Dimasa people

The Dimasa people (or Dima-basa, and also called Dimasa-Kachari) are a group of people in Assam, in northeastern India Dimasa mythology says they are the children of Bangla Raja and the great divine bird

Arikhidima. Bangla Raja's six sonsSibrai,Doo Raja,Naikhu Raja,Waa Raja,Gunyung Brai Yung,and Hamyadaoand Arikhidima are their ancestors,and in Dimasa belief,are ancestral gods.They are called Madai in Dimasa. Evil spirits born of the seven eggs of Arikhidima are responsible for disease, suffering and natural calamities. Dimasa is short for Aarikhidimasa-Khidima-Dimasa. The Dimasa lived along river banks and coasts in and near Kachar (Kachari). while Dimasa was lived in Di-Bodo> Ti-bodo>Tibet area, they were called as Bud or Bodo. Bodosa clan has in Dimasa kachari, he was a first king in Dimasa community. Bodo Kachari is the offspring of Bodo Raja. Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand moons (Lunar months) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe drought. After a long wandering, they settled at Di-laobra Sangibra, the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Sangi or Di-tsang. There they held a great assembly. The place is the present West bengal area where River ganga and Brahmaputra's confluence, where the Kacharis established their first Seat. Over time, their kingdom over large territories. The Dimasa The Dimasa are part of the greater Kachari groupone of the ancient Kachari tribes. They live mostly in the northern half of the Dima Hasao District, an administrative district of the Indian state of Assam that includes the ravines of the Jatinga valley and adjoining land. The name 'Dimasa' most probably stands for "children of the big river," referring to the Brahmaputra. Kacharis appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of north eastern India. Most independent tribal communities in this region are of Kachari origin. The Boro, Rabha, Sonowal, Thengal, Dimasa, Garo, Hajong, Deori, Sutiya, Tiwa or Lalung, Hojai, Barman of Kachar, Trippra, mech, rukkini barman of hailakandi and karimganj etc. are all of Kachari origin. Distribution

Dimasa Kachari are mainly found in the present-day Dima Hasao District (Old name "North Cachar Hills") of Assam. They also have a sizable population in Dima Hasao and Nowgong Districts of the State. In Dima Hasao, following the formal conversion of their king Krishnachandra to Hinduism the ordinary Dimasas have largely adopted Hinduism. These new converts to Hinduism are called Burman of Kachar. On the other hand in Nowgong District the Dimasas have come under the influence of Assamese Vishnavism, and there they are called Hojai (Hojai is also a name of a Dimasa male clan. This term is also stands for the priest). In Dima Hasao, a section of the Dimasas is confined within the historical village named Semkhor, and eventually become a separate group of Kacharis called the Semsa Kachari. History of Kacharis History of Kachari is nothing but the History of Dimasa Kachari.Kacharis being one of the indigenous tribe of India's North and North-East, their history is quite old. In the Mahabharata and other ancient Hindu scriptures there are mention about the foothill dwellers of the Great Himalayas called Kiratas. The term Kirata stands for Mongoloid racial communities, but some historian believed that it indicates Kacharis. The earliest Kachari settlements were in the foothills of the Himalayas. From there they moved to the Brahmaputra valley with their Capital at Kamruli Kamrupa. Sir Edward Gait in his History of Assam (1906) is of the opinion that the Kacharis were the aborigines or earliest inhabitants of the Brahmaputra valley. After hundreds of years of rule in the Brahmaputra valley, a bulk of this race due to socio-political turmoil, were believed to have migrated south of the Brahmaputra and settled in the areas of the present Sadiya of Assam after crossing the mighty river by planning of cane bridge, probably the Brahmaputra. This section is now known as 'Dimasa' etymologically 'the children of the great river' (di = water, ma = big, sa = children)(see Bordoloi 1988, Gait 1906).

Facing Ahom aggression, they further migrated toward south, on to the Dhansiri valley and established their capital at Dimapur presently in the state of Nagaland after a short stint at Kachomari about forty kilometers from Dimapur. It was here that the Kacharis undertook an arduous task of state building and flourished for several hundred years till 1536 when they shifted their capital to Maibang at the present day district of Dima Hasao (Old name "North Cachar Hills") of Assam. Historical relics of Kachari royaldome still exist in and around Dimapur, particularly in the Dimapur fort called Kachari Rajbari in spite of the constant ravages of human encroachment, show that the Kacharis at that period had attained a state of the result of bricks making. Among the large tanks Podum Pukhuri, Bangle Pukhuri, Bamun Pukhuri, Raj Pukhuri, Jor Pukhuri and others. still survive to this day. It is said in one folklore that during the fight with Ahom, The Kachari King had dumped gold and other precious metals in some of these tanks and believed to have told his subject that long after he left, a day would come when a male Mithun would come from the hills and dig up this gold by its horn, which would weigh mound (about 240 kg) and that would be the time when Kacharis rise again and prosper. The Dimapur reign of the thirteen-century extended along the southern bank of the Brahmaputra, from the Dikhow river in the east to Kalang in the west and Dhansiri valley. Historian are not in the position to tell the exact date of establishment of the Kacharis capital at Dimapur. However, according to a Kachari tradition, the Muli bamboo( Wa-thi) flowered once after ever fifty years and during the region of the Kachari Kings at Dimapur these flowered nine times This means that they had ruled for 450 years at Dimapur, and since the Kacharis shifted their capital to Maibang in 1536 Kacharis had established Dimapur approximately in 1087. This had been elaborated rightly by S.R. Thaosen. A Dimasa Scholar in his own right, in his article. This fact becomes more vivid by the fact that when Ahoms invasion too place in this region in 1228. Dimapur was said to flourishing at its full heights. For, it must have taken at least hundred years for the King to build his state.

The beginning of the end of glorious Rule of the Kacharis at Dimapur began with the advent of the Ahoms in the upper Brahmaputra by the close of the fifteenth century. The expansionist behavior of the Ahoms lead to constant hostilities between the two. Thus in the year 1490 the major battle was in which the Ahoms were completely routed and their Chief Chuhenpha was humiliated and forced to sue for peace. However peace did not last for long as the Ahoms intruded into the Kachari territory and set up a fort at Morangi(near the present Jorhat)and thus the battle ensued in 1526 AD and the Ahoms were again totally defeated and pushed back beyond the Dikhow river, which became the natural boundary between the two principalities for some years. Meanwhile when the Ahoms kept on consolidating their army, the Kacharis, emboldened by previous successes, became complacent and neglected the security affairs of their country. Taking advantage of this, the Ahoms forgot their numerous humiliating defeat in the past and again broke their peace treaty with the Kacharis and set up a fort at Morangi and thus another battle ensued and the Kacharis were finally defeated due to superior number of army. A Kachari folk tale says that the Ahom army rode on cows during this battle, which shocked the Kachari army, since killing cows would be a defilement. The Kacharis, particularly the Dimasas of that period, considered cows gushu (impure). Only later, after they embraced Brahmanical Hinduism, did they believe cows sacred . After defeating the Kacharis monarch Khunkradao Raja, the Ahoms installed Dehtsung, the kings brother, as Dimapur King on condition of allegiance to the Ahoms ruler. However, within a few years the Kachari king revolted and refused to pay tribute to the Ahoms ruler and thus another battle became inevitable and in 1536 another fierce battle was fought. The Kachari King was defeated. The survivors of the ruling clan along with loyal subjects thereafter shifted their capital to Maibang. From Dimapur, the royal family of Kachari in their last lag of migration moved to Kashpur of Kachar district of Assam. The Kachari kingdom finally annexed by the British East India co. along with Assam following Yandabu Treaty.

