WiMAX Planning Level III

WiMAX Planning Level III
WiMAX Planning
Version V1.0
Date 2010/12/23
Author
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2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used without the prior written permission of ZTE. Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information in this document is subjected to change without notice.
WiMAX Planning
CONTENT
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 Chapter1 Overview and Process of Wireless Network Planning..................7 Definition of Wireless Network Planning .............................................................7 Objectives of WiMAX Network Planning .............................................................7 Process of WiMAX Wireless Network Planning ..................................................8 Chapter2 Network Dimensioning and Design ..............................................11 Requirements....................................................................................................13 WiMAX Cell Site Design....................................................................................14 WiMAX Network Deployment Scenario.............................................................16 Coverage Dimensioning....................................................................................18 Capacity Dimensioning .....................................................................................20 Joint Dimensioning............................................................................................23 Chapter3 Radio Propagation models ............................................................25 Main Propagation Mechanism Introduction.......................................................25 Standard Macro cell Propagation Model ...........................................................27 Cost231- Hata Model ........................................................................................29 Free-Space Model.............................................................................................31 SUI Model .........................................................................................................32 Chapter4 WiMAX Coverage Planning............................................................34 Overview of Link Budget ...................................................................................35 Physical Layer Basic Parameters in WiMAX.....................................................38 WiMAX Link Budget Table Introduction ............................................................42 Link Budget of the WiMAX System ...................................................................42 Structure of WiMAX Link Budget.......................................................................43 Input Parameters...............................................................................................44 Default Parameters ...........................................................................................45 Output Parameters............................................................................................52 Cell Radius Calculation .....................................................................................52 Site Number Estimation Based on Coverage Requirement ..............................52 Chapter5 WiMAX Capacity Planning .............................................................54 Principles of Subscriber Predication .................................................................54 Service Models..................................................................................................56 WiMAX Traffic Model ........................................................................................57 WiMAX Capacity Planning ................................................................................59 Physical Layer Traffic Calculation of Downlink .................................................59 Physical Layer Traffic Calculation of Uplink ......................................................60
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5.4.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.4 7 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.3 8 8.1 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3 8.4 8.5
BS Throughput Calculation Principle ................................................................60 Chapter6 Site Survey and Planning ..............................................................63 Overview ...........................................................................................................63 Introduction to Site Survey ................................................................................64 Site Selection Principles....................................................................................65 No Obvious Blocking Objects around the Site ..................................................66 Site Height.........................................................................................................67 Avoid Interference with Other Systems .............................................................67 Ultra-Wide Coverage Site Survey and Selection ..............................................68 Chapter7 Antenna Selection ..........................................................................70 Overview ...........................................................................................................70 Antenna Selection .............................................................................................70 Frequency Range and Polarization Mode.........................................................71 Radiation Pattern, Horizontal BW, Vertical BW, and Gain ................................71 Downtilt Mode ...................................................................................................75 Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill .................................................................77 Front-to-back Ratio, Maximum Input Power, Third-order Inter-modulation, Isolation ............................................................................................................77 Selecting Antennas for Indoor Distribution Systems .........................................78 Chapter8 WiMAX Parameters Planning ........................................................80 Overview ...........................................................................................................80 Preamble & Neighbor Planning Flow ................................................................80 Frequency Planning Flow..................................................................................80 Preamble Planning Flow ...................................................................................81 Neighbor Planning Flow ....................................................................................82 Frequency Planning ..........................................................................................83 Preamble Planning Procedure ..........................................................................85 Neighbor Planning Procedure ...........................................................................86 ZXPOS CNO1 Planning Introduce ....................................................................88
WiMAX Planning
FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 3-1 Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2 Figure 5-1 Figure 6-1 Figure 7-1 Figure 7-2 Figure 8-1 Figure 8-2 Figure 8-3 Figure 8-4 Figure 8-5 Figure 8-6 Figure 8-7 Process of network planning ................................................................................8 Process of WiMAX wireless network planning ...................................................10 Process of WiMAX wireless network planning ...................................................12 Abstract of WiMAX deployment scenarios .........................................................17 SINR map for 1.3.1(FUSC) and 1.3.3(PUSC) schemes .....................................22 Propagation Mechanism.....................................................................................26 Fade margin Probability distribution function...................................................37 Fade margin Probability density function.........................................................37 Growth curve of cellular mobile telephony..........................................................55 Position of site survey in network planning.........................................................63 Antenna Selection in a Coverage Area with Great-fall Terrain...........................74 The Pattern Diagram of Radiation Range ..........................................................77 Network Planning Flow.......................................................................................80 Frequency Planning Flow ...................................................................................81 Preamble Planning Flow.....................................................................................82 Neighbor Planning Flow .....................................................................................83 FRS=4, 12, 3 ......................................................................................................84 FRS=1, 3, 3 ........................................................................................................85 Initial Neighbor List Planning ..............................................................................86
WiMAX Planning
TABLES
Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Table 5-1 Pathloss vs.WiMAXcell ......................................................................................16 WiMAX Cell Count vs. Frequency .......................................................................16 Cell Footprint for Different Ranges ......................................................................20 Propagation Model default parameters................................................................29 Constant Values for the SUI Model Parameters ..................................................33 Default configurations of the WiMAX traffic model ..............................................58
WiMAX Planning
Chapter1 Overview and Process of Wireless Network Planning

Knowledge z Definition of Wireless Network Planning ----------------------------Level 1 2 z Characteristics of WiMAX Network----------------------------------- Level 1 2 z Objectives of WiMAX Network ----------------------------------------Level 1 2 z Process of Network Planning--------------------------------------------Level 1 2
1.1
Definition of Wireless Network Planning

Wireless network planning refers to the output of the network topology and main RF parameters by using wireless network designing tools. The network planning should meet the requirements of network construction and development and must be implemented based on thorough field investigation and analysis. Besides, the network planning should also consider the characteristics and main performance indexes of the wireless equipment system.
1.2
Objectives of WiMAX Network Planning

The objectives of the WiMAX network planning are: z z z To maximize the time and area of wireless coverage. To minimize the interference. To improve the system capacity by using limited bandwidth.
WiMAX Planning
To meet the requirements of the data service in the prerequisite of ensured voice service.
To plan the suitable wireless parameter configuration, and to enable the system to provide the best service
To reduce the number of equipment units and lower the cost of the system in the prerequisite of ensured capacity and coverage
1.3
Process of WiMAX Wireless Network Planning

Figure1-1shows the processes of common network planning.
Figure 1-1 Process of network planning
Requirement analysis
Project planning
Wireless network analysis
Topology designing
Site survey
Verification by emulation
Plan output
Plan review
1.
Requirement Analysis This stage is the first step for network planning. According to communication with customer RF planner should obtain the essential requirement and project relative information. RF Planning engineer can refer to <RF Planning Requirement Information Analysis List V1.0.xls>. Requirement analysis report should contain relative necessary input informationcustomer coverage and capacity requirementKPI value need to achieveresource provided by customer etc.
2.
Project Planning
WiMAX Planning
In accordance with customer requirement analysis, make out the project action plan. The plan should give out RF planning implementation task and timeline. The large-scale and urgent task may be done in groups. In this case the information of the groups should be provided and the resources and personnel requirement must be confirmed by project implement unit. 3. Wireless Network Analysis Wireless network analysis includes spectrum scanning and CW test. They are both optional. The purpose of spectrum is to learn the spectrum occupation situation in the network planning area There is no need to do spectrum scanning is such situations: there is no interference according to the available information; If the customer does not require spectrum scanning The aim of CW test is to get the propagation model which can reflect characteristics of planning area propagation environment, which is used to link budge and simulation. There is no need to do field test in these situations: the customer can provide applicable radio propagation model; the radio propagation model in the model database can reflect the characteristics of the radio propagation model in the planning area; the network structure 4. Topology Design On the basis of collected information, perform the coverage and capacity plan and design a network topology that theoretically meets the customers requirements, thus provide guidance for the subsequent work. 5. Site Survey Find the sites that meet the requirements in the actual environment on the basis of the network topology design. To a larger network, it should judge whether the sites are qualified by network simulation
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6.
Simulation According to the customers requirement, use simulation software to output the simulation plot and effect verify the topology and perform the adjustment to the network planning.
7.
Planning Out and Edit When the planning work is completed, output the WiMAX network planning report or proposal; the report should be passed the internal checking and approving before being submitted to the customer; after the customer identifies the result, output the related reference and data. The project ends.
Figure1-2 shows the process of WiMAX wireless network planning when the input and output are considered.
Figure 1-2 Process of WiMAX wireless network planning
Customer requirements
Requirement analysis report
Landform and topography survey
BS performance parameters
Available site survey

Available site survey report
Field strength measurement site selection, field strength measurement, and model correction
Traffic distribution prediction
RF interference analysis
Frequency sweep report
Link budget
Model selection, site distribution planning, available site selection, and planned site survey
BS information table
Wireless parameter configuration (BS information table, model selection, and antenna selection)
Electronic map
Emulation
Emulation report
Yes Planning result output

Planning report
No Customer requirement satisfied
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Chapter2 Network Dimensioning and Design

