c c
= = =
c c c

1, 0, 1
Y Y Y
x y z
c c c
= = =
c c c

1, 1, 0
Z Z Z
x y z
c c c
= = =
c c c

(1)
u u X u Y u Z u u
x X x Y x Z x Y Z
c c c c c c c c c
= + + = +
c c c c c c c c c

(2)
u u X u Y u Z u u
y X y Y y Z y X Z
c c c c c c c c c
= + + =
c c c c c c c c c
- (3)
u u X u Y u Z u u
z X z Y z Z z X Y
c c c c c c c c c
= + + = +
c c c c c c c c c

ii) by (1),(2) (3) and
0
u u u
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c


b)
2 3
( , ) 4 4 f x y x xy y y = + +

2
2 4 & 4 3 4
f f
x y x y
x y
c c
= = + +
c c

At the stationary points
2
2 4 = 0 --(1) & 4 3 4 0 (2)
f f
x y x y
x y
c c
= = + + =
c c

Then Equation(1) 2 x y = substitute to equation (2)

2
8 3 4 0 y y + + =
(3 2)( 2) 0 y y =
2
3
y = or 2 y =
Then the stationary points are
4 2
,
3 3
| |
|
\ .
&(4, 2)
2 2 2
2 2
2, 4 & 6
f f f
y
x y x y
c c c
= = =
c c c c

2
2 2 2
2 2
f f f
x y x y
| || | | |
c c c
A =
| | |
c c c c
\ .\ . \ .

=
2
2(6 ) ( 4) 12 16 y y =
4 2
, 8 16 8 0
3 3
| |
A = = <
|
\ .

( )
2
2
(4, 2)
4, 2 24 16 8 0 & 2 0
f
x
c
A = = > = >
c

4 2
,
3 3
| |
|
\ .
is a saddle point &(4, 2) is a minimum point.
c)
i)
2 0
i j k
curl F
x y z
x y x y
c c c
=
c c c
+ +

=( ) 1 2 k k =

0 curl F =
F is not a conservative vector field.

ii) Equation of the straight line
1
2 & 2
2
y x x y dy dx = = =
( )
(2,1)
(0,0)
. ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) F dr x y i x y j dxi dy j = + + + +
} }


(2,1)
(0,0)
( 2 ) ( ) x y dx x y dy = + + +
}


1
0
(2 2 )2 (2 )2 y y dy y y dy = + + +
}


1
0
11 ydy =
}


1
2
0
11 1
5
2 2
y
(
= =
(


iii) ( ) point 0, 0 to (0,1) x 0, 0 & 0 1 dx y change to = =

1
(2,1) 1
2
(0,0) 0 0
1
.
2 2
y
F dr ydy
(
= = =
(

} }

( ) point 0,1 to (2,1) y 1, 0 & 0 2 dy x change to = =

2
(2,1) 2
2
(0,0) 0 0
. ( 2) 2 = 2 + 4 6
2
x
F dr x dx x
(
= + = + =
(

} }

(0,1) (2,1)
(0,0) (0,1)
1 1
. + . = 6 6
2 2
F dr F dr + =
} }

iii) f is not a conservative vector field.
integration depend on joining path
(2,1) (0,1) (2,1)
(0,0) (0,0) (0,1)
1 1
. . + .
2 2
F dr F dr F dr =
} } }

2) a)
i) Consider the complex function
( ) ( , ) ( , ) w f z u x y i v x y = = +
Then ( ) f z is analytic in a domain D, Then u & v satisfy the Cauchy-
Riemann equation.
, and
u v u v
x y y x
c c c c
= =
c c c c
every where in D
ii)
2 2
3 3 and 6
u u
x y xy
x y
c c
= =
c c


2 2
2 2
6 and 6
u u
x x
x y
c c
= =
c c


2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y
c c
+ =
c c

iii) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y i v x y = +
( ) f z be analytic
Then ( ) 1 &
u v
x y
c c
=
c c