Dimapur-the seat of ancient Kachari civilization Situated on the banks of the river Dhansiri, (originally known as Dongsiri meaning a ravine of peaceful habitation) Dimapur, often described as the Brick City by European scholars and also by the Ahoms, was the ancient capital of a ruling nation, the Kacharis, who were once a powerful and predominant race in the Entire North-East India region particularly the Brahmaputra Valley. There are two versions of how Dimapur got its name. Many writers are of the opinion that the name Dimapur was derived from Kachari words Di-meaning water, Mameaning big and Pur-meaning city or township in Dimasa dialogue. while other believe that Dimapur is a corruption of Hidimbapur , meaning the city of Hidimba of Mahabharata fame whose wedlock with Pandava prince Bhima gave birth to Ghotokacha, who is believed to be the progenitor of the Kacharis. Later Hidimbapur devolved to Dimbapur and then finally to Dimapur. In some Kachari folklores Dimapur is often referred as Dimabang Halali, which implies that Dimapur was originally known by that name but was Sanskritized later by the Brahmins. In Ahom Chronicles Dimapur has been described as Che-din-chi-pen (town-earth-burn-make) meaning brick town or Che-Dima meaning town of Dimasa The seat of capital of Dimapur Kingdom was originally surrounded by bricks walls of four feet wide, sixteen feet high with outer ditch running alongside the walls of sixteen feet width and twelve feet in depth except on the southern side where the river Dhansiri served as the natural ditch. On the eastern side there was a fine solid gateway with brick masonry of pointed double arcs. The gate was secured by double heavy doors hinged in pierced upright setting of solid stone blocks. At both ends of the battlement there were turrets of half quadrant shape and in between the arc-way and the turrets were niches resembling ornamental windows. On both sides above the arc there were symbolic works of sun flower. There were originally inset by bright brass coating and could be seen dazzling from the great distance.

Inside the fortified city, there were seventeen artistic stone pillars. These stone monuments were decorated with carvings of foliage, flowers, familiar animals and birds but nowhere any human images of gods and goddesses were seen. These implied that the Kacharis were free of Hindu influence at that time. These monoliths are believed to be lineal monuments of the ruling kings of Dimapur. The biggest of them was seventeen feet high and twenty four feet in circumference and was said to be memorial of the greatest Dimapur ruler Makardhwaj (probably Khungkradoa Raja who was given sanskritized name by Brahmins later) in whose time the traditional glory of the Kachari Kingdom rose to its climax and during whose time the conquests were made of Manipur and Burma by Dehmalu, the greatest warlord of the Kacharis. Also during this period, heroes like Rangadao ( Who was given the southern part of Dimapur, Ranga Pathar after his name), Degadao and mystic heroines like Waringma, Waibangma flourished in war affairs and mysticism. Other V-shape stone monuments seventeen in numbers indicated seventeen royal clans of the Kachari Aristocracy a term used by Dr. Francis Hamilton, a renowned scholar of the Kachari Royal Clan. Shri Sk. Barpujari in his book History of the Dimasa and some writers opined that the Kachari Kings to commemorated their Victory over other tribesman, erected moonlights of different shapes indicating the different traditions of the vanquished tribes. This tradition of carving victory memorial is in vogue hill tribes and it is possible that the Kachari kings might have followed the tradition of these tribes hhhand it is possible that the Kachari kings might have followed the tradition of this tribes for administrative interest. Dr H. Bareh in the Gazetteer of India writes that the oblong V-Shaped stone pillars closely correspond to the similarly V-Shaped post protruding from the roof of the house of wealthy Angamis The tallest and largest megalith, which lies isolated from others and has a unique Sultanate style, is believed to have been erected by the founder king of Dimapur, who after vanquishing the tribes all around made his triumphal tower to commemorate his victory and this became a tradition

setter. In and around this old city, large number of tanks over fifty in number existed, although most of them have since either dried up or have been destroyed by reckless human encroachment without an iota of respect for the history. These tanks were believed to be either dug by the kings for providing water supply to their people or might have resulted due to brick making, as pieces of old bricks could still be found in and around these tanks and, as has been mentioned earlier, Dimapur was known for use of bricks. Most of large tanks are rectangular and have a hardwood seasoned poles planted deep at the centre of the tanks, which have lasted for hundreds of years. Others are of irregular shapes without any such wooden poles. Inference in that, the former ones might have been dug by the kings for water supply and the later were habitation as Digjo Dijua meaning cut off from main river or stream and this tradition is still in vogue, and this area covers Dimapur and Kachari inhabited areas of Karbi Anglong District of Assam in the Dhansiri valley. The present Dimapur is the commercial capital of Nagaland and is one of the fastest growing townships in the entire North-east region. But irony is, in the name of the modernity and development, this ancient city of Dimapur, whose historical relics finds a place in the World. Heritage is being gradually destroyed of its rich history by reckless human greed, and total destruction of its rich heritage is only a question of time. Religion According to the 2001 Census of India, more than 98% of all Dimasa living in Assam are Hindu[1]. Religion: Spiritual - In a Dimasa society, it is believed spiritual life, Spirit is a soul. Dimasa believe traditionally the re-birth of soul after death. Religion: Dimasa believe that they are the children of Bangla Raja and the great divine bird Aarikhidima. The six sons namely- Sibrai, Doo Raja, Naikhu Raja, Waa Raja, Gunyung Brai Yung, Hamyadao born to Bangla Raja and Arikhidima are their ancestors and the Dimasa consider them to be their ancestral gods. They are called Madai in Dimasa. The evil spirits born out of the seventh eggs of Arikhidima are responsible for the diseases, sufferings and natural

