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(a)
(i) (ii)
Fatty substances/foam cells in artery wall/under endothelium; Narrows artery; Turbulence / uneven flow; Damage to endothelium; Thromboplastins released; Correct area shaded (i.e. part supplied by vessels); Area deprived of oxygen; Accept glucose
max 2 1 1
(b)
(i) (ii)
(c)
Muscle in artery walls becomes thicker; Aneurysm / ballooning of artery walls may occur; Damage to endothelium (so foam cells enter);
max 2
[7]
2.
(a)
0.1 0.6 seconds; Volume (in left ventricle) increasing / ventricle filling; (i) 2 marks for correct answer of 75 (beats) per minute; 1 mark if heart beat correctly identified as lasting 0.8 seconds; 70 cm ;
(b)
2 1 1 1
Multiply them; 750; Accept a small increase up to 800 cm (i) 4 : 1 / 4; Ratio must be expressed in simplest terms 18 cm ;
(e)
(ii)
1
[9]
3.
(a) (b)
0.1/0.9 (s); Two marks for correct answer of 75 (beats per minute); One mark for incorrect answer based on cardiac cycle taking 0.8 seconds; (i) Pressure in ventricle higher than pressure in atria;
2 1
1
(c)
(ii) (d)
Increase (in stroke volume) as blood pressure increases, remains constant/plateaus; after 3 kPa/when stroke volume = 82cm3 Two marks for correct answer of 80; One mark for incorrect answer recognising that ventricle contracts once every cardiac cycle/stroke volume = 70 cm3 1 Muscles (surrounding veins) contract; 2 Press on (walls of) vein; 3 Squeezes blood along veins; 4 Valves prevent backflow/ensure flow in one direction; 5 Systole/contraction of heart pumps blood (through arteries) into veins/residual arterial pressure; 6 Negative pressure in chest due to inspiration; 7 Recoil of heart muscle during diastole/after contraction; 8 Draws blood from veins into atria; Accept sucks 9 Wide lumen little resistance/friction
(e)
(f)
max 6
[15]
4.
(a)
men, smokers; age 60 with ch above7/age 60 with bp above 160/ age 70 with ch above 6/age 70 with bp above 140;
1 1
(b)
(i)
because formation of atheroma/deposition of fatty material in artery walls; which weakens the wall leading to aneurysm; or leads to narrowing increasing the chance of a clot obstructing the artery; presence of oestrogen protects women against CHD;
max 2 1
(ii) (c)
risk factors will change over 10 year period; smoking not quantified; other risk factors involved stress; exercise; heredity; high salt diet
5.
(a)
(i) (ii)
Prevents blood flow to part of heart muscle; insufficient oxygen; Myocardial infarction results in damage to muscle cells; enzyme released into blood when cells are damaged;
2 2
(b)
Risk factor is a factor correlated with/thought to cause a particular condition; cholesterol; high cholesterol is correlated with/thought to cause heart disease; Max 2
[6]
6.
(a) Location of valve between chamber C and chamber B between chamber D and chamber A between chamber C and blood vessel Y All three correct Two correct (b) (i) = 2 marks = 1 mark 2 Valve open or closed closed closed open
Blood surges/pulsatile; elastic tissue recoils; and evens out pressure; Enables one way flow/prevents backflow;
Max 2 1
[5]
(ii)
7.
(a)
(i) (ii)
0.4(s);
60 0.8
75;
(iii)
0.26 (between 0.4 0.14) 75 (or from (a)(ii)) = 19.5(s) OR 0.25 (between 0.4 0.15) 75 (or from (a)(ii)) = 18.75(s) (no double penalty)(allow rounding only if working shown)
(b)
(ii)
right ventricle; same pattern / description (as left ventricle) but lower (pressure);
(c)
increase in volume / size of ventricles (accept heart) / hypertrophy of heart / increased strength of heart muscle / increased strength of contraction; more blood leaves heart in each contraction / increase in stroke volume;
2
[7]
8.
(a)
(i)
build up of fatty deposits/atheroma/arteriosclerosis/ plaque deposits/ blood clots; in walls of arteries; narrowing/blockage (of coronary arteries); restricts/reduces blood flow to the heart; heart reduced supply/starved of oxygen; muscle dies; (cardiac muscle) does not contract; (allow points included in answer to part (i))
(ii)
3 max
(b)
fewer people with very high cholesterol levels; therefore contribution to total/ relative number of deaths lower;
2
[7]
9.
(a)
(i)
Filling time stays constant / increases very little / as heart rate increases; Decrease in contraction time as heart rate increases; Allow maximum of 1 mark if no reference to heart rate. Work out time for one heart beat / one heart beat takes 1 second; Subtract filling time / 0.38s; Credit these basic points however determined. If the calculation has been done, credit any point in method clearly explained. OR Plot contraction time against heart rate; Read off value for 60 beats per minute; Stroke volume / volume of blood pumped out at each beat;
(ii)
2 1 2
Valve located between Left atrium and left ventricle Left ventricle and aorta Right atrium and right ventricle Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Open ; ;
Closed
(ii)
Hirst High School
surges in artery; (iii) Contraction of ventricle / systole / entry of blood into aorta;
1 1
[9]