(2)
u v
y x
c c
=
c c

3 2
3 u x xy =
2 2
3 3
u
x y
x
c
=
c

by
2 2
(1) 3 3
v u
x y
y x
c c
= =
c c


( )
2 2
3 3 v x y y = c
}


3 2
3 ( ) y x y f x = + +
6 ( )
v
xy f x
x
c
' = +
c

by (2) 6 ( ) 6
u v
xy f x xy
y x
c c
' = = + =
c c

Then ( ) 0 f x ' =
( ) f x c =
2 3
3 v x y y c = +
iv) ( ) f z u i v = +

3 2 2 3
3 (3 ) x xy i x y y ic = + +

3
( ) x iy ic = + +

3
z ic = +
b)
i) If ( ) f z is analytic inside and on a simple close curve C and a is any point
inside C. Then

1 ( )
( )
2 ( )
f z
f a dz
i z a t
=

}

When C traversed in positive scence (counter clock wise)
ii)
1 1 1
( 1)( 2) ( 2) ( 1) z z z z

= +


2 2 2 2 2 2
sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( )
( 1)( 2) ( 2) ( 1)
z z z z z z
z z z z
t t t t t t + + +
=


1 & 2 z z = = are inside the circle
By Cauchys integral formula
2 2
2 2 2 2
sin( ) cos( )
2 sin( .2 ) cos( .2 ) 2 sin( .1 ) cos( .1 )
( 1)( 2)
z z
dz i i
z z
t t
t t t t t t
+
= +

}


2 (0 1) 2 (0 1) 4 i i i t t t = + =

3) a)
i).
920 1000
( 920) ( 1.6)
50
p x p z p z
| |
> = > = >
|
\ .

( 1.6) p z = <
0.9452 =
ii)
1000
0.1
50
x
p z
| |
> =
|
\ .



1000
1.28
50
x
=
1064 x =
b)
i) Let x denote the number of DVD players in the sample that fail to meet
specification.
12, 0.2 n p = =
( 1) ( 0) ( 1) p x p x p x s = = + =
12 0 12 12 1 11
0 1
(0.2) (0.8) (0.2) (0.8) c c = +
0.069 0.206 = +
0.275 =
ii). | | ( 1) 1 ( 0) ( 1) p x p x p x > = = + =

12 0 12 12 1 11
0 1
1 (0.1) (0.9) (0.1) (0.9) c c
(
= +


0.341 =
c)
i) ( 0) 1 ( 0) p x p x > = =

3 0
3
1
0!
e

=

2
1 4.9787 10

=
0.95021 =
ii)
0.6 1
(0.6)
( )
1!
e
p x

=
0.32929 =

4) a) plot
b)
2
19915, 116.13, 39660805, y y x = = =


2
1366.011, 231235.1 y xy = =


( )
2
2
n xy x y
b
n x x

y b x
a
n

=



2312350.5 2312729
396608050 396607225

116.13 9135.554
8
+
=
0.458729 = 925.1684 =

925.1684 0.458727 y x =
c)
2
2
y
x
y a x b xy
S
n

=

1366.011 107439.8 106074
8
+
=
0.063715 =
Standard error
( )
2
2
y
x
S
x
x
n
=

0.063715
39660805 39660723
=

0.007015 =
d)
0
: 0 H b =
: 0
a
H b =

1 0.4587
65.4
0.007014
cal
E
t
S
|
= = =
8,0.005
2,
2
1.86
tab
n
t t t
o

= = =

cal tab
t t >

0
H rejected
1
0 | =
The slope parameter is not zero.
e). 95% confidence interval for
1
|

1
2 . S E | =
0.4587 2(0.007014) =
( 0.472728 , 0.444672) =

5). a) Null hypothesis: 0.80 p >
Alternative hypothesis: 0.80 p <
0.05 o = & one sample Z test use.
(1 ) p p n o =
0.8 0.2 100 =
0.04 =

0.73 0.80
1.75
0.04
x
z

o

= = =
Since we have one tailed test the p value is less than-1.75
( 1.75) 0.04 p z < =
Since the p value is less than significance level 0.05,
We can not accept the null hypothesis.
b).
1 2
:
a
H =


0 1 2
: H =
24.13 22.88 1.25 x y = =


2 2
( 1) ( 1)
1 1
.
1
x x y y
x y
x y x y
n S n S
S
n n n n

| | +
= + |
|
+ +
\ .


2 2
23(5.64) 23(6.14) 1 1
.
24 24 2 24 24
+ | |
= +
|
+
\ .