calamities. Many Dimasa consider themselves to be Hindus although they have their traditional gods and goddesses. Among the six ancestral gods, Sibrai being the oldest is the most important and even worship his name is to be uttered first. Sibrai is equated with Hindu Siva and Ranchandi with Parbati or Kali. The Diamsa also believe that Matengma, Hirimdi and Kamakhya are other names of Ranchandi. The whole Dimasa kingdom in bygone days was divided into twelve religious areas called Daikho. There are twelve priests for twelve Daikhos. The priest of a Daikho is called Zonthai is all in all. His authority is undisputed and above Zonthai is called Zonthaima. Dain-yah is for sacrificed animal. Hojai is performing the puja over the twelve Zonthais of twelve Daikhos, there is a principal priest or chief priest called Gisiya. The selected person will get the Zonthaiship only when Gisiya offers him holy water called Dithar(Di-gathar). The Dimasa concept of heaven and hell is also very faint. according to their belief Firinghi is heaven, Damra is the land for the dead where the dead persons retain their original form. Manner is a human virtue inherent in mans character, also and passed from father to son and mother to daughter. In Dimasa, the village system is called Nohlai meaning a cluster of houses and the whole village with its population is called Raji. Dimasa tend to live on river banks and next to streams. Therefore, Dimasa Kachari villages are on hills, with thirty to fifty, though sometimes (rarely) as many as four hundred houses. The houses are built in two facing rows. The houses, with a timber superstructure, mud-plustered bamboo walls, and thatched roof are called Noh-Dima. Each families in a village has a few fruit treeslike Guava, mango, Jack fruit, plaintain and others. The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers. He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next

to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao. Dimasa houses use a floor plan called Noh-Dima that partitions the structure into a drawing room, sleeping room, kitchen room, and granary. A place for pounding rice is called Thengkhikho in Dimasa. Santho-rimin is another kind of pounding rice place. Dimasa use a household article like to keep water used the bamboo and for cooking use silver utensil,spoon made of wood and Dish made of wood and banana leaf and other, a house for latrin, bath room and others also. The village, earlier in Dimasa society, there is grouping system of houses which is called punji which consisted of one a place around. Nohdrang named in Dimasa called club is placed in the middle or centre in the village or punji. The road communication is contact from the village to centre i.e. market, shop, town and another place. In the socio-economic life of the Dimasa, the role played by livestock is of great significance. Domesticated animals and birds are not only required during the celebration of socio-religion festivals and performance of rituals but required for Domestic consumption and sometimes for commercials purpose also. The Dimasa Kachari rears Buffalo,Pigs, Fowls, Goats, Ducks, Cows and others. Many stone monoliths are lying scattered at Kachomari pathar on the Daiyang river in Golaghat district Assam, bears the triumphant victory in the battles many times by Dimasa King from 13th century. The remains of the palatial buildings, the traditional capital gateway and the decorative art of architecture, geometric and floral ornamentation found in these relics are marvelous. The sculptural design of animals and birds on the pillars at Dimapur by Raja Makardwaj Thousen in tenth century show clearly the state of cultural development of the Dimasa Kachari. Many erected ramparts, temples were not seen at capital complex Dimapur due to the destruction by Ahom period in 1536. Stone house was erected at Maibang by Raja Harish Chandra Hasnusa in 16th century. Stone inscription was installed at capital gate of Maibang by Raja Meghanarayan Hasnusa and statue of Horse is not worthable. Numerous temples of Garhere vitor, Khasputr and

Singhadowar of Khaspur both palaces of Queen Indraprava Devi were erected by Dimaraja in 18th century bear the cultural of that time. Economy: Agricultural is the principal occupation and main source of livelihood of the Diamsa Kacharis. Dimasa were compelled to adopt shifting cultivation, commonly known as jhum, in hilly areas. Tracts of plains land suitable for permanent cultivation lying here and there between the ridges are very few. The Dimasa mainly cultivate maize, sesame, cotton and others. Many Dimasa families cultivate pineapples, oranges, cotton and mustars to a limited extent. In the jhum site itself a house to store the harvested paddy is erected and this house is called Mandu. Bibas meaning is to be applied to a boys and girls to carry the paddy to his own house from the keeping Mandu. Custom: As Dimasa Kachari have both male clan and female clans their law inheritance is somewhat peculiar in nature. The Dimasa have a patriarchal society. But in spite of that they have three types of property namely paternal property, maternal property and common property. The paternal property consists of real estates, weapons, cash money and the cattle. The maternal or mothers property consists of jewellery, clothes and looms with their accessories used by the mother. The common property consists of the cooking utensil, brass-metal dishes and bowls and other household equipment. According to the customary law of inheritance of the Dimasa, while the paternal property is inherited by the sons, the maternal property is inherited by the daughters and common property is shared by the sons and daughters equally. Festival Bishu is an important festival celebrated by Dimasa with the celebration of great pomp and splenduor among the Dimasa. Bishu is celebrated after completion of harvest. Bishu, the word gives the meaning such as Brai-Sibrai or Shiva is a supreme God in Dimasa society. So, in this way, the entire harvesting new paddy offer first to the Brai sibrai madai for peace of the human kind is called Bishu. It means Bi means pray and Shu means asking the peace in the world. Fangsla, an artistically

designed gate, is erected at the village entrance for the Bishu festival. Bishu has a three kind namely Surem Bishu observe for three or five days, Hangseu manaoba Bishu is observed for seven days and Jidab Bishu is for only one day. Gajaibao is selected as a head of the festival. He is conduct all the festival. Meats of the animals and birds killed are consume in a communal feast on the very day. Bishu is followed by singing accopaniment of playing by dancing of Kharams (Drums), Muri, the wooden buggle continues first to third days without stop. Man and woman, Boys and Girls and others with their traditional dress spends whole night by dancing in the festivals. In the afternoon local games like long jump, high jump, stone throw is organised in front of Nodrang in last day. Bishu garba is conducted by the Khunang with elders. Any chief guest, invited guest has to be welcome by playing the Muri and Kharam in any occasion in Dimasa society. Among the festivals of the Dimasa, Bishu is the gayest and the most important community festival. The festival is usually celebrated in the month of January, when all sort or Works of the jhum are completed. Thus the Bishu is an occasion for relaxation from hard toils. It can, therefore be termed as harvesting festival or a festival of rejoicing and merry making. Hence the participation in this celebration is not restricted to any one. The festival may be celebration at an agreed time according to the convenience of the village people. But since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27th January as Bishu festival day. The grand Bishu festival may be divided into three categories:- Bishu Jidap : When the Bishu is celebrated for three days, it is called Jidap Surem Baino : If it is observed for five days, it is called Surem Baino Hangseu Manaoba : When it is observed for seven days it is called Hangseu Manaoba In all festivities they used to make a heihho (Haoba) as to mark the grand festivities and ceremony. Let us give in details the following categories:Bishu Jidap:

Bishu Jidap is generally observed for three days. It is celebrated under the guidance of the leadership of the Khunnag or Gaonbura. The first day is called mi-staiba meaning slaughtering day of animals for feast. The animal is slaughtered in the morning and in the afternoon they held a community feast called Khalaima khamba in the house of Khunang. When the sun goes down the competition called Baiba Bdailaiba consisting of singing, dancing and playing musical instruments of Muree are held in the court yard of the bachelors traditional house called Nodrang. The bonfire is lit in the middle of the dancing ground which lightens the ground and serves to warm up them selves from the cold night. The best dancers and Muree players are given prizes. The whole night is then passed in dancing and merry making. The second day is called Bishuma, meaning the main Bishu day. It is on this day the children or juniors pay respect and adoration, to their parents or elders. It is done individually or collectively. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called Bishu Gaba, and is usually undertaken before the mid noon. The whole day passed in eating meat and drinking rice beer. In the afternoon the traditional long-jump called Harang baiba and Shot-put or longthailemba are played in a particular selected level area. The game is meant only for the senior married persons, naturally householder. Interestingly the declared hero or winner has to entertain the villagers with rice beer and meat. On the third and last day young boys and young girls pay a house to house visit by singing and dancing in the courtyard of the selected well to do persons of the village. Whatever they collect either in cash or in kind from this process is eventually used for their feast. In the evening or at the dawn of the morning according to the instructions of the village priest they end their dance and playing musical instruments. On behalf of his village the priest then perform Gerba on the main road of the village by sacrificing a fowl to the deity of the village for omissions and commission during the festivals. This is called Lamphungba, and by sacrificing this ritual means the end of the festival. Surem Baino

It is generally celebrated for five days. Surem Baino, unlike the Bishu Jidap, is celebrated under the guidance of Gajaibao not of the Khunang or Gaonbura. When a village is supposed to observe the Surem Baino, they would have to elect or select the Gajaibao or leader or guardian for it long before the celebration. The Bishu celebration is then undertaken in the courtyard of Gajaibao. The function like dancing, singing is also held in the compound of Gajaibaos whereas in the jidap they observe in the Nodrang. These are the differences between Jidap and Surem Baino. Hangseu Manaoba The Bishu, the most joyous festival of the Dimasas are celebrated widely through its stages of Jidap or Surem. But the third and the grandest category Hangseu Manaoba is mostly celebrated by a large village where there are large numbers of Hangseu or youths. As Haangseu Manaoba is to be celebrated for seven days or seven nights without stopping of the Khrams (drums) and Muree (trumpet), music, dance, feasting and drinking, therefore the undertaking of this particular category needs a sound economy and healthy background of the village. Due to this the youths take initiative to collect fund long before its celebration. They therefore sometimes engaged as day labourers in the jhum of their fellow farmers for fund raising. Some village youths sometime even make a special jhum for this purpose and thus produce like vegetables, pumpkins, chillies, paddy and others. which are used for the occasion. Provision for sufficient quantities of meat, and rice beerZudima, Plantain leafs, Pontho-bamboo cups, firewood for the whole nights bonfire as well as for cooking for the whole seven days have to be making by the youths accordingly. Bishu being termed as community festival of merriment, generally the entire responsibility of the celebration is borne by the youths of the village. Throughout the celebration period the village people observe holidays called Gerba, meaning restricted holiday. During the celebration of Bishu the village people do not go out for work or take up any kind of journey. Each and every one has to try their level best not to spoil the festivity spirit but to celebrate in its fullest way, which ought to be made. It is in this Hangseu

Manaoba as a mark of festivities and reception; the youths use to erect the traditional welcome gate called Fangsla, at the main entrance gate of the village. The Fangsla is wholly constructed with a bamboo, which is artistically designed and decorated with a splattered bamboo itself. In the by one days the Fangsla is supposed to be constructed only during the Hangseu Bishu, not on the surem or jidap. But now a day, whether it is Jidap or Surem, one can see the Fangsla in the celebration of Bishu, especially in the urban areas. The celebration of Hangseu Manaoba is led under the guidance of selected leader Gajaibao. Besides this leader, they also have boys leader called Nagahoja and girls leader called Mathlahoja. In Dimasa, young boys or men are called Nagarao and young girls or women are called Mathlarao. Hangseu or Hangso is a youth organization of which both the Nagarao and Mathlarao are members. They therefore work hard day and night under the guidance of the said three leaders to make the Hangseu Manaoba Bishu a grand success. First Day :The first day is called Hangseu Bishu Rajini Sthaiba, which means the slaughtering day of animals by the village elders. In the morning g the village deities are pacified by offering sacrifices either pigs, fowls or goats by the elders group. As each village has its own patron Madais, it therefore, is difficult to mention the names of the Madais here to whom the people would offer. But in every ritual Sibrai is remembered, as he is specially considered as the main deity of the Dimasa. The Madais are offered sacrifices to bless the celebration of the festival so that no accident or untoward incidents take place during the time of celebration. After the ritual ceremony is over a portion of the sacrificial meat are then cook in the house of Khunang or Gajaibao, and the rest are distributed to each household as per their contribution. Then the village elder would feast together by eating the meat and drinking the rice beer. The youths and children are not allowed to join this feast, it is purely sacramental one. This is called Mido garba. Second Day : The second day is called Nagaraoni Sithaiba, which means slaughtering day of the animals by the youths. In the morning the buffalo which was solely bough by the Hangseus or youth members is killed and prepared a portion of the meat for their grand feast and the rest are distributed to each Hangso members. Before they eat the cook meat, a handful of the

meat curry is offered to the deity Sibrai. While offering the meat to Sibrai, the following sacred songs are pronounced by one and all, so that they could have a blessed Bishu. Ning mijing Ang mijing sain-maiya, Sibrai ribani sain-maiba, Sainjora dohjijang sain-maiba, Horjra dohjijang hor-maiba, Waimusa gelekbo diodanang Dimusa gelekbo didanang Baithelik baihining lailadi adungrao Lu thilik luhi ning, lailadi ajangrao. Not by our wishes, But, because of Sibrai we see this day, Let us make merry and be happy, as this day comes only but once. After one and all saying the above songs, on behalf of the Bishu leader (Gajaibao), and Hangsong youths` association they hold a community feast called Suba jiba. The whole day they eat, drink and rejoice. In the evening, when the sun is about to set, the youths hold a community singing fiesta called Bagaoba. The song is sung generally in a position of standing in lines in a procession type in the open space as if they