Knowledge z Requirements--------------------------------------- ---------------------Level 1 2 z WiMAX Cell Site Design---------------------------------------------- Level 1 2 z WiMAX Networks Dimensioning -------------------------------------Level 12
Designing, deploying, and managing any wireless cellular system requires clear objectives to be identified from the outset. These includes definition of the footprint coverage, the estimated number of users, the traffic load distribution, the penetration and growth rate, and internet work access and roaming. Mobile WiMAX, which will be deployed like 2G and 3G cellular networks, supports fractional frequency. Fractional frequency reuse takes advantage of the fact that mobile WiMAX user transmit on sub-channels and does not occupy an entire channel such as in 3G. The objective of the radio network dimensioning and design activity is to estimate the number of sites required to provide coverage and capacity for the targeted service areas and subscriber forecast. This process is based on many assumptions such as uniform distribution of subscribers, homogenous morphology, and ideal site location. The main inputs required for network dimensioning are site equipment-specific parameters, marketing-specific parameters, and licenses regulation and propagation models. Figure 2-1 shows the flow chart of activities performed in network design and planning, starting from data collection of marketing and design requirement input and achieving the business model to provide a nominal site plan using network simulation software.
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Figure 2-1 Process of WiMAX wireless network planning
WiMAX access networks are often deployed in point-to-multipoint cellular fashion where a single BS provides wireless coverage to a set of end users stations within the coverage area. The technology behind WiMAX has been optimized to provide both large coverage distances of up to 30 km under line-of-sight (LOS) situations and typical cell range of up to 8 km under NLOS. In an NLOS, a signal reaches the receiver through reflections, scattering, and diffractions. The signals arriving at the receiver consists of many components from direct and indirect paths with different delay spreads, attenuation, polarizations, and stability relative to the direct path. WiMAX technology solves or mitigates the problem resulting from NLOS conditions by using OFDMA, subchannelization, directional antennas, transceiver diversity, adaptive modulation, error correction, and power control. The NLOS technology also reduces installation expenses by making the under-the-eaves customer premise equipment (CPE) installation a reality and easing the difficulty of locating adequate CPE mounting locations. Both LOS and NLOS coverage conditions are governed by propagation characteristics of their environment, radio link budget, and path loss. In both the cases, relays help to extend the range of the BS footprint coverage allowing for a cost-efficient deployment and service.
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2.1
Requirements
Before network planningrequirements as bellow should be provided. 1. Service area(s): defined with geo coded polygons, including the size in km2, and the terrain profile details (i.e., urban, suburban, rural, average building height, etc.). 2. Coverage type: such as fixed-outdoor, on rooftop, or on outer walls, fixed-indoor, nomadic outdoor/indoor, mobile outdoor or any combination thereof. 3. Subscriber profile(s): such as residential, small business, corporate. Subscriber profiles may relate to a specific type of coverage and service. 4. Subscriber distribution: subscriber numbers per profile, per service area, and per deployment year, according to the scalability plan. 5. Service profile(s): such as VoIP, broadband Internet, VPN along with their distinct characteristics (i.e., VoIP code, peak information rates, contention factors, etc.). Service profiles may relate to specific subscriber profiles and coverage types. 6. Available spectrum: defined as paired, along with local regulations concerning the allowed channelization and duplex schemes. 7. Existing infrastructure: such as sites that can be reused, available backhauling equipment with Ethernet interface, and core network PoPs. 8. 9. Cartographic data: such as high-resolution digital maps with buildings. Key performance indicators: such as coverage objective in terms of percentage of the service area, differentiated per terminal type, where a stable QPSK link can be achieved. 10. Customer requirement: such as duplex scheme, number of sectors/BS, channel bandwidth, reuse scheme, type of sites, deployment strategy.
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During request for information (RFI)/RFP stages, a dimensioning exercise may be requested by a customer, mainly for two reasons: either to acquire know how by differentiated proposals or to identify the more cost-efficient solution. In the first case, the requirements are usually relaxed so that the participant
vendors/integrators can design with flexibility, while the provided information (i.e., business plan, assets, and service areas) is hypothetical. The submitted studies will probably be presented in various formats and most certainly based on diverse assumptions. In such case a direct comparison among the studies is complicated, and usually a more defined exercise is the next step. In the second approach, the case study is well defined so that the design assumptions are either implied or directly mentioned. The results are now directly comparable; hence a clear ranking list can be obtained. From RF network designer point of view a different strategy should be followed: showing flexibility in the network design and perhaps providing several alternatives for the first approach, while a more strict, cost-optimum solution is more appropriate for the second approach.
2.2
WiMAX Cell Site Design

One of the most important technical and business issues of any wireless technology is efficiently (cost and performance) providing coverage and capacity, while avoiding the build-out of a large number of new BSs. Cell design is performed with the help of a network planning tool using digital elevation and demographic maps. The first step in designing a wireless system is to develop a link budget. Link budget is the loss and gain sum of signal strength as it travels through different components in the path between a transmitter and receiver. The link budget determines the maximum cell radius of each BS for a given level of reliability and is comprised of two types of components: system related components and non-system related components. These components are important factors when evaluating the complexity and speed in deploying at higher frequency bands, especially in unlicensed bands such as 5.8GHz (licensed in some countries such as Russia). Other factors like interference from other surrounding networks will also impact network performance and QoS.
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Path loss, shadow margin, environmental effects, and morphology are important factors when planning for an optimum coverage. The morphology and physical surroundings of a cell site play a very important role in determining the cell footprint. A cell site footprint can shrink from 7 km in a mostly flat area with light tree densities to 3 km in a hilly terrain with moderate-to-heavy tree densities. With adaptation of Hata-cost 231 model, the cell size for several carrier frequencies from 2.3GHz to 3.5GHz is estimated for WiMAX systems using path loss propagation models for flat rural, hilly rural, and urban environment. Table 2-1 illustrates a comparison of a path loss simulation for a WiMAX system for different frequency bands. In this study, a link budget of 142dB which provides 3km cell coverage at 1900MHz has been assumed. To obtain the same cell radius of 3km with 2.5GHz frequency band an additional 4dB for link budget is needed. In a coverage limited design scenario, this 4dB corresponds to 22 percent reduction in cell coverage footprint and almost 70 percent increase in the cell count. Table 2-2 shows cell count calculation for 1900MHz to 3.5GHz to illustrate the impact that path loss can have, especially when deploying in higher frequency bands. WiMAX systems implement advanced radio features that compensate for the extra attenuation resulting from higher carrier frequency, larger transmission bandwidth, and higher indoor penetration. The radio enhancement feature applicable to the fixed and mobile WiMAX is sub-channelization. Other enhancement features that are only applicable to mobile WiMAX are convolution turbo coding, repetition, and HARQ. Applying smart antennas or MIMO configuration in different topologies will enhance the cell site coverage footprint. Cell planning options and WiMAX technology features also allow interference and noise handling so that WiMAX can provide sufficient coverage.
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Table 2-1
Pathloss vs.WiMAXcell
Table 2-2 WiMAX Cell Count vs. Frequency
2.3
WiMAX Network Deployment Scenario