( )
731.63 864.10
. 0.083
46
+
=
2.885 =
1.698 =
1.25
0.736
1.698
x y
x y
tcal
S

= = =
Degree of freedom 2 24 24 2 46
x y
n n = + = + =

(46,0.05)
1.644854
tab
t t = =
The calculated value for t is less than the table value of t. It is not
significant. We retain null hypothesis.
There was no difference between the two approaches to reducing the
material stress.

6). a) y t y ' = +
initial conditions (0) 1, 0.1 y h = =
i) Euler Method
1
( , )
k k k k
y y hf t y
+
= +
0 0
0, 1 t y = =
1 0 0 0
( , ) y y hf t y = +
1 0.1(0 1) = + +
1.1 =
1 1
0.1, 1.1 t y = =
2 1 1 1
( , ) y y hf x y = +
1.1 0.1(0.1 1.1) = + +
1.22 =
ii). Second Order Runge Kutta method
1 0 0
k ( , ) hf t y =
0.1(0 1) 0.1 = + =

2 0 0 1
k ( , ) hf t h y k = + +
0.1(0 0.1 (1 0.1)) 0.12 = + + + =
( )
1 0 1 2
1
2
y y k k = + +
( )
1
1
1 0.1 0.12 1.11
2
y = + + =

1 1 1
k ( , ) hf t y =
0.1(0.1 1.11) 0.121 = + =

2 1 1 1
k ( , ) hf t h y k = + +
0.1(0.2 1.231) 0.1431 = + =
( )
2 1 1 2
1
2
y y k k = + +
( )
2
1
1.11 0.121 0.1431 1.24205
2
y = + + =
iv) Taylor series method

0
1 y =
y t y ' = +
0
1 y' =
1 y y '' ' = +
0
2 y'' =
y y ''' '' =
0
2 y''' =
iv
y y''' =
0
2
iv
y =
v iv
y y =
0
2
v
y =
Taylor series
2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0
1 0 0
2! 3! 4! 5!
iv v
h y h y h y h y
y y hy
'' '''
' = + + + + +
2 3 4 5
1
(0.1 2) (0.1 2) (0.1 2) (0.1 2)
1 (0.1 1)
2! 3! 4! 5!
y

= + + + + +
1.110342 =

1
(0.1) 1.110342 y y = =
y t y ' = +
1
1.210342 y =
1 y y '' ' = +
1
1.210342 y' =
y y ''' '' =
1
2.210342 y'' =
iv
y y''' =
1
2.210342
iv
y =
v iv
y y =
1
2.210342
v
y =

Taylor series
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
2 1 1
2! 3! 4! 5!
iv v
h y h y h y h y
y y hy
'' '''
' = + + + + +
2 3 4 5
2
(0.1 2.2103) (0.1 2.210342) (0.1 2.2103) (0.1 2.2103)
1.1103 (0.1 1.2103)
2! 3! 4! 5!
y

= + + + + +

1.242806 =
b). ( )
dy
x y A
dx
= +
Let u x y = +
1
du dy
dx dx
= +
1
dy du
dx dx
=
by( ) 1
du
A u
dx
=
1
du
u
dx
= +
1
du
dx
u
=
+
} }

( ) 1 ln u x c + = +
1
x c
u e
+
+ =
1
x c
u e
+
=
1
x c
x y e
+
+ =
1
x c
y e x
+
=
when 0 & 1 x y = =
1 1
c
e =
2
c
e =
2 c ln =
2
1
x ln
y e e x =
2 1
x
y e x =
(0.1) 1.1103418 y =
(0.2) 1.242805 y =

7). a) consider the second order linear partial differential equation
2 2 2
2 2
0
u u u
a b c
x y x y
c c c
+ + =
c c c c

If

2
4 0 b ac < Elliptic equation
2
4 0 b ac = Parabolic equation
2
4 0 b ac > hyperbolic equation

b)
1
h = 1,k =
8

i , j+1 i, j
i, j
u - u
u
=
t k
| |
|
\ .

i+1, j i, j
i, j
u - u
u
=
x h
c | |
|
c
\ .


2
i, j i-1, j
2
u u
-
x x
u
=
x h
c c | | | |
| |
c c | | c \ . \ .
|
c
\ .