recharged the spirit of festivity in their midst. The following song is one of the oldest songs of the Hangseu Bishu, which is believed to have its origin from the Zeme Princess. (It is said that once a Dimasa Prince married a Zeme girl which is traditionally considered to be the source of this song). Hangso Manaubani Bagauthai Baoring jiwang jingswe, Araonjai baoring jiwang jingse Jiwang jingse sonai soni wangselei Jawring gainlao aki hangmai gao, Heleo ronjai mairing gede gom Aki longo kilong longba meser, Gesemsa lairui nihangloba meser, Gesemsa lairui lai. Sengmai gaomai senem bamse, Baigaoke atem maigao, Goke naisong naigaoyalao, Semringpake ningrimjen atem Baujailang. This procession is held to call the people to participate in the festival forgiving debts and forgetting grievances, differences and enmity. The second day ends in eating. Drinking and in entertaining guests, friends

and relatives. Third Day : The third day is called Bishuma. It is considered as the main Bishu day. One this day the children or juniors show respect to their elders and pay ceremonial homage to the elders and offer a Bishu present like a handful of cook meat and a cup full of rice beer. It is done individually or collectively and is usually undertaken within the 12 noon. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called Bishu Gaba. One this day not only pay homage to the living but they also pay homage to the spirits of the dead of the preceding year. This last offering of food and drink to the dead homage ritual is known as Makhamgarkhaoba. A community feast is also arranged on this day. Every family entertained people in the house with a handful of meat in a plantain and a bamboo cup of Zu. In the afternoon the badailaiba or traditional sports like longthailemba meaning stone throwing and harong baiba meaning long-jump for the elders are held. The winners are sometimes given prizes by the selected persons like maidung and beseng. (maidung and beseng are the two persons, 1st and 2nd in rank who got more paddy than the others in the preceding year) but traditionally, it is expected that the donations whether in cash or in kind may be used for the feast. These competitions, held in the spirit of friendship and understanding, are meant to entertain and the people have fun and laugh. When the sun goes down, on the courtyard of the Gajaibao a bonfire is lit to warm up from the breezy cold night or to lighten the dancing ground. The young boys and girls, men and women then put on their best traditional dresses and ornaments to take part in the famous Baiba dance. They perform various kinds of dances like Baidima, Jaupinbani, Daislaibani, Jaubani, etc. The good dancers are given prizes. The boys and girls merrily dance together to the music of Kharam and Muree throughout the night, while old men and women and children assembled to witness the gleeful dance of the youths. While watching the skill of their young ones, old men, old women sometimes recalling their sweet bygone days even join the dance for a while just for mirth and fun. A gallon of drinks like Zu and Zudima in a bamboo tube and a bundle peace of meat in a wrapped-up leaf plate are served to them now and then. Drinks are an essential part of the festival and are distributed in fresh pontho (bamboo tube cups) while meat is served in

plaintive leaves. While the old aged group cannot take part in the entertainment, they gather in a Khunang house sitting around the fireplace, chatting, joking and tell stories, drinking, eating to their hearts` content. This is how the third day and night passes by. Fourth to Sixth days : The fourth, fifth and sixth days are called Baikhaoba or Jikhaoba. On these days too community feast are held. The days are spent mainly in eating, drinking, singing and dancing and merrymaking. People go from house to house to share the joy of the festivity and each family provides them with ample food and drinks by each family. During these days they will perform the dances in the court yard of the selected well to do family and to the leaders house. This is called Baisingba. This Social festivity continues till sixth noon. In the morning of the sixth day the youth go round the village singing, dancing and playing music. This is called digarlaiba. For the last dance, they again assembled in the dancing ground by performing the dance in merry go round. In the middle of the arena they made a pothole in the ground and let a pitchful of water and the blood of an earlier sacrificial buffalo, and make watery muddy for playing purposes. After singing and dancing for sometime the dancers, children along with their bachelors leader Nagahoja or Mathlahoja facing to the main door of the house of Gajaibao (Hangseu Bishu Leader)and proceed as if in the coming and going for three times. In the same time some youths behave like monkeys and pull out the main door of the Gaijaibao`s house replace it the new one. Pulling out the door may symbolize the end of the Gajaibao`s responsibility. This is known as derga khouma, meaning the door id pulled off. The pulled door was then carried in procession to the river. During the procession they throw the prepared watery muddy at each other in a playful way. This kind of playing with mud is known as Didap Hulaiba. As soon as they each the river the door is thrown in to the water and everyone takes their bath. This simply signifies that the festival has comes to an end. Idea: Dimasa has a concept and idea to uplight his own society. It has an education for preparation of intellectual. Dimasa has a conception of philosophy to rebirth the soul. Social: A Dimasa family generally

consists of the head of the family, his wife, their unmarried son and daughter and unmarried brothers and sisters of the family. Dimasa Kachari has forty male clans called Sengphong and forty two female clan called Julu. The Dimasa society has a own society system of marriage. Existence of female clans along with the male can makes the Dimasa marriage somewhat complicated. The male clans and female clans are exogamous and no marriage can take place between the boys and the girls of the same clan whether be it patri clan or matri clan and however distantly related they might be i.e. A boy belong to Kemprai clan (Patri clan can never marry a girl of a Kemprai father although they might be very distantly related. The same principal is followed in case of the female clan also i.e. a girl belong to madaima mother.) The Ritual performance: The Dimasa have a place cremation ground called Mangkhulong. Dimasa cremate the dead body after death. The ritual performance has to be conducted after 12th days by Bramin rarely. But in olden times and days, this performance has to be conducted after one month or a year gathering all relation and others. Dress & Ornaments Germants: Dimasa Kacharis,being a colourful tribe, have their own traditional dresses. A Dimasa man wears a Rhisa about a metre in breadth as a Dutti. It is generally deep green coloured. Sometimes white Rhisa is used by a man. Besides a shirt he uses a chadar called Rhimsao also. He uses also cotton or Endi-silk. Sagaopha or Turban on his head when he goes out of his village, a Dimasa woman puts on a skirt like Mekhela called Rhigo. It is either made of cotton or endi-silk. The Rhigo may be white or coloured covers her body from waist to knee below. For covering the upper part of her body. She uses a piece of cloth called Rhijamphain. It is used as a chadar. The girls at the time of dancing use a special type of chadar called Rhikhaosa. Dimasa woman weave many designable cloth called Batho rhimai and others. Ornaments: The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik. The woman are the habitual users of ornaments i.e.