A major feature of WiMAX compared to other wireless access technologies is that it breaks the barrier of addressing a single customer profile. Global system for mobile communications (GSM)/universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) provide mainly voice and low speed internet to mobile subscribers, while local multipoint distribution service (LMDS)/wireless local loop (WLL) offer higher bandwidth services to fixed subscribers. WiMAX can offer broadband services to all fixed, nomadic, and eventually mobile subscribers, according to the aims of the
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latest IEEE 802.16e standard. This major advantage for WiMAX technology offers greater flexibility and scalability; however it presents more design challenges. A conceptual presentation of deployment scenarios, based on equipment, services, and potential customer profiles is presented in Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2 Abstract of WiMAX deployment scenarios
Each sector represents a WiMAX terminal profile: Fixed-outdoor units (including antenna, RF subsystem, modem), which can be installed on the rooftop or outer building walls for maximizing link performance. A cable connects the unit to an indoor interface terminal that provides Ethernet and VoIP ports. Fixed/portable indoor units (intergraded antenna, RF base band and interface in a single box), which are installed indoors close to a window or the outer wall. The unit is portable within the indoor space, however it requires power supply. Nomadic/mobile units (PCMCIA cards, handheld devices), which are truly portable (mobile in future versions) and can be used in outdoor and indoor spaces. Each terminal profile is built with different performance capabilities and cost towards specific customer profiles. Fixed-outdoor terminals are capable of long range, robust links that can transfer high-bandwidth and delay sensitive services
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with low impact on network air-interface resources; hence they are more suitable for corporate, small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs), and small-offices-home-offices (SOHOs). The higher hardware and installation costs are balanced by higher revenues. Fixed-indoor terminals have considerably less cost and are self-installable, albeit with smaller link range. Such terminals address the mass market of residential access. Finally the nomadic and portable terminals require even greater network design margins and usually address individual customers at specific service areas (such as community/camp networks). As WiMAX technology progresses, more system gain will be achieved in the air-interface thus resulting in higher cell ranges and increased percentage of nomadic terminals mainly at the expense of fixed-indoor units. The continuous development of WiMAX technology from IEEE 802.16-2004 standard to the IEEE 802.16e amendment, has led to significant improvements in the air-interface. Recent advances include higher BS transmit power, advanced antenna systems (MIMO, beamforming (BF)), improved radio resource
management through the OFDMA profile, improved coding techniques which reduce the signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) thresholds, efficient uplink (UL) subchannelization, and flexible frequency reuse. The current amendment of WiMAX offers more than 15 dB increase in the system gain over previous versions which drastically extends the radio coverage, and can therefore reach indoor customers even when using portable/mobile terminals. As the WiMAX system gain increases due to the continuous enhancement of the air-interface, in the context of dimensioning, the network size for a specific deployment is reduced, and so is the up-front investment.
2.4
Coverage Dimensioning
A primary objective when designing a WiMAX network is to provide radio coverage to a specified service area and type of subscribers. The purpose of coverage dimensioning is to ensure that a sufficient number of BS will be deployed and that
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the resulting coverage will satisfy the performance indicators. The process is simple: the service area (km2) is divided by the cell footprint to produce the necessary points of presence (PoP) where a WiMAX BS will be deployed. The service area is defined in the business plan; however the cell footprint depends on the deployment scenario and product configuration/performance. To calculate the cell footprint, a very significant step is to estimate the maximum system range. The maximum system range is defined as the range for which the system can achieve a performance threshold, usually in terms of received signal strength (RSS). RSS is estimated by Equation 2.4 and takes into consideration the system gains such as transmitter power P, the antenna gains (per element, BF, MIMO) G, the signal processing gains (HARQ, repetition) Gsp, the system losses such as distance-dependent path loss with shadowing and fading Ld, the penetration loss Lp, and the design margins (implementation, coverage reliability, mobility, interference) M. S = P + G + Gsp Ld Lp M (dB)-----------------------------------------2.4 The RSS (S) threshold depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold and the noise floor (Nth). For proper system operation there is an SNR value for which the decoding of the received signal results in lower than 10-6 bit error rate (BER). Since the SNR thresholds depend on the modulation and coding scheme (PHY mode), the maximum system range that corresponds to the RSS of the lower scheme is considered i.e. QPSK. For Mobile WiMAX and considering a 5MHz channel bandwidth a typical value would be around S = 97dBm. As mentioned above, the maximum system range depends on the deployment scenario and product configuration. For example MIMO technology can add the antenna gains. In general for different terminals (fixed outdoor, indoor) the TX power, gains, losses, and noise Figure can differ substantially. Another parameter, which is terminal independent, is the area coverage reliability. Such an indicator can be defined as achieving a available traffic link at xx% of locations in a cell and for xx times availability, hence affecting the shadow margin and fast fading components of the path loss.
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The BS footprint is estimated by the operating system range which, depending on the deployment scenario, can be the maximum or a percentage of it. For rural areas and outdoor terminals the maximum range can be used, however, for urban areas and mobile terminals a certain overlap among adjacent cells may be desirable for mobility and handover. For mobile WiMAX networks, the hexagonal cell structure is preferred. Usually the single site coverage area can be calculated by Equation 2.5 where r is the radius. (3cells)
Fhex = 9* 3 r2 /8-----------------------------------------------------------------------2.5 The result of Equation 2.5 provides nonadjacent cell overlapping footprint. To assume that the whole footprint is available, at least three sectors per cell are necessary. The relation between the operating range, the footprint, as well as an indication of the required PoP to cover a particular area of 100 km2 is highlighted in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3 Cell Footprint for Different Ranges
2.5
Capacity Dimensioning
Further to providing adequate radio coverage to customers, the next same important objective is to ensure sufficient air-interface capacity (throughput) to offer a wide range of services. Given a business plan, the network capacity is decided by
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the potential subscriber number and the required rates for various services, as discussed in capacity planning. The purpose of capacity dimensioning is to convert the needed capacity into number of sectors, which then have to be distributed for the estimated number of PoP. Another parameter is sector average throughput, which finally determines how many subscribers can be served in a sector. For pre-sale network planning project, define the average sector throughput in theory mainly has relation with some parameters such as: z z z z Available spectrum Symbol allocation for downlink and uplink Frequency Reuse patter Site configuration: MIMO selection mechanismBeamforming or FFR
The sector throughput is usually provided as recommendation for the system vendor, however it vary a lot depending on the deployment scenario. Within one site coverage area, different location users will obtain various throughputs. The upper throughput bound can be achieved for a non-interference sector where terminals are located only in the 64QAM5/6 region, achieving around 17 Mbps for 5MHz bandwidth and use Matrix B. During practical deployments, the terminals will be scattered across the whole cell footprint, hence operating in various modes. Furthermore, interference due to frequency reuse may further downgrade the PHY mode for a particular terminal, especially if the number of channels is limited. A default assumption is to consider, as average sector throughput, the one corresponding to 16QAM1/2. Thereafter if the deployment conditions are favorable, as in the case of fixed-outdoor terminals or when enough spectrums is available for relaxed reuse, higher throughput should be expected. The throughput can be also enhanced by means of MIMO techniques and this should also be taken into account. It should be noted that the full usage of subchannels (FUSC) permutation scheme, where all subchannels are allocated to users, hence the whole channel is exploited. In case segmentation is considered, i.e., partial usage of subchannels (PUSC), the users in a sector utilize a specific segment (16 subchannels), and therefore the throughput in this case is reduced accordingly. Sub channel allocation in the DL may be performed in the following ways: partial usage of subchannels (PUSC)
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where some of the subchannels are allocated to the transmitter and full usage of the subchannles (FUSC) where all subchannel are allocated to the transmitter. Based on the standard, there will be regions in the DL and UL subframes for both FUSC and PUSC and in this case an average throughput condition should be expected. In most products, during the sector configuration, an RF designer can select or exclude segmentation according to deployment conditions. The process of selecting frequency reuse and channel allocation in sectors is very important for both capacity and coverage. In mobile WiMAX this can be done in a flexible manner, although frequency planning cannot be avoided. This is due to the possibility of non uniform network layout, in most cases, where reasonable frequency planning may improve performance. According to mobile WiMAX terminology the reuse is denoted as 1.x.y, where x denotes the cell sectors and y the available channels. There are two main schemes under consideration: global reuse 1.x.1, where a single channel is used everywhere and cell/cluster reuse 1.x.y, where y = nx, n = 1, 2, 3. The most appropriate scheme is adopted, based on the systems special capabilities to reject or tolerate interference (i.e., via BF). An indicative performance of the most common schemes for nomadic/mobile terminals (most sensitive to interference) is presented in Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3 SINR map for 1.3.1(FUSC) and 1.3.3(PUSC) schemes
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It can be observed that for the 1.3.1 scheme the SINR drops well below the 3 dB threshold for the lowest modulation scheme, QPSK, hence a significant part of the cell footprint, especially among adjacent sectors, has no coverage. In the case of the 1.3.3 scheme, the interference appears closer to the cell edges and hence the coverage blanks spots are much smaller. It should be noted that in the 1.3.3 scheme the higher order PHY mode schemes extend to a larger region, hence indicating an improved sector throughput. Furthermore, when employing PUSC instead of FUSC, the 1.3.1 scheme behaves essentially as 1.3.3, while 1.3.3 as 1.3.9. It is typical for a sector to operate in 1.3.1 FUSC mode for terminals with good link quality and short link distance and in PUSC mode, which is equivalent to 1.3.3 for terminals that would otherwise achieve low SINR(due to low signal strength or interference). Knowing the average sector throughput as described in previous paragraphs, capacity dimensioning can be completed as follows: Initially an analysis on the customers that can be accommodated in a sector is performed. This is done by analyzing the service plan and calculating the average data and VoIP CIR per service and customer.
2.6
Joint Dimensioning
In Chapters 2.6 and 2.7, the number of PoP and sectors were estimated according to the requirements of a dimensioning project. The final step, as shown in Figure 2-1, is to combine these results into the optimum BS configuration. Clearly the estimated PoP and sectors are the absolute minimum according the needs of coverage and capacity, respectively. At this stage joint consideration may suggest that more PoP or sectors may be necessary. There are three possible conditions: z Balanced network: The number of PoP approaches 1/x of the number of sectors, which means that in each PoP roughly x sectors will be deployed. The number of sectors for blanket coverage should be 3 < x < 6, where x = 3 for Mobile WiMAX. This condition ensures both the integrity of the footprint and satisfies the capacity requirement.
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Coverage-limited network: The network is coverage limited and in this case the number of sectors should be increased until the previous condition is met. The fact that the original business plan leads to a coverage limited network should be stated in the dimensioning study. CapEX is driven by coverage performance indicators, while the additional sectors will further increase the air-interface capacity. Operators may want to revise the size of the service area, or exploit the additional capacity.
Capacity-limited network: The number of PoP is quite lower than 1/3 of sectors, which indicates either additional PoP or higher sectorization (sectors/PoP). Increasing the number of PoP will trigger additional CapEX and OpEX in terms of site acquisition and preparation. Therefore, if a higher sectorization scheme is possible, such as when the terminals are fixed outdoor, fixed-indoor, or nomadic where handover is not necessary, it should be preferred as a cost-optimum solution. When the network needs to accommodate mobile terminals and provide handover capability, the sectors should be 3 < x < 4 and more PoP may be needed. An alternative approach would be to deploy a dual layer cell where 6 sectors of 120 are used; however each pair of sectors (i.e., 1 and 4) is assigned the same azimuth. For a dual layer cell at least 6 channels are necessary for the frequency reuse of 1.3.3.
The selected number of sectors per PoP defines the BS configuration in terms of frequency reuse/channel assignment, and antenna beamwidth/azimuth/tilt, while other air-interface parameters are not related to dimensioning. Capacity or coverage dimensioning should be revised based on the above-mentioned conditions, for coverage or capacity limited cases, respectively. A comparison between initial requirement and actual achievement should be included in the dimensioning study.
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Chapter3 Radio Propagation models

Knowledge z Free-space Model------------------- --------------------------------------Level1 2 z SUI Model--------------------------- --------------------------------------Level3 4 z Macro cell Model----------------------------------------------------------Level3 4
In any wireless network planning project, the radio model is a key component; it has close relation with cell radius estimation and simulation. Because of the variety of the propagation environment, there is no universal propagation model for different scenario and different frequency band. In general, radio models can be almost arbitrarily complex. However, working with such models can be very
computationally intensive and it is important to find the model with the right balance of abstraction and complexity for the problem under study. For the WiMAX network planning problems, two propagation models can be suitable and are described below.
3.1
Main Propagation Mechanism Introduction