=
i+1, j i, j i-1, j
2
u - 2u +u
h

Given equation is
2
2
u u
=4
t x
c c
c c

i, j+1 i, j i+1, j i, j i-1, j
2
u - u 4[u - 2u +u ]
=
k h

2
8
1
i, j+1 i+1, j i-1, j i, j
k
u = u + u + u
h
| |
(
|

\ .



1
2
i, j+1 i+1, j i-1, j
u = u + u (



Given that ( ) ( ) u 0, t = 0 = u 8, t
Then
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
u = u = u = u = 0
8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4
u = u = u = u = 0
2
(x,0)
u = 4x - x

2
(i,0)
u = 4i -i
0,0
u = 0
( ) ( )
2
1,0
u = 4 1 - 1 = 3.5
( ) ( )
2
2,0
u = 4 2 - 2 = 6
3,0
u = 7.5
4.0
u = 8
5,0
u = 7.5
6,0
u = 6
7,0
u = 3.5

when j = 0
( )
i,1 i+1,0 i-1,0
u = u + u

( )
1,1 2,0 0,0
u = u + u = 3

( )
2,1 3,0 1,0
u = u + u = 5.5

( )
3,1 4,0 2,0
u = u + u = 7

( )
4,1 5,0 3,0
u = u + u = 7.5

( )
5,1 6,0 4,0
u = u + u = 7

( )
6,1 7,0 5,0
u = u + u = 5.5

( )
7,1 8,0 6,0
u = u + u = 3
when 1 j =
( )
i,2 i+1,1 i-1,1
u = u + u

( )
1,2 2,1 0,1
u = u + u = 2.75

( )
2,2 3,1 1,1
u = u + u = 5

( )
3,2 4,1 2,1
u = u + u = 6.5

( )
4,2 5,1 3,1
u = u + u = 7

( )
5,2 6,1 4,1
u = u + u = 6.5

( )
6,2 7,1 5,1
u = u + u = 5

( )
7,2 8,1 6,1
u = u + u = 2.75


when 2 j =
( )
i,3 i+1,2 i-1,2
u = u + u

( )
1,3 2,2 0,2
u = u + u = 2.5

( )
2,3 3,2 1,2
u = u + u = 4.625

( )
3,3 4,2 2,2
u = u + u = 6

( )
4,3 5,2 3,2
u = u + u = 6.5

( )
5,3 6,2 4,2
u = u + u = 6

( )
6,3 7,2 5,2
u = u + u = 4.625

( )
7,3 8,2 6,2
u = u + u = 2.5
when 3 j =
( )
i,4 i+1,3 i-1,3
u = u + u

( )
1,4 2,3 0,3
u = u + u = 2.3125

( )
2,4 3,3 1,3
u = u + u = 4.25

( )
3,4 4,3 2,3
u = u + u = 5.5625

( )
4,4 5,3 3,3
u = u + u = 6

( )
5.4 6,3 4,3
u = u + u = 5.5625

( )
6,4 7,3 5,3
u = u + u = 4.25

( )
7,4 8,3 6,3
u = u + u = 2.3125

When 4 j =
( )
i,5 i+1,4 i-1,4
u = u + u

( )
1,5 2,4 0,4
u = u + u = 2.125

( )
2,5 3,4 1 4
u = u + u , = 3.9375

( )
3,5 4,4 2,4
u = u + u = 5.125

( )
4,5 5,4 3,4
u = u + u = 5.5625

( )
5,5 6,4 4,4
u = u + u = 5.125

( )
6,5 7,4 5,4
u = u + u = 3.9375

( )
7,5 8,4 6,4
u = u + u = 2.125







i
j
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 3.5 6 7.5 8 7.5 6 3.5 0
1 0 3 5.5 7 7.5 7 5.5 3 0
2 0 2.75 5 6.5 7 6.5 5 2.75 0
3 0 2.5 4.625 6 6.5 6 4.625 2.5 0
4 0 2.3125 4.25 5.5625 6 5.5625 4.25 2.3125 0
5 0 2.125 3.9375 5.125 5.5625 5.125 3.9375 2.125 0

8). a).
0 L R C
V V V V + + =

di Q
L iR V
dt C
+ + =
By differentiating w.r.t. t
2
2
1
0
d i dQ di
L R
C dt dt dt
+ + =

2
2
0
d i R di i
L dt LC dt
+ + =
( )
2
2
2
2 0
d i di
k i A
dt dt
e + + = Where
2
1
2 &
R
k
L LC
e = =
Let general solution is
t
i Ae