Phowal-a necklace made of silver, Khamaothai-earring made of gold, Chandrawal- silver necklace, Rangbarsa-necklace made of coin, Khadua heavy braclet made of silver, Eansidam-a nose ring made of silver, Liksim- a necklece of red beads and Jonsham- a necklace of ordinary beads collected from the forest. The males put on the traditional dresses like rhisa, rhithap, khaodam(shirt), rhikhaosa, Sagaopha(Phaguriheadgear), rhemsao and rhemsao-rhemai. The females put on Rhigu, Rhijamphain, Rhijamphain-beren, Rhikhaosa, Rhikhro, Jingsudu, etc. and wear ornaments like Khadudima, Khadu, Khamauthai, Longbar, Panlaubar, Chandrawal, Rangborsa, Enggrasha, Jongsama, Ligjao, Jingbri, Yaoshidam and others. Dances The dance forms of the Dimasa Kacharis are complex in character. They are strictly dependent on instrumental music. No songs are used. Khram (drum) follows the rhythm of the Muri (fife) and so also the dancers. Though one may find the music from Muri to be monotonous, there are variations with noticeable microtones for different dance forms. That is why young men practice dancing at Nadrang during leisure hours and the village children follow the rhythm and stepping at a distance from an early age. Bodo people The Bodos (pronounced BO-ros) are an ethnic and linguistic community, early settlers of Assam in the North-East part of India. According to the 1991 census, there were 1.2 million Bodos in Assam which makes for 5.3% of the total population in the state.[1] Bodos belong to a larger ethnic group called the Bodo-Kachari. The Bodos are recognized as a plains tribe in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Udalguri and Kokrajhar are considered the center of the Bodo area.

Bodo farmer in the countryside The Bodo-Kachari The Bodos represent one of the largest of the 18 ethnic sub-groups within the Kachari group, first classified in the 19th century.[2] Bodos have settled in most areas of North-East India, and parts of Nepal.The BODO People constitute a diverse range of the Indigenous people of North-east india .The overarching term "BODO" is a collective designation to include the peoples of the region who share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage; however, the term embraces many distinct populations, societies, and ethnic groups like Dimasa kachari, sonowal kachari , Mech kachari , Rabha kachari , Thengal kachari etc who each have their own particular traditions, language ,cultures, and historical identity.The BODO word is nothing but merely a male Clan of

Royal Dimasa Kachri Race. The first Raja of Dimasa Kachari kingdom was belongs to BODO Clan.so Bodo never be a tribe. There is no history in the world that A clan of a tribe can become a community. If it is so then is a distortion of the History Among the 18 groups mentioned by Endle, the Mech in Western Assam, the Bodo in central Assam, the Sonowal and Thengal in the eastern part of the Brahmaputra river are closely related. The others have been either Hinduized (e.g. Koch, Sarania), or have developed separate identities (e.g. Garo). The Bodos represent one of the largest ethnic and linguistic groups of the northeast India. Typical Bodo last names (surname) are , Brahma, Boro, Basumatary, Dwimary, Swargiary, Goyary, Khakhlary, Mushahary, Narzary, Iswary,chamframary, hajowary. The 1971 census report indicated Bodos being the 8th largest scheduled-tribe (ST) group in India. They were 1.3 million in 2001 national census. The Bodo language is a member of the Tibeto-Burmese family. The Latin and Bengali (Assamese) scripts were used in the past. Recently, Bodos adopted the Devanagari script. According to some scholars, the Bodo language had a script of its own called Deodhai. Very early on, Bodos may have introduced rice cultivation, tea plantation, pig and poultry farming, and silkworm rearing in the North East India. The traditional favourite drink of the Bodos is Zu Mai (Zu: wine; Mai: rice). Rice is a staple of the Bodos and is often accompanied by a non vegetarian dish such as fish or pork. Traditionally Bodos are non-vegetarians. Weaving is another integral part of Bodo culture. Many families rear their own silkworms, the cocoons of which are then spun into silk. Bodo girls learn to weave from a young age, and no Bodo courtyard is complete without a loom. Most women weave their own Dokhnas (the traditional dress of the Bodo women) and shawls. The Bodos are also expert craftsmen in bamboo products.

Bodo women of Udalguri district of Assam, India

A young Bodo mother in Assam, India Religion In the past, Bodos worshipped their forefathers and followed animistic traditions. In recent years, Bodos practice Bathouism, Hinduism and Christianity.Among Christian groups some belong to the Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church. Bathouism is a form worshipping forefathers called Obonglaoree. The sijwu plant (belonging to the Euphorbia genus), is taken as the symbol of Bathou and worshiped. In the Bodo Language Ba means five and thou means deep. Five is a significant number in the Bathou religion. A clean surface near home or courtyard is considered as an ideal place for worship. Usually, a pair of arecanut called 'goi' and betel leaf called

'pathwi' could be used as offering. On some occasion, worship offering could include rice, milk, and sugar. For the Kherai Puja, the most important festival of the Bodos, the altar is placed in the rice field. Other important festivals of the Bodos include Hapsa Hatarnai, Awnkham Gwrlwi Janai, Bwisagu and Domashi.

Bodo girls dancing The Bodos now The Bodos led a gory struggle in the name of self-determination in late 80's under the leadership of Upendra Nath Brahma, who is now regarded as the Father of the Bodos (Bodo-Fa). After a decade of long agitation, the Bodos have been granted the Bodoland Territorial Council(BTC), an autonomous administrative body that will have within its jurisdiction the present district of Kokrajhar, Darrang and adjoining areas, and some parts of Kamrup and Nalbari. The movement for autonomy was headed by the Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT), an outfit believed to have undertaken many extremist activities in bodo dominated areas. The BSF,

Boro Security Force, an underground organization of the bodos, now known as NDFB, National Democratic Front of bodoland, is still involved in insurgency. Following the establishment of the BTC, the BLT have come overground. During the early 1990s, the Bodo's insurgency had a significant impact on forests and wildlife populations in the Manas National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The poaching of rhinos and swamp deer, in particular, severely diminished the stocks of these endangered species, to the point where they are said to locally extinct. The damage caused by the insurgency is the main reason why the wildlife sanctuary has been on the World Heritage Council Danger List since 1992. In 2006 Assam Assembly elections, the former Bodo Liberation Tigers(BLT) members under Hagrama Mohilary formed an alliance with the Indian National Congress and came to power in Dispur. Educational and job opportunities remain the biggest problem for Bodos.