The main propagation mechanisms defined by the ray theory are explained in this Chapter. As small wave lengths, i.e., higher frequencies are considered, the wave propagation becomes similar to the propagation of light rays. A radio ray is assumed to propagate along a straight line bent only by refraction, reflection, diffraction or scattering. The following content will give some simple introduction for the several kinds propagation mechanisms.
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Figure 3-1 Propagation Mechanism
Reflection The reflection phenomenon is the mechanism by which a ray is reflected at an angle equal to incidence angle. The reflected wave fields are related to the incident wave fields through a reflection coefficient which is a matrix when the full polarimetric description of the wave field is taken into account. Usually we will consider constant reflection coefficients to simply the computations.
Diffraction The diffraction process in ray theory is the propagation phenomena which explain the transition from the light region to the shadow regions behind the corner of a building or over the roof-tops. For the case of multiple diffractions, the complexity increases dramatically.
Scatter Rough surfaces and finite surfaces scatter the incident energy in all directions with a radiation diagram which depends on the roughness and size of the surface or volume. The dispersion of energy through scattering means a decrease of the energy reflected in the specula direction. This description does not take into account the true dispersion of radio energy in various
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directions, but account for the reduction of energy in the specula direction due to the diffuse components scattered in all directions. z Penetration and Absorption Penetration loss due to building walls have been investigated and found very dependent on the particular situation. Absorption due to trees or the body absorption are also propagation mechanisms difficult to quantify with precision. Another absorption mechanism is the one due to atmospheric effects. These effects are usually neglected in propagation models for mobile communication applications at radio frequencies but are important when higher frequency (e.g. 60GHz) is used as described. z Guided wave Wave guiding can be viewed as a particular propagation mechanism to describe the propagation in street canyon, in corridors or tunnels. The wave guiding phenomena can be explained on multiple reflections or propagation modes.
3.2
Standard Macro cell Propagation Model

Now in WiMAX link budget and simulation, we usually adopt standard macrocell model. This model is a mapping from the Hata-COS231 formula. It is used for macro cellular path loss prediction according to the formula shown below.
With the parameters as: z K1, K2: Intercept and slope. These factors correspond to a constant offset (in dB) and a multiplying factor for log of distance between transmitter and receiver.
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WiMAX Planning
K3: Receiver antenna height factor. Correction factor is used to account for the effective receiver antenna height.
z z
K4: Multiplying factor for Hms. K5: Effective transmitter antenna gain. This is the multiplying factor for the log of the effective gain.
z z z z z z
K6: Multiplying factor for log(Heff)log(d). K7: Multiplying factor for diffraction loss calculation. d: Distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m) Hms: Effective height of the receiver antenna (m) Heff: Effective height of the transmitter antenna (m) Diffn: Diffraction calculation using either the Epeterson, Bulinfton, Deygout or Japanese Atlas knife edge techniques
C_Loss: Clutter specifications taken into account in the calculation process.
As to different frequency band, this table lists some default parameters.
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WiMAX Planning
Table 3-1 Propagation Model default parameters
These propagation models are used in the conditions bellow: z Site in environments where the distance from the site is greater than approximately 500m z z Base station antenna height in the range of 15-200m Receiver heights in the range of 1-10m
3.3
Cost231- Hata Model

Path loss estimation is performed by empirical models if land cover is known only roughly, and the parameters required for semi-deterministic models cannot be
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WiMAX Planning
determined. Four parameters are used for estimation of the propagation loss by Hatas well-known model include: frequency f, distance d, base station antenna height hBase and the height of mobile antenna hMobile. The Hatas model is based on Okumaras various correction functions, for urban area the basic transmission loss Lb calculation for Okumara model as following:
A(h Mobile) equation is following:
This model is suitable to: f: 150----1000MHz
hBase : 30----200MHz hMobile : 1----10m d : 1-----20km Cost231 has extended Hata s model to the upper frequency band 1500-2000 MHz. This combination is called Cost-Hata-Model:
Where a(h Mobile) is defined same as the above equation.
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WiMAX Planning
The Cost-Hata-Model is suitable to the following scenario f: 1500----2000MHz
hBase : 30----200MHz hMobile : 1----10m
3.4
Free-Space Model
What is free space? Actually it means space with nothing at all in it. The important features: uniform everywhere, contain no charge, and carries no current, infinite extent in all dimensions, like this does not exist but interstellar space is a good approximation. The free-space model (originally published by H.T. Friis in 1946) is the simplest model that can only be applied in open area, i.e., no obstruction on the transmission line. This model is considered as a standard propagation model, a reference and benchmark of all other propagation models. The path loss of the free-space model is Lfs( f , d) = 32.44 + 20 log10 f + 20 log10 d ------------------------------------------(3.1) Where Lfs is the free space path loss in decibels d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver in kilometer f is the frequency in MHz
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WiMAX Planning
In the free space model, many factors, such as reflection/multipath, shadowing, fading, atmosphere factors, etc., that may affect radio on its transmission path are omitted. This model, consequently, does not capture key transmission
characteristics of radio, so it is not a very appropriate model for real world scenarios.
3.5
SUI Model
The Stanford University Interim (SUI) model was developed for design, development, and testing in the multipoint microwave distribution system frequency band [9] (23GHz). It was recommended by the IEEE 802.16 standard body. The SUI model is valid for radio propagation within the 23 GHz range and has different parameter settings for urban, suburban, and rural scenarios. The maximum path loss (type A) is hilly terrain with moderated-to-heavy tree density. The minimum path loss (type C) is mostly flat terrain with light tree densities. The intermediate path loss condition is type B. The SUI model is used for receivers antenna height between 2 and 10 m. The path loss model is given by LSUI(d, f , hm) = A + 10log10 (d/d0)+ Xf + Xh + s, with the correction factors for the operating for d > d0-------------- 3.2 frequency and for the
customer-premises equipment (CPE) antenna height of the model: Xf = 6 log10 (f/2000) ----------------------------------------------------------------3.3 Xh = 10.8 log10(hm/2), for terrain type A and B --------------------------------3.4 Xh = 20 log10(hm/2), for terrain type C -----------------------------------------3.5 Where LSUI is the SUI path loss in decibels d is the distance between the BS and the CPE antennas in meters, d0 = 100 m
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WiMAX Planning
hm is the CPE height above ground s is a log normally distributed factor that is used to account for the shadow fading owing to trees and other clutter and has a value between 8.2 and 10.6 dB. The other parameters are defined as A = 20 log10(4d0/)-----------------------------------------------------------------3.6 = a bhb c/hb ---------------------------------------------------------------3.7 where hb is the base station height above the ground in meters and should be between 10 and 80m parameters. a, b, c are the constants dependent on the terrain type and are shown in Table 3-2. The SUI model was chosen to be used in the following network planning models based on the following reasons: (1) the model was accepted by the IEEE 802.16 standard body; (2) it has a good compromise between simplicity and accuracy, i.e., it models the key characteristics of the radio frequency and it is simple, computationally with a relatively small number of parameters.
Table 3-2 Constant Values for the SUI Model Parameters
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WiMAX Planning
Chapter4 WiMAX Coverage Planning

Knowledge z Overview-------------------------------------------- ---------------------Level12 z Parameters---------------------------------------------------------------- Level 12 z Input and output----------------------------------------------------------Level 12 z LB--------------------------------------------------------------------------Level 12
In WiMAX planning, the coverage planning is performed based on link budget. The coverage of each base station (BS) in a WiMAX network is affected by the following factors: z z z z z z z Antenna height Antenna gain Horizontal field angle Vertical field angle Azimuth Downtilt angle Transmit power
To predicate the coverage exactly, the propagation model used in coverage predication must take the preceding factors into consideration. ZTE choose tuned cost-231 model for WiMAX coverage predictions. In link budget table and simulation software, the propagation model parameters in general model form will be used
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WiMAX Planning
4.1
Overview of Link Budget

In the cellular system, a BS sector covers such an area where the receiver (BS or terminal) shall have efficient signal levels to satisfy service requirements. In a certain propagation environment, the coverage of a cell directly depends on the maximum allowable path losses between transmitting and receiving ends, while link budget can determine the maximum allowable path loss of the specified radio link. In the link budget, the maximum allowable path loss can be calculated with following formula: Maximum allowable path loss = Transmit power Receiver sensitivity Margin +Gain The Path loss is related to four parts: z z z z Transmit power Receiver sensitivity System margin System gain
The transmit power refers to the effective transmit power of the antenna and it can be either the equivalent isotropic radiation power (EIRP) or equivalent radiation power(ERP) EIRP=transmit power (dBm)+transmit antenna gain(dBi)-Feeder and jumper loss(dB)-other loss(dB) The receiver sensitivity refers to the minimum signal level required at the receiving end of the antenna with a specified data rata and channel condition. The margin includes the fading margin, penetration loss, and interference margin. Fading margin
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WiMAX Planning
The fading margin is reserved to overcome fade changes and ensure the reliable communication in the cell. It is related to the communication probability at the cell edge. In the wireless propagation through space, the path loss changes rapidly in any specified distance. The path loss can be seen as a random variable that follows the lognormal distribution. If the network is designed based on the average path loss, the chances that the loss at the cell edge is greater and less than the path loss medium are the same, that is, 50%. In another word, the cell edge coverage ratio is only 50%. Hence, the probability of subscribers at the cell edge failing to get the expected QoS is 50%. To improve the cell coverage, the fade margin must be reserved. Take the edge coverage ratio of 70% as an example: Suppose the random variable of propagation loss is . Then
follows the
Gauss distribution of dB. The average of the variable is m, the standard deviation is
, and the corresponding probability distribution function is
Assume the loss threshold to
1.
When the propagation loss exceeds the
threshold, the signal strength cannot meet the requirements of the expected QoS on demodulation. Hence, the probability of the edge coverage ratio 75% can be calculated as follows:
Pcov erage = Pr ( < 1 ) =
1 2
( m ) 2 2 2
In the case of an outdoor environment, the standard deviation of the random variable propagation loss is usually assumed to 8 dB. Therefore, the margin for the edge coverage probability 75% is:
1 m = 0.675 = 0.675 8 = 5.4dB

and show the probability distribution function and probability density function respectively.
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WiMAX Planning
Figure 4-1 Fade margin Probability distribution function
Probability distribution function 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 0.675 x Standard deviation 20% 10% 0% Mean m Independent variable
Figure 4-2 Fade margin Probability density function
Normal distribution-complied probability density function Standard deviation = 8 dB 0.675 x 8=5.4dB
Threshold
Propagation loss
The Figures show that, in network planning and designing, a margin of at least 5.4 dB must be reserved for an edge coverage ratio of 75%. If an edge coverage ratio of 90% is required, a 10.3 dB margin must be reserved. 1. Penetration loss
Penetration loss usually adopts the experience value, depending on the factors such as construction materials and thickness of building wall in
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WiMAX Planning
different places. The descending order of the penetration loss is normally as: dense urban area, urban area, suburban and rural area. For the link budget, generally the penetration loss of the dense urban is 18dB, urban area 15dB, suburban 12dB and rural area 8dB. In the actual planning, more accurate penetration loss can be obtained through test. 2. Interference Margin
This parameter value is a reserved margin for frequency reuse brings co-channel interference effect. Interference margin have a relation with frequency reuse pattern and clutter type. Now link budget use 2dB for downlink and 3dB for uplink, this default value come from forum white paper. If frequency channel numbers more than 6, this value will consider change to less one.
4.2
Physical Layer Basic Parameters in WiMAX