=
Then
2
2
2
&
t t
di d i
Ae Ae
dt dt

= =
( )
2 2
+2 0
t t t
A Ae k Ae Ae

e + =
( )
2 2
+2 0
t
Ae k

e + =
2 2
2 4 4
2
k k e

=
2 2
k k e =
i) Over damped
2 2
( ) k e >
sinh
kt
V
i e t
L
o
o

= where
2 2
k o e =
ii). Critically damped
2 2
( ) k e =
kt
V
i e
Lo

=
iii). Under damped
2 2
( ) k e <

2 2
k k e =
k j| = where
2 2
& 1 k j | e = =

( ) ( ) k j t k j t
i Ae Be
| | +
= +
When 0 0 t i = =
0 A B A B + = =

kt j t j t
i Ae e e
| |
(
=


2 sinh
kt
je t |

= where sinh
2
j t j t
e e
t
j
| |
|

=
Differentiate w.r.t. t
2 cosh sinh
kt kt
di
jA e t ke t
dt
| | |

(
=


When 0
di V
t
dt L
= =
2
V
j A
L
| =
2
V
A
j L |
=
Then 2 sinh
2
kt
V
i j e t
jL
|
|

=
sinh
kt
V
i e t
L
|
|

=
b). Apply given data to above result

6
10, 1000, 10 10 & 10 V R C L

= = = =

2
1
LC
e = 2
R
k
L
=

6
1
100
10 10 10
e

= =


1000
50
2 2 10
R
k
L
= = =

2 2
( ) k e < Under damped
2 2
k | e =
50 50 100 100 =
50 3i =

50 3
3
sinh50 3
10 50 3
t
i e t

0 C L R
V V V V =
3
di
L iR
dt
=

50 50 3
10 3 100 3
3 50sinh50 3 50 3cosh50 3 sinh50 3
500 500
t t
e t t e t

(
= +



50
3 3sinh50 3 3cosh50 3
t
e t t

(
= +


09). a).
i). A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace of V, if W is itself a
vector space under the vector addition and scalar multiplication defined on
V.
ii) Vector addition
Let
1 1 1 1 1 1
( 2 , , 3 ) w x y y x y + + &
2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2 , , 3 ) w x y y x y + +
| |
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2( ), ( ), ( ) 3( ) w w x x y y y y x x y y V + = + + + + + + + e
Scalar multiplication

1 1 1 1 1 1
( 2 , , 3 ) w x y y x y o o = + +

1 1 1 1 1 1
( 2 , , 3 ) w x y y x y V o o o o o o o = + + e
W is a subspace of V
b)
i). A set of vectors (
1 2
( , ,..........., )
n
u u u is said to be linearly dependent if there
exist real numbers
1 2
( , ,.........., )
n
o o o not all zero, such that
1 1 2 2
.......... 0
n n
u u u o o o + + + =
ii). A set of vectors (
1 2
( , ,..........., )
n
u u u is said to be linearly independent only
when
1 2
( , ,.........., )
n
o o o all are zero, such that
1 1 2 2
.......... 0
n n
u u u o o o + + + =
c).
ii) (1, 2, 2) (1, 2, 2) (1,0,1) 0 o | + + =
( ) 0 1 o | + + =
( ) 2 2 0 2 o | =
( ) 2 2 0 3 o | + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 1 0 4 by o | + =
( ) ( ) 2 4 2 0 by | =
0 o =
0 =
These vectors are linearly independent.
ii). Step 1

1
1
1
(1, 2, 2) 1 2 2
, ,
3 3 3 3
u
v
u
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Step 2

2 1 2
2
2 1 2


u proj w u
v
u proj w u

2 1 2 2 2 1 1
( . ) u proj w u u u v v =
( )
1
(1, 2, 2) 1, 2, 2
3
=
( )
1
2, 4, 4
3
=
( )
2
2
1, 2, 2
3
v =
Step 3

3 2 3
3
3 2 3


u proj w u
v
u proj w u

3 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 2 2
( . ) ( . ) u proj w u u u v v u u v v = +
( )
1 1 2 2 2
(1, 0,1) , 1, 2, 2
3 3 3 3 3
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
1
0, 2, 3
3
=
( )
3
2
1, 2, 2
3
v =
d).
1 1 0
1 1
1 0 1
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Let 1 o = & 1 | =
( ) ( ) ( ) T u v T u T v o | o | + = +

0 1 1
1 ( 1)
1 1 0
T T T
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


2 1
1 ( 1)
0 0
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .


1
1
| |
=
|

\ .


10) a).
|
|
|
.
|

\
|



=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
3 4 2
4 7 6
2 6 8
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3 4 2
4 7 6
2 6 8
I A
= ( )( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | | + + 7 2 24 2 3 6 8 6 16 3 7 8
= ( )| | | | | | + + + + 2 14 24 2 6 18 8 6 16 10 21 8
2

= + + + + + 4 20 36 60 10 5 8 8 40
3 2 2

= 0 45 18
2 3
= +
Characteristic equation of A is 0 45 18
2 3
= +
( ) 0 45 18
2
= +
( )( ) 0 15 3 =
eigen values are 15 , 3 , 0 =
b). Let
a
b
c
(
(
(
(

be a vector corresponding = 0
When 0 = AX = X

8 6 2
6 7 4 0
2 4 3
a a
b b
c c
| || | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ .\ . \ .


x z
x y
c b a
c b a
c b a
2
2
0 3 4 2
0 4 7 6
0 2 6 8
=
=

= +
= +
= +


1
2 2
2 2
a a
b a a
c a
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Eigen vector of A corresponding
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
1
; 0
When 3 = AX=X

8 6 2
6 7 4 3
2 4 3
a a
b b
c c
| || | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ .\ . \ .


8 6 2 3
1
6 7 4 3
2
a
2 4 3 3
a b c a
b a
a b c b
c
a b c c
+ =
=

+ =
`

=
+ =
)



2
1 1
1
2 2
2
a
a
b a a
c
a
| |
| | | |
|
| |
|
= =
| |
|
| |

| \ . \ .

\ .

Eigen vector of A corresponding to
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 -
1
2
; 3
When = 15 AX = X

8 6 2
6 7 4 15
2 4 3
a a
b b
c c
| || | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ .\ . \ .


8 6 2 15
6 7 4 15
1
2 4 3 15
2
a b c a
b a
a b c b
c a
a b c c
+ =
=

+ =
`
=

+ =
)


2
2 2
1 1
2
a a
b a a
c
a
| |
|
| | | |
|
| |
= =
|
| |
| | |
\ . \ .
|
\ .

Eigen vector of A corresponding to
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2 -
2
; 15
Then eigen vectors
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
2
2
,
2
1
2
,
2
2
1
are lineally independent vectors
A is diagonalizable

c). Let
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
P
27 P =

|
|
|
.
|

\
|



=

3 6 6
6 3 6
6 6 3
1
1
P
P
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

3 6 6
6 3 6
6 6 3
27
1


|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|

1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
3 4 2
4 7 6
2 6 8
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
9
1
AP P

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|

15 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 0
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
15 30 30
6 3 6
0 0 0
9
1



d).
1
S P AP

=

2 1
S P AP.S

=

2 1 1
S P AP.P AP

=

2 1 2
S P A IP

=

2 1 2
S P A P

=

2 1 2
S .S P A P.S

=

3 1 2
S P A P.S

=

3 1 3
S P A IP

=

3 1 3
S P A P

=

3 1 3
S .S P A P.S

=

4 1 3 1
S P A P.P .A.P

=
=
1 4
P A IP

4 1 4
S P A P

=
Therefore can be written

n 1 n
S P A P

=

(e)
( ) Q
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 3
x =8x -12x x +4x x - 8x x +7x +3x
Given quadratic form is Q( ) x ,
( ) ( )
2 4 0
Q 4 0 4
0 4 2
1
1 2 3 2
3
x
x x , x , x x
x
( (
( (
=
( (
( (


The new quadratic form is Q(y) ,
( )
1 0 0
Q(y) 0 2 0
0 0 4
1
1 2 3 2
3
y
y , y , y y
y
( (
( (
=
( (
( (


Hence
2 2 2
2 3
Q(y) 2 4
1
y y y = + +
But given
2 2 2
Q(y)
1 1 2 2 3 1
a y a y a y = + +
Considering the coefficient of above two equations, we have,

1 2 3
1, 2, 4 a a a = = =