Bodo children in Assam

Sonowal Kacharis The Sonowal Kacharis are a division of the Kachari family of north east India specially in Assam Tibeto-Burman speakers and are predominantly inhabitants of Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Tinisukia and Dibrugarh district of Assam.[1] They are scattered in the districts of Sibsagar,Jorhat,Golaghat and in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in east India, also.During the reign of the Ahom King,some Kacharis engaged in gold panning of river sand,hence the name Sonowal or gold washer.[2] Their population is estimated at 2.5 lakh (2,50,000). The Sonowal Kacharis are a branch of great Kacharis of Assam. It is said that during the reign of the Ahom king some of the Kacharis were engaged in washing gold particles from the sands of river and therefore the prefix 'Sonowal'(Gold washer),was added to signify them. According to an anecdote, the Kacharis of upper Assam who became the disciple of 'Gossain' (a religious head, Goswami) named 'Keshawdeo' were considered to have super-natural power of offering a certain quantity of gold in a bamboo tube while the Ahom king Godadhar Singha was on the throne and these people came to be known as Sonowal Kacharis. Origins The Sonowal Kacharis believe that they were the descendants of the great Boli Raja, Prahlada, Ghatotkacha, Bhagadutta, Bana, Norakasura and Bhaskar Barman. The great king Boli Raja, mentioned in Bishnu Purana, who was exiled to Patal Puri by Lord Bishnu, is said to be their ancestor. (The name of Boli Raja is vividly mentioned in the tale Haidang Husari Geet of the Sonowal Kacharis.) The works Tamreswari Mondir and the 'Kesaikhaiti Than contain the names of the rivers and tributaries that proved to be true of the Sonowal Kachari's kingdom at Sadiya before the Chutias. An opinion has been given by Dr. Lila Gogoi that Manik, a king of the Sonowal Kacharis, ruled Sadiya Rajya sometime back in the 11th or 12th century AD. Late Benudhar Sarmah, an eminent historian of Assam, says Kowndilya or Kundil of

Sadiya was called Halali by the Sonowal Kacharis. Although the origin of all Kacharis is the same, there are many clans of Kacharis, among them Bodowsa, Dhyan or Dehan, Lathowsa, Thawthensa, Hafalongsa and Hammusa. The Sonowal Kacharis are descendants of the Hammusa family. A folklore of the Sonowal Kacharis narrates that: "Having being blessed by the Khiring Raja, the god worshipped by the Sonowal Kacharis, the wife of a Sonowal Kachari named Manik gave birth to a cat. The cat was kept in a Hariyahar duli (mustard loaded bamboo basket), and the cat turned into a golden cat, surprisingly. On having this heavenly gift from Khiring Raja, Manik could become the king of Halali. Later he bequeathed his kingdom to his grandson Mukuta." It may be that there were at least two immigrations from north and northeast into the valley of the Brahmaputra. One entered into Bengal and Assam through the valley of Tista, Dharla and Sonkosh and the other taking its way through Suwansiri, Dibang and Dihong into upper Assam, and the Sonowal Kacharis are possibly from the second group. Family tree According to the Haidang Geet, the family tree of the Sonowal Kacharis includes seven major clans or Khels which are divided into fourteen subclans or Bongshas, and the Bongshas are again sub-divided into 108 Hons or Pariyals. The names of the Khels are: 1. Ujani Kusia 2. Namoni Kusia 3. Amorabomia 4. Tipomia 5. Dhulial 6. Siripuria 7. Balikhitiari. These Khels are subdivided into fourteen Bongshas, which are: 1. Madanial 2. Manikial 3. Hogral 4. Muktal 5. Ezmal 6. Formal 7. Horu Hazual 8. Bor Hazual 9. Lothial 10. Chotial 11. Kumral 12. Bormal 13. Dongral and 14. Dingial. However another nine Bongshas have so far been found which are merged into the Sonowal Kacharis either from Miri, Dofola, Bodo,

Rabha, Dimasa, Naga, Shyam, Konsh or Ahom origin. These are:1. Mukhral 2. Hukral 3. Dekral 4. Chungial 5. Chunial 6. Dhansirial 7. Hakual 8. Dhadumial 9. Dolongrial. All the Bongshas mentioned above are again subdivided into minimum 4 Nos. of Hons or Pariyals totaling 108 Nos. These are as follows:1. Guinri 2. Pithari 3. Dakuwali 4. Boglari 5. Lokkhanari/Phetari or Ghorpurari 6. Gaon Khuwari/Hatiri/Pakrari or Ghujiari 7. Balikhitiari 8. Baithoari 9. Akhuari or Bhaktiari 10. Dekari 11. Ujhari 12. Khaniri 13. Loguwari or Swargiari 14. Gelepi 15. Hukuli 16. Muktali 17. Makrari 18. Gejepi 19. Hogun Murari 20. Dhaknari 21. Ezlari 22. Langiri 23. Tuhuri 24. Tepari 25. Lapitri 26. Mukudumi or Kenari 27. Chururi 28. Bormajhiri/Misniri/Nagharari or Udiri 29. Khatuwali 30. Jarlogari 31. Manari or Marari 32. Khotari 33. Nezkatari 34. Phatuwali 35. Phalari 36. Laluwari 37. Thakuli or Thakuri 38. Pedari 39. Chelengi 40. Tangiri 41. Kshagunmari 42. Tarari 43. Kedali 44. Hatkhuwari 45. Borghiari 46. Betari 47. Kumrari or Kumari 48. Dhawali 49. Pingrari 50. Duliri 51. Lerangi 52. Jhingiri 53. Akolhoriari 54. Choitari 55. Burha Mudari 56. Mudori 57. Meglari 58. Anthuali or Deori 59. Daphlari 60. Keontari 61. Bagri 62. Likamiri 63. Hagumiri 64. Kolari/Kopowhiri or Hatihilari 65. Turuki 66. Baolari 67. Titari 68. Ganthiri 69. Demari or Doimari 70. Kharghiari 71. Borgiari 72. Kekuari or Tamuliri 73. Horumajhiri 74. Dhenkiali 75. Mukhrari 76. Kheprari 77. Pikrari or Pikari 78. Ghotari 79. Lokri or Kandh Bhongari 80. Ghungiari 81. Gebrari 82. Dhokuwali 83. Kolakhuwari 84. Dekanuwari 85. Nakori 86. Jhoprari 87. Agari 88. Tipamiari 89. Buniari 90. Bailung or Bailungiri 91. Besnari or Changpetari 92. Gherari 93. Polashi 94. Dhemkari 95. Kshadiari 96. Ahoari 97. Lohari 98. Matiari 99. Gohpuriari or Gorporari 100. Dhadumiari 101. Lunpuriari 102. Dhadumial 103. Hazari 104. Kenari 105. Ledhari 106. Teziari 107. Ghuniari 108. Phutkari. Since the Bongshas and the Honses are blood relatives, marriage among the same Bongshas and Honses is strictly prohibited. Monogamy is the prevailing tradition but having more than one wife is not a social bar. Widows can remarry if both the parties agree. The