The following table lists the basic physical layer parameters of partial usage of subchannels (PUSC) in the 10MHz WiMAX system. Para. BW Nused n G Nfft Fs f Tb Tg Ts Sampling Time Frame Duration Symbol Num. Unit MHz N/A N/A N/A N/A kHz kHz us us us us ms N/A
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Value 10 841 28/25 1/8 1024 11200 10.93750000 91.4286 11.4286 102.8571 0.0893 5 48.61
WiMAX Planning
Repeat Time Implement Loss NF SNR RSS
N/A dB dB dB dBm/840subcarriers
1.00 3.00 4.00 5 -92.37
Descriptions of the parameters: 1. BW: System bandwidth 2. Nused: Number of used sub-carriers. In the 10 MHz system, the number of used sub-carriers is 841, including data sub-carriers, pilot sub-carriers, and one DC sub-carrier. 3. n: Sampling factor. In the 10MHz system, its value is set to 28/25. 4. G: Cyclic prefix (CP) factor. It is the ratio of the CP duration in an OFDM symbol (time domain) to the used symbol domain. The value is often set to 1/8. 5. Nfft: Number of FFT size. In the 10 MHz system, the value is set to 1024. Its strict physical definition is the minimum value that exceeds Nused. It is the Nth power of 2. 6. Fs: Sampling frequency. It is calculated according to the formula: Fs = floor(655r45r433323nBW 8000) 8000; 7. f: Sub-carrier bandwidth. It is calculated according to the formula: f = Fs/ NFFT; 8. Tb: Used symbol duration. It is calculated according to the formula: Tb = 1 f; 9. Tg: Cyclic prefix duration. It is calculated according to the formula: Tg = G *Tb. 10. Ts: OFDM symbol duration. It is calculated according to the formula: Ts = Tb + Tg;
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WiMAX Planning
11. Sampling Time: It equals Tb/NFFT; 12. Frame duration: 5 ms; 13. Symbol Num.: Number of OFDM symbols. It is calculated according to the formula: Symbol Num.= Frame Duration*1000/Ts; 14. Repeat Time: Number of repetition times (different from the definition of retransmission); 15. Implement Loss: Implementation loss. It is the difference between the baseband link simulation result and the actual system performance. It is often assumed to 3 dB, though the recommended value of related standards is 5 dB; 16. NF: Noise Figure. In this document, the NF of the system side is set to 4 dB; 17. SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio. The value is set to 5dB, corresponding to QPSK 1/2; 18. RSS: Receiver sensitivity. In this document, the RSS refers to the RSS of the system side and is calculated according to the following formula:
Because the basic physical layer parameters of PUSC in the 10MHz system are described in detail, the parameters of the 5MHz and 7MHz systems are not detailed in this document. The following table lists the corresponding values of the two systems. Values of basic physical layer parameters of PUSC in the 5MHz system Para. BW Nused n Unit MHz N/A N/A Value 5 421 28/25
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WiMAX Planning
G Nfft Fs f Tb Tg Ts Sampling Time Frame Duration Symbol Num. Repeat Time Implement Loss NF SNR RSS
N/A N/A kHz kHz us us us us ms N/A N/A dB dB dB dBm/421subcarrie rs
1/8 512 5600 10.93750000 91.4286 11.4286 102.8571 0.1786 5 48.61 1.00 3.00 4.00 5 -95.37
From the RSS results, it can be seen that the sensitivity of the 5 MHz system is 3 dB higher than the 10 MHz system. This is because that the bandwidth of the 5 MHz system is only half of the 10 MHz system. The following table lists the basic physical layer parameters of the 7 MHz system. Para. BW Nused n G Nfft Fs f Tb Unit MHz N/A N/A N/A N/A kHz kHz us
41
Value 7 841 8/7 1/8 1024 8000 7.81250000 128.0000
WiMAX Planning
Tg Ts Sampling Time Frame Duration Symbol Num. Repeat Time Implement Loss NF SNR RSS
us us us ms N/A N/A dB dB dB dBm/840subcarrie rs
16.0000 144.0000 0.1250 5 34.72 1.00 3.00 4.00 5 -93.83
4.3
WiMAX Link Budget Table Introduction

The following introduction base on the version<WiMAX LB V2.0 20100610>
4.3.1
Link Budget of the WiMAX System

The link budget of the WiMAX system involves three application scenarios: fixed nomadic and mobility. In the case of a wireless communication network, the link budget for the three scenarios should consider both the indoor coverage requirement and outdoor coverage requirements Combine the indoor coverage and nomadic scenario, it is indoor coverage mode, terminal is PCMCIA cardUSB dongle or indoor CPE Combine the outdoor coverage and fix scenario; it is outdoor CPE application mode. Combine the outdoor coverage and mobility scenario; it is outdoor USB application mode. At present, five channel models are used in the link simulation:
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WiMAX Planning
z z z z z
AWGN PB 3 km/h VA 30km/h VA 60km/h VA 120km/h
Now mostly WiMAX network is nomadic application, so channel mode select PB 3km/h.
4.3.2
Structure of WiMAX Link Budget

The link budget of the WiMAX system includes 11 parts: 1. RF Planning Input&Output: list all input parameters and output site number 2. Dense Urban: Link budget table of dense urban areas 3. Mean Urban: Link budget table of common urban areas 4. Suburban: Link budget table of suburban areas 5. Rural: Link budget table of rural areas 6. ShadowMarginCal.: Calculation of shadow fading margin value 7. 5MHzSys.: Parameter calculation of the 5 MHz WiMAX system 8. 7MHzSys.: Parameter calculation of the 7MHz WiMAX system 9. 10MHzSys.: Parameter calculation of the 10 MHz WiMAX system 10. SNR: list SINR values involved in the link budget table 11. Traffic Model: Traffic model of the WiMAX system
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WiMAX Planning
4.3.3
Input Parameters
Two types of input parameters are involved, including the parameters that must be provided by the customer or the user and the default parameters recommended by the WiMAX project team.
4.3.3.1
Compulsory Input Parameters

This type of parameters must be entered by the user. The following table lists the parameters: Item Service Area Name Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth Number of Channel DU Area U Area SU Area R Area Number of Subscriber Coverage Level Application Scenario Descriptions: 1. Service Area Name: Name or the boundary of the service area 2. Frequency Band: Frequency band of the system. It may select from 2300 MHz 2500MHz or 3500MHz. 3. Channel Bandwidth: Bandwidth of the system. It must be 5 MHz 7MHz or 10 MHz. Channel bandwidth will have a effect to symbol and subchannel number. 4. Number of Channel: Number of available channels or carriers of the system. The value must be 1, 3, 6, 9, or 12.
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WiMAX Planning
5. DU Area: Size of dense urban areas in the service area, unit in km2; 6. U Area: Size of common urban areas in the service area, unit in km2; 7. SU Area: Size of suburban areas in the service area, unit in km2; 8. Rural Area: Size of rural areas in the service area, unit in km2; 9. Number of Subscriber: Number of subscribers in the service area. The traffic requirement is calculated according to the default traffic model. See chapter 8 for the introduction to the default traffic model. 10. Coverage Level: Coverage level requirement. The level must be indoor coverage or outdoor coverage. 11. Application Scenario: The application scenario must be mobility or fixed access.
4.3.4
Default Parameters
These parameters must be entered in the link budget of the WiMAX system. Because these parameters involve too many aspects, only the default parameters are specified in this document.
4.3.4.1
RF Scenario Setting
1. RF Reuse: The parameter is selected according to the number of channels. z z z z z When the number of channels is 1, the parameter should be set to 1*1*3; When the number of channels is 3, the parameter should be set to 1*3*3; When the number of channels is 6, the parameter should be set to 2*6*3; When the number of channels is 9, the parameter should be set to 3*9*3; When the number of channels is 12, the parameter should be set to 4*12*3.
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WiMAX Planning
2. Interference Marin for DL: Downlink link interference factor, 2 dB by default; 3. Interference Marin for UL: Uplink link interference factor, 3 dB by default; 4. DU Building Loss: Building penetration loss of dense urban areas, 18 dB by default. At present, the 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz systems at use the same DU Building Loss. 5. U Building Loss: Building penetration loss of common urban areas, 15 dB by default. At present, the 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz systems use the same U Building Loss. 6. SU Building Loss: Building penetration loss of suburban areas, 12 dB by default. At present, the 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz systems use the same SU Building Loss. 7. RU Building Loss: Building penetration loss of rural areas, 8 dB by default. At present, the 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz systems use the same RU Building Loss. 8. Vehicle Loss: Vehicle loss, 6 dB by default. At present, the 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz systems use the same Vehicle Loss. 9. DU Standard Deviation: Standard deviation of ground objects in dense urban areas. The parameter describes the difference between the ground objects that locate in the same distance but in different directions. The default value is 10 dB. 10. U Standard Deviation: Standard deviation of ground objects in common urban areas. The parameter describes the difference between the ground objects that locate in the same distance but in different directions. The default value is 8 dB. 11. SU Standard Deviation: Standard deviation of ground objects in suburban areas. The parameter describes the difference between the ground objects that locate in the same distance but in different directions. The default value is 6 dB. 12. RU Standard Deviation: Standard deviation of ground objects in rural areas. The parameter describes the difference between the ground objects that locate in the same distance but in different directions. The default value is 5 dB.
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WiMAX Planning
13. DU BS Antenna Height: Antenna height of outdoor base stations (BS) in dense urban areas. The default value is 30 m. 14. U BS Antenna Height: Antenna height of outdoor BSs in common urban areas. The default value is 30 m. 15. SU BS Antenna Height: Antenna height of outdoor BSs in suburban areas. The default value is 35 m. 16. RU BS Antenna Height: Antenna height of outdoor BSs in rural areas. The default value is 45 m. 17. SS Antenna Height: Antenna height of terminals. The parameter is configured according to the actual scenario of the service area. In the case of the PCMCIA or USB Dongle, the default value is 1.5 m. In the case of the fixed indoor CPE and outdoor fixed CPE, need to set suitable value according application scenario.
4.3.4.2
System Parameters Setting

1. Permutation: If the number of channel (carrier) is 1, the parameter may be set to PUSC 1/3 or PUSC FFR in link budget. In other cases, the parameter is set to PUSC Total by default. 2. FFT Size: Number of FFT size. The parameter is configured in budget link. In the case of the 5 MHz system, the parameter is set to 512. In the case of the 7M and 10 MHz system, the parameter is set to 1024. 3. HARQ Gain for DL Traffic: The default value is 4dB. 4. HARQ Gain for UL Traffic: The default value is 4dB. 5. Map Repetition Times configuration: The default value is 4. 6. System Configuration: The parameter must be set to 2*2MIMO or 2*4MIMO or 4*8MIMO or 4*8BF.
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WiMAX Planning
7. Num. of Symbol DL, Num. of Symbol UL: The recommended default values of the two parameters are 31 and 15 respectively. If other values are required, see the contents in the Profile of the forum. 8. Num. of Symbol DL MAP: The default value is 4 or 6.And it is decided by map repeat 9. Num. of Symbol Preamble: The parameter must be set to 1 as specified by the standard. 10. Num. of Symbol DL Data: The parameter is calculated by the link budget. 11. Num. of Symbol UL Overhead: The default value is 3. 12. Num. of Symbol UL Data: The parameter is calculated by the link budget. 13. Num. of DL Subchannel: The parameter is selected by the link budget. 14. Num. of DL MAP Subchannel: The parameter is selected by the link budget itself. 15. Num. of UL Subchannel: The parameter is selected by the link budget itself. 16. SBC Message PDU Size: This parameter will be a variable according to different terminal capability, now the default value is 98bytes come from Malaysia Packet One WiMAX network.
4.3.4.3
BS Parameters
1. BS Tx Power: Transmit power of a single antenna. The parameter is selected by the link budget. In the case of the 2.5G system, the parameter is set to 40 dBm by default; in the case of the 3.5G system, the parameter is set to 39 dBm by default. 2. BS Antenna Gain: The default value is 17.5 dBi; 3. BS Filter&Cable Loss: The default value is 1dB, this value is decided by RRU install method.
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WiMAX Planning
4. BS Noise Figure: The default value is 4dB. 5. Num. of BS Tx and Rx Antenna: This value will be changed according to system configuration automatic
4.3.4.4
Traffic Parameters
1. UL Data Rate at Coverage Edge: Required uplink data rate at the coverage edge. The default value is 64 kbps. 2. UL Modulation Mode at Coverage Edge: Uplink modulation mode at the coverage edge. The parameter must be QPSK or 16QAM. 3. UL Coding Mode at Coverage Edge: Uplink coding mode at the coverage edge. The parameter must be CTC 1/2 or CTC 3/4. 4. DL Modulation Mode at Coverage Edge: Downlink modulation mode at the coverage edge. The parameter must be QPSK or 16QAM. 5. DL Coding Mode at Coverage Edge: Downlink coding mode at the coverage edge. The parameter must be CTC 1/2 or CTC 3/4. 6. DL and UL Allocated subchannels: This value is decided by bandwidth and permutation method. 7. Limited subchannel number at coverage edge: This parameter will bring effect to uplink cell edge data rate; maximum value cant exceed the allocated subchannel number.
4.3.4.5
Terminal Parameters
1. SS Type: The parameter is selected in link budget: z In the case of the mobile networking scenario, the parameter is automatically set to PCMCIA Card or USB Dongle. z In the case of the fixed access indoor coverage scenario, the parameter is automatically set to CPE.
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WiMAX Planning
In the case of fixed access outdoor coverage scenario, the parameter is automatically set to the outdoor CPE.
2. SS Tx Power: The parameter is selected in link budget: z In the case of PCMCIA Card or USB Dongle, the parameter is set to 23 dBm. z z In the case of indoor CPE, the parameter is set to 26dBm. In the case of outdoor CPE, the parameter is set to 26dBm;
3. SS Antenna Gain: The parameter is selected in link budget: z z z In the case of PCMCIA Card or USB Dongle, the parameter is set to 0 dBi. In the case of indoor CPE, the parameter is set to 6 dBi. In the case of outdoor CPE, the parameter is set to 15 dBi.
4. SS Filter&Cable Loss: The default value is 0. 5. Num. of SS Tx Antenna: The default value is 1. 6. Num. of SS Rx Antenna: The default value is 2; 7. SS Noise Figure: The value is 5dB for outdoor CPE, other terminal is 5.5dB.
4.3.4.6
Link Budget Table

The following is link budget (DU) table in typical configurations.
UL WiMAX Link Budget Item Application Scenario Coverage Level Frequency TDD channel bandwidth FFT Size Permutation MHz MHz Unit DL MAP Value Nomadic Indoor 2500 5 512 PUSC DL Traffic Value Nomadic Indoor 2500 5 512 PUSC Ranging Value Nomadic Indoor 2500 5 512 PUSC UL INE Traffic Value Nomadic Indoor 2500 5 512 PUSC Value Nomadic Indoor 2500 5 512 PUSC
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WiMAX Planning
Total TDD Channel Bandwidth Frequency Reuse Modulation Mode at Coverage Edge Coding Mode at Coverage Edge System Configuration Num. of Transmitting Symbol Repetition Time HARQ Time Transmitter Side Num. of Tx Antenna Tx Power per Antenna Multiple Antenna Combining Gain Tx Antenna Gain RF Filter + Cable Loss Tx EIRP Receiver Side MCS Channel bandwidth Subcarrier spacing Total pilot subcarriers Total data subcarriers Subcarriers per subchannel Pilot subcarriers per slot Data subcarriers per slot Total subchannels Allocated subchannels Allocated subcarriers Occupied bandwidth Thermal noise kT Rx Noise Figure Noise floor (power) Num. of Rx Antenna Required SINR at Antenna Port Rx Antenna Gain Rx Filter Loss + Cable Loss Rx Sensitivity System Gain dB dBi dB dBm kHz dBm/Hz dB MHz kHz QPSK-1/2 5.00 10.94 60.00 360.00 28.00 8.00 48.00 15.00 15 420 4593.75 -174.00 5.50 -101.88 2 -1.80 6.00 0.00 -109.68 QPSK-1/2 5.00 10.94 60.00 360.00 28.00 8.00 48.00 15.00 15 420 4593.75 -174.00 5.50 -101.88 2 3.10 6.00 0.00 -104.78 BPSK 5.00 10.94 140.00 280.00 24.00 24.00 48.00 17.50 6 144 1575.00 -174.00 4.00 -108.03 4 -3.40 17.50 1.00 -127.93 QPSK-1/2 5.00 10.94 140.00 280.00 24.00 24.00 48.00 17.50 6 144 1575.00 -174.00 4.00 -108.03 4 1.50 17.50 1.00 -123.03 QPSK-1/2 5.00 10.94 140.00 280.00 24.00 24.00 48.00 17.50 3 72 787.50 -174.00 4.00 -111.04 4 1.50 17.50 1.00 -126.04 dBm dB dBi dB dBm 2 37.00 3.0 17.50 1.00 56.51 2 37.00 3.0 17.50 1.00 56.51 1 26.00 0.0 6.00 0.00 32.00 1 26.00 0.0 6.00 0.00 32.00 1 26.00 0.0 6.00 0.00 32.00 MHz 5 1*3*3 QPSK CTC 1/8 2*4MIMO 6 4.00 Total 5 1*3*3 QPSK CTC 1/2 2*4MIMO 28 0.00 3.00 Total 5 1*3*3 QPSK CTC 1/2 3 0.00 Total 5 1*3*3 QPSK CTC 1/2 9 0.00 3.00 Total 5 1*3*3 QPSK CTC 1/2 9 0.00 3.00
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WiMAX Planning
HARQ Gain System Margin Shadow Margin for 90% Area Rate Interference Margin Penetration Margin Rx implementation Margin Link Budget dB dB dB dB dB 7.72 2.00 18 5 133.47 7.72 2.00 18 5 132.57 7.72 3.00 18 3 128.21 7.72 3.00 18 3 123.31 7.72 3.00 18 3 130.32 dB 4.00 4.00
4.4
Output Parameters
According to link budget table, we can get the MAPL and cell radius, and then calculate the site number to meet coverage
4.4.1
Cell Radius Calculation