Sonowal Kachari people suffix their Hons with their names and they have their titles like Saikia, Borsaikia, Hazarika, Borah, Baruah Dekabaruah and Das also. Although the Sonowal Kachari people do not have their own language at present, yet they have their own dialect and they speak Assamese mainly. However, some of the dialectal words they use are not available in the Assamese Dictionary. Food The habitual food of Sonowal Kacharis comprises plain rice, cooked vegetables, fish and meat. The Sonowal Kacharis are non-vegetarians who savor meats of almost all animals except dogs and beef. They love to add a few spices and chilies in their daily diet. The food habits reflect the unique cultural traits and traditional legacy of the villagers, who usually do not throw away any part of an animal. The intestines and skins of the animals are also considered to be a delicious dish among them. However, owing to their religious beliefs and customs, the Sonowal Kachari are not allowed to eat the flesh of some animals, lest the qualities of that particular animal be transferred.The majority of the food restrictions are applied to the women. In some cases, the old men are not subjected to any kind of social taboo. (They do not prefer too much spicy food.) Sonowal Kacharis are very fond of fish. They prepare delicious dishes from various fish they catch from neighboring rivers and Bils. They also use many insects and worms as food, which they collect from forests and swamps. Sonowal Kacharis have also a habit of taking various light repasts (Jalpans) like, Komol Chaul, Chira, Pitha, Chewa Diya Bora Bhat, Chungat Diya Bhat etc. The villagers prepare several drinks from rice and fruits. Some of the varieties of indigenous drinks of Sonowal Kacharis are: - Mod, Ruhi Mod, and also Serap, from fruits and molasses. All the inhabitants of Sonowal Kachari villages savor the drinks, irrespective of age and sex. Textiles and ornaments The villagers wear colorful tribal outfits, with Dhuti-Kurta and decorated 'Phulam-Gamusa. Weaving is a traditional art handed down

through generations among the Sonowal Kacharis. The women are very expert in weaving with their self made looms. When a girl marries, it is almost compulsory for her parents to give her a loom. Warm and colorful embroidered hand-woven items such as Ari-Sadar, MugaSadar, Borkapur, Mugar-Mekhela, Mugar-Sadar, KopahiMekhela, Kopahi-Sadar, Riha, Dhuti, Gamusa, Tiyoni, Ekathia, and Seleng Kapur, make magnificent souvenirs. Sonowal Kachari women always use a 'Tokoya' to cover their head. The majority of the Sonowal Kachari population is engaged in farming and weaving. Sonowal Kachari women are very fond of their traditional ornaments, which are called Gam-kharu, Hansor Mora Kharu, Keru, Thuria, Zangphai, Biri, Kongkon, dugdugi, latumoni etc. Religion The traditional religion of the Sonowal Kacharis is animistic, though conceptions of a supreme creator and an afterlife are in existence. Nature is seen to be alive with invisible forces, minor deities, and spirits with which priests and medicine men mediate. A portion of Sonowal Kacharis still follow the ancient religion of Animism. According to the principles of animism, the followers worship their ancestors, who are believed to help them from any kind of difficult predicament. Prior to the advent of the Satra Sanghati, the Sonowal Kacharis believed in ancestor worship. In the 17th century, with the advent of Satradhikaries, Vaishnawi was introduced, as a result, the population now is predominantly Vaishnawi. Every Sonowal Kachari village has an identical Namghor that follows strict religious rituals and customs. Though the Sonowal Kacharis have faith in the Vaishnavas Nam Dharma which is completely against the worship of any other God or Goddess with or without sacrifice, yet they cannot entirely abandon their religious systems. They still continue to hold sacrificial worship to their traditional deities. They have traditional beliefs about some animals, birds and trees which they worship for the welfare of the society.

There are two kinds of worship, community worship and household worship. They worship household deities to maintain peace in their family and community worship for the welfare of the society. Baitho Puja, Baghdeo Puja, Gatigiri Sabah, Gojai Bhoj, Sorogdeo Puja, Gokalika Puja, Jolkhai Puja, Kula Samon Puja, Ronga Samon Puja, Bor Samon Puja, Kshetra Puja, Kechaikhati Goshani Puja, Achar Kota Puja, Tapsiling Puja, Burha Burhi Thanar Puja, Baliya Baba Thanar Puja, Bhuruli Habuki Thanar Puja, Koli Ai Thanar Puja, Lokhimi Tola Sobah, Bhur Utua Sobah, Bali Sobah, Chengeli Machar Sobah, Nora Chiga Sobah, Batar Sobah, Phol Mular Sobah, Mithoi Bota Sobah, Bor Sobah are the main community worship of the Sonowal Kacharies. Other household worship are Khin Bhonga, Burha Puha, Chaul Khowa, Morak Diya, Piri Diya, Na-puruhor Sokam, Lokhimi mota, Bari Chukar Sokam, Ayuh Tola Sokam, Ai-mota, Apeswari Soba, Batoruwa Sokam, Gorokhiya Sobah, Ga Soloni Diya, Ujan Mach Dhora Puja, Dangar Goch Kota Puja, Habi Jui Joluwa Puja, Chitika Pota Puja, Kacha Ghans Kota Puja, Chumoni Puja, Kochu Kowanri Puja, 'Dangoriya Puja' etc. Festivals The Sonowal Kachari community celebrates its own array of festivals with extreme devotion and enthusiasm. Bihus are the main festival of the Sonowal Kacharis, unlike other Assamese people. Three Bihus, i.e. Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu, Magh Bihu or Bhogali Bihu and Kati Bihu or Kongali Bihu are celebrated by the Sonowal Kacharis with great enthusiasm. Festivals, marriages, harvests, or just the joy of the moment - are occasions for the Sonowal Kacharis to burst into dance. Marriage systems Monogramy is the most popular form of marriage but acquiring more than one wives is permissible if the first wife gives her consent to it due to some reasons. The practice of inter-caste marriage is not rare. Though this system of marriage is generally not supported by the parents yet it is

seen that there is no hard and fast rule regarding this matter. In case, a Sonowal Kachari girl marries a boy of other caste then their society accept them easily. Nowadays bride-price among Sonowal Kacharis is not accepted. In the present day society, five type of marriages are performed among them. These are (1) Santi Biya, (2) Nowa Dhowa or Borbiya, (3) Hom Diya Biya, (4) Gandharba Biya and (5) Rabha Sarakai Diya Biya. Leadership Much like other village communities of the northeast, there are some similarities in the social structure of Sonowal Kacharis. In a village administration headed by a Gaon Burha there are some office bearers. These are known as Rajaguru, Pujari, Deori, Mojindar, Barik, Bhorali, Geetghai, Tikadhara, Muradhara, Tamuli, Bilonia, Randhani, Barhoni, Medhi, Bayon, Patheki, Ashirbodia, and so on. The Sonowal Kacharis have a very special type of mutual help and co-operation among them which they called Hari or Haori where the inhabitants of a village put their hands to a job without remuneration, for those who ask. The invitee, of course, has to entertain them with food and drinks.

Palace of kachari king silchar