Combine the MAPL BS and SS antenna height suitable propagation model parameters, we can conclude the cell coverage radius ,as following table shows:
WiMAX Link Budget Item Coverage Radius Cal. BS Antenna Height SS Antenna Height K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 Radius of RF Coverage m m km 30 1.50 168.32 44.90 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.50 30 1.50 168.32 44.90 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.47 30 1.50 168.32 44.90 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.35 30 1.50 168.32 44.90 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.26 30 1.50 168.32 44.90 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.41 Unit DL MAP Value DL Traffic Value Ranging Value UL INE Value UL Traffic Value
4.4.2
Site Number Estimation Based on Coverage Requirement

From the link budget table first sheet RF Planning Input&Output, could show the following directly result.
Site Num. due to Coverage
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WiMAX Planning
DU Coverage Radius U Coverage Radius SU Coverage Radius R Coverage Radius DU Coverage Area per BS (Cloverleaf) U Coverage Area per BS(Cloverleaf) km km km km Sq. km Sq. km Sq. km Sq. km 0.283 0.480 1.681 5.336 0.156 0.448 5.509 55.476 129 90 19 4 242
SU Coverage Area per BS (Cloverleaf) R Coverage Area per BS (Cloverleaf) DU Site Num. U Site Num. SU Site Num. R Site Num. Sum. Of Site Num.
As one project RF planning, first planner should classify the whole coverage area into different clutter types based on the digital map or google earth. Then statistic the area for every kind clutter. The areas of the clutters in the service area are divided by the corresponding single-BS area. Then, the results are rounded up and summed to get the coverage requirement-based site number. Site number=Roundup (clutter coverage area/BS coverage area,0) How to calculate the BS coverage area? The coverage areas of a single BS are calculated based on the predicated coverage distance for different types clutter (DU, U, SU, and RU etc.) by using the formula:
CoverageAreaPerBS =
9 3 R2 8 (cloverleaf)
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WiMAX Planning
Chapter5 WiMAX Capacity Planning

Knowledge z Capacity Planning---------------------------------------------- ---------------------Level1 2
In addition to the coverage requirement, the network planning should also take the capacity requirement into consideration. The planning result must meet the coverage requirement and capacity requirement at the same time. This chapter describes the subscriber predication, service models, and the calculation of WiMAX capacity.
5.1
Principles of Subscriber Predication

Subscriber predication is an important factor in deciding the scale of mobile communication construction. It determines the investment scale of engineering construction and the economic benefits after commercial application. The subscriber predication must take the following factors into consideration: z z z z z General development strategy of the country and city Population distribution of the service area Economic development level and prospect of involved areas Requirements of local economic development on mobile telephony Affordability of subscribers
Before the market requirement predication, related personnel must have an exact understanding on the development rules of cellular mobile communication and the current development phase that cellular mobile communication is in.
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The development of cellular mobile telephony complies with the growth curve. In the initial phase, the price of mobile telephony is expensive and the increase of absolute subscriber number is slow. However, due to the small base, the growth rate is very high. With the decrease of equipment costs, mobile telephony is gradually recognized and accepted by people and the cellular mobile telephony enters the exponential development phase. Then, the mobile telephony enters the stable development phase and finally to the saturation phase. Figure5-1 shows the growth curve of the cellular mobile telephony.
Figure 5-1 Growth curve of cellular mobile telephony
Popular rate
Stable development phase
Exponential development phase
Star
Time
Based on analysis, the cellular mobile communication of China is in the high speed growth phase, which is featured by high growth rate. The environment for the development of cellular mobile communication in the next few years has the following characteristics: 1. The economy maintains a high growth rate and the Chinese people steps into the well-off phase. 2. The ratio of expense on communication to the total personal income is increasing.
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3. The personnel flowing are increasing and the requirements on mobile communication are enhanced as a result. 4. The competition is becoming more and more severe. 5. The costs of communication equipment, including mobile phones, are decreasing. 6. The communication tariff is regulated downwards. 7. The diversity of services is increasing. 8. The QoS of network keeps on improving. 9. Personal subscribers become the main body of the communication market. It can be predicated that, the cellular mobile telephony market will grow a high rate in a period and will gradually develop to the stable development phase.
5.2
Service Models
WiMAX network can supply both mobile service and fix bandwidth service, 3 types are defined as below: 1. mobile subscribers, such as data card customer including inside design and outside design ,the service can access network in anywhere and anytime, the data service can include PDA, UMPC and laptop 2. family subscribers, the terminal include indoor modem, outdoor modem and computer card 3. corporation subscribers, supply network service and customized service for corporation, the terminal include indoor modem, outdoor modem and customized CPE mobile and handover, the terminal
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The WiMAX Forum has identified several applications for 802.16e-based systems and is developing traffic and usage models for them. These applications can be broken down into five major classes. These application classes are summarized in the following:
WiMAX AWG Class Class1 Class2 Interactive Game VoIP and Video conference Streaming Media Basic Internet Applications File transfers, Media Download Packet Data Applications Qake II,World of Warcraft VoIP, Video conference, PTT Music/speech, Video Clip, Movie, Streaming, MBS Web Browsing, E-mail FTP, P2P
Class3 Class4 Class5
WiMAX Forum Application Working Group (AWG) defines application session and sub-session.
Application Internet Game VoIP Video Conference Push-to-Talk(PTT) Music/Speech Session Internet game start to end A voice call Video conference start to end A voice call consist of multiple talk opportunities An access music service consists of multiple audio media play Video Clip Video Streaming MBS One Video Clip send or receive Video play start to end MBS service start to end and it may consist of multiple sub sessions IM Web Browsing A set of message exchange Web browsing start to end and it may consist of browsing multiple web pages Email Email application start to end and it may consist of multiple email send or receive Telemetry FTP P2P Each message send or receive Each file send or receive P2P application start to end N/A N/A N/A Each email send or receive Each message send or receive Each web page N/A N/A Each service channel N/A N/A N/A Each opportunity to talk Each audio media Sub-session
5.3
WiMAX Traffic Model

The data service requirement of a WiMAX system is related to the following factors:
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Name NT FO NO Number of total subscriber Online subscriber ratio Number of online subscriber Online and active subscriber ratio in total subscriber active subscriber ratio in online subscriber Online and active subscriber Service Subratio Average DL throughput Average DL throughput Average session duration Active link ratio in one session Busy hour sessions per subscriber Average active DL throughput Average active UP throughput kbps kbps % kbps kbps s % % % % Unit
Oversubscription Active ratio NOA Subratio DLav ULav D G H DLact ULact
NOA = NT* Oversubscription NOA = NO * Active ratio Oversubscription = FO * Active ratio The voice service can also be converted in the data service as the VoIP service.
Table 5-1 Default configurations of the WiMAX traffic model

Average Rate/Service Service User Type Ratio Type Internet VoIP Video Leased Residential 90% Lines Internet1 Internet2 VoIP Video Business 10% Leased 1% 50% 50% 100% 15% 1% 1 10 10 6 20 1 256 1024 1024 44.8 128 256 256 128 128 44.8 16 256 2.30 5.12 5.12 0.75 0.10 0.26 2.30 0.64 0.64 0.75 0.01 0.26 Sub ratio 100% 50% 15% Oversubscri ption 20 6 20 DL 1024 44.8 128 (kbps) UL 128 44.8 16 DL 46.08 3.36 0.86 Average Rate/User (kbps) UL 5.76 3.36 0.11
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Lines Final Average Data Rate Requirement /User kbps 63.95 13.83
It can be seen from Table5-1 that, the downlink data rate requirement per subscriber in the WiMAX system is 63.95 kbps and the uplink data rate requirement is 13.83 kbps.
5.4
WiMAX Capacity Planning

The WiMAX capacity planning is described by using the 10 MHz system as an example, in which, the frame duration is 5ms. Suppose 31 symbols are allocated to the downlink subframe and 15 symbols are allocated to the uplink subframe. According to the introduction to the frame structure, the downlink subframe needs the overhead of three symbols, of which, one is allocated to the preamble and the other two are allocated to FCH and DL MAP. The uplink subframe needs the overhead of three symbols for ranging. Total number of slots of the downlink subframe: 30 * (31 3) / 2 = 420 ; Total number of slots of the uplink subframe: 35 * (15 3) / 3 = 140 ; The downlink subframe also carries the UL MAP. Suppose the UL MAP occupies 30 slots (30 subchannels and 2 symbols). Besides, the DCD/UCD period is 2s (400*5ms). Hence, if the DCU/UCH overhead is allocated to the slots occupied by each subframe, namely 90/400, the overhead is negligible.
5.4.1
Physical Layer Traffic Calculation of Downlink

The physical layer traffic of the downlink subframe in different modulation and coding modes is as follows: QPSK 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200=3.744Mbps QPSK 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3/2=5.616Mbps
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16QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*2=7.488Mbps 16QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps 64QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps 64QAM 2/3: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4=14.976Mbps 64QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4.5=16.848Mbps 64QAM 5/6: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*5=18.72Mbps If the 22MIMO (SM mode) is used, the traffic is doubled.
5.4.2
Physical Layer Traffic Calculation of Uplink

QPSK 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200= 1.344Mbps QPSK 3/4: UL Throughput=140*48*200*3/2= 2.016Mbps 16QAM 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200*2= 2.688Mbps 16QAM 3/4: UL Throughput=140*48*200*3= 4.032Mbps If the 22MIMO (SM mode) is used, the traffic is doubled.
5.4.3
BS Throughput Calculation Principle

Above table the BS throughput value is only based on the maximum throughput theory calculation. For the commercial network, not every site could achieve the throughput value. So we define the ratio for different scenario.
Ratio Typical DL Ratio Typical wave1 UL Ratio BF DL Ratio BF UL Ratio Value 0.55 0.8 0.85 0.8
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So the actual capacity of 5M system, 7M system and 10M system is as below:

5MHz Bandwidth TDD Ratio DL UL Typical DL UL In Theory 31:15 Typical. DL UL DL UL In Theory 29:18 Typical DL UL DL UL In Theory 25:21 Typical DL UL DL UL Wave 1 SIMO 1X2 In Theory 35:12 11.52 1.47 6.34 1.18 10.08 1.96 5.54 1.57 9.36 2.45 5.15 1.96 7.92 2.94 4.36 2.35 Wave 2 MIMO 2X2 23.04 2.61 12.67 1.70 20.16 3.92 11.09 2.55 17.28 4.90 9.50 3.19 14.40 5.22 7.92 3.39 10MHz Bandwidth Wave 1 SIMO 1X2 23.04 3.02 12.67 2.42 20.16 4.03 11.09 3.22 18.72 5.04 10.30 4.03 15.84 6.05 8.71 4.84 Wave 2 MIMO 2X2 46.08 5.38 25.34 3.50 40.32 8.06 22.18 5.24 34.56 10.08 19.01 6.55 28.80 10.75 15.84 6.99
7 MHz Bandwidth TDD Ratio DL UL Typical DL UL Wave 1 SIMO 1X2 12.96 3.02 7.13 2.42 Wave 2 MIMO 2X2 23.07 5.38 12.69 4.30 BF 12.96 3.02 11.02 4.30
In Theory 21:12
As the beamforming BS actual throughput as following table:

Beamforming Sector Throughput TDD Ratio 31:15 DL UL 29:18 DL UL 5MHz BF 8.57 1.71 7.34 1.96 10MHz BF 17.14 3.43 14.69 3.92
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Chapter6 Site Survey and Planning

Knowledge point
z Overview-------------------------------------------- ---------------------Level 1 2 z Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------- Level 1 2 z Site Survey----------------------------------------------------------------Level 1 2
6.1
Overview
This chapter describes the principles of surveying available sites, planned sites, and ultra-wide coverage sites. The contents in red in Figure6-1 shows the position of site survey in network planning.
Figure 6-1 Position of site survey in network planning
Project preinvestigation
Requirement an alysis
Available site survey
Procedure tailoring
Network evaluation
Wireless environment test
Site distribu tion planning
Planned site survey
Plannin g resu lt confirmation
Emulation
PN planning and neighb oring cell configuration
Wireless network designin g report output
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6.2
Introduction to Site Survey

The network planning involves the survey of available sites and planned sites. The information of available sites is obtained in the requirements analysis phase by communication with the operator, and the information of planned sites can be obtained during site planning stage. The survey of available sites can be implemented in other phases than in available site survey phase and depends on the understanding of the project manager on the land form and topography of the planned area. In some cases, engineers need to survey only the available sites in key locations. Whether the survey of available sites in other locations is necessary is decided in the planned site survey phase. The available sites of the operator that meet the requirements of the network topology are selected as the preferred candidate sites in the planned site survey phase. The operator provided sites survey is not always done during available sites survey stage, we can determine whether survey is needed for part or all available sites based on project managers knowledge of the planned environment. It is possible that we just make survey of some important sites, as the base of network topology, the other available sites are left for determine whether need survey during planned sites survey stage. The available sites provided by operator which meet the network topology requirements will be set as the primary sites during planned site survey stage. For the network planning in rural/road areas, the available sites of the operator are scattered in different locations. It is difficult to survey all the available sites in the available site survey phase. In this case, the project manager can establish the network topology based on the distribution of available sites and the available site survey can be carried out in the planned site survey phase. The project manager should select other sites only when the available sites of the operator fail to meet the requirements.
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6.3
Site Selection Principles

Before conducting the site survey during the network planning, it needs to select appropriate sites among the sites provided by the customer and those planned sites. Here list the basic requirements for qualified sites: 1. Orientation: The sector orientation cannot be blocked by obvious barrier, which may result in coverage failure in some areas. 2. Height: The antenna height of an urban site should be 10~15 m higher than the surrounding objects and that of a suburban site should be 15 m higher than the surrounding objects, whose height is determined according to the required coverage range. In terms of the planned sites station, the height of surrounding buildings must not over 1.3 times than that of the planned antenna height. 3. Interference: avoid interference from other systems exists. Select the sites where there is no interference or the problem of existing interference can be solved. 4. GPS: The GPS solid angle cannot be less than 90 degrees. The surface area of the antenna visible in the GPS installation location cannot be less than 1/4 of the surface area of the globe (4R2), namely R2. 5. Antenna feeder: The space on the top of the building or tower is enough for the installation of antenna feeders. 6. Basic condition: Positions, transmission, and power supply are available for equipment installation. 7. Site selection: the distance between the actual location and planned location of the site station cannot exceed one fourth coverage radius. An available site can still be selected as a normal site if it meets the preceding requirements after improvement. For example, if the antenna height is lower than the required value, the site is still qualified as a normal site providing that the antenna height can be increased in certain means. If there exist barriers in some
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direction, the sector in this direction can be cancelled under the condition that the network topology will not be affected etc. The following contents describe the first three requirements in detail.
6.3.1
No Obvious Blocking Objects around the Site

Blocking affects the coverage of the areas behind the blocking objects and may lead to coverage dead zone. The blocking objects in the sector orientation can reflect signals and thus affect the coverage of the areas behind them. Hence, serious blocking in the sector orientation must be avoided. Barriers have great influence on the coverage. They may result are such problems: in the back area of the barrier a shadow always occurs, which easily produces blind coverage area; the signal is easily reflected by barriers, which will bring co-channel interference to the opposite direction ,and so on. The distance between a blocking object and the site should be calculated in compliance with the following principles: The vertical field angle corresponding to the blocking in the vertical direction has the largest effect on the coverage. The distance between the blocking object and the site is calculated as follows (supposing the diffraction capability is strong enough): 1. In the case of a blocking object much higher than the sector, suppose the vertical field angle is , the blocking object is H higher than the building, and the distance between the blocking object and the base station is L, then, L must meet the following requirements: L > H/(tg/2); For example, if the vertical field angle is 7 and the height difference is 20 m, the distance must be greater than 330 m. 2. In the case a small blocking object, to avoid serious obstacle, the distance L from the barrier to the site must meet the following requirements: L > 2**(180/(*))2;
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In which, is the wavelength.
6.3.2
Site Height
The planned antenna height of urban sites must be 10~15 m higher than the average height of the objects around the building and that of rural and suburban sites must be 15 m higher than the average height of the objects around the site. In very densely urban area, the antenna height can be about 10meters higher. If the site in a dense area is too high, such as more than 20 m higher than the objects around it, the signal radiation range will be too wide and may cause interference with adjacent sites. If the antenna height reaches up to 60 m, the indoor areas around the bottom of the base station cannot be covered and become a blind coverage area. In contrast, if the site is too low, such as less than 10 m higher than the objects around it in the suburban area, the coverage area will be too small and cannot meet the coverage requirement. Generally this problem can be solved by heightening the antenna such as increase the pole, mount or rack; but one thing need to be guaranteed, the site location must possess the bearing ability for antenna heightening. In the case of low sites required by the operator, such as the equipment room building or parent exchange, if the transmission and power supply are available and the site is not obviously blocked, the site height can be increased by lengthening the pole or tower.
6.3.3
Avoid Interference with Other Systems

If the available candidate sites include the sites of other systems and their conditions are close to other candidate sites, the co-site should be considered, except that the land forms around the sites change greatly, such as serious blocking, small antenna height, no equipment room, and antenna installation difficulty. The co-site brings many advantages, such as convenient isolation, easy leasing, and availability of equipment room, transmission, and power supply.
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Like co-site scenario, the WiMAX system may interfere in other systems and can receive the interference from other system. This problem should be taken into consideration during the network planning. If WiMAX system needs to share a site with other system, in this case, the isolation requirement can be met in vertical isolation mode. The WiMAX antenna can be installed on the top of an antenna of another system or in a plane in the same direction. Likewise, horizontal or vertical isolation can also be used to reduce the interference between WiMAX and other system. But how far the isolation distance need to be calculated by the specific equation, we should clear about the interfered and interfering some parameters like system frequency, antenna gain, out-band spurious, RX noise power and isolation requirement etc. In addition to the isolation from other systems, the isolation from other equipment with similar frequencies should also be considered. The base station cannot be installed near large-power radio stations or paging and microwave equipment with similar frequencies. In the WiMAX system, the interference between sites is very serious, especially when the sectors of two sites are installed face to face. Hence, a certain space must be maintained between two sites. The selected site must keep a distance from adjacent sites with close frequencies.
6.4
Ultra-Wide Coverage Site Survey and Selection

The networking planning of ultra-wide coverage is different from the common network planning. The network planning of ultra-wide coverage must handle the pilot pollution in remote areas and the effects on the current network. Hence, the sites in the network planning must be selected in a different way. The network planning process of ultra-wide coverage is as follows: 1. Get the requirements, including the required coverage range and other information.
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2. Estimate the antenna height required for the coverage according to the ultra-wide coverage model. 3. Test and simulate the coverage of existing networks in the required coverage area. 4. Design the network topology based on the electronic map in combination with the coverage of existing networks and the required antenna height, including the site location, orientation, and antenna parameters. The pilot pollution in remote areas must be considered in the design. 5. Carry out field survey and select qualified sites. The selected site must meet the requirements on height and sector orientation and should cause minimum effect on the inland. If the site survey is implemented in a high location, the site selected should be lower than the peak. In this way, the mountains and other ground objects provide certain blocking functions against the sites behind them and thus the effect on existing networks is minimized. 6. Verify the survey results by simulation and survey the problematic sites again.
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Chapter7 Antenna Selection

Knowledge point
z Overview------------------------------------------------------------------Level3 4 z Antenna Selection------------------------------------------------------- Level3 4 z Indoor Antenna-----------------------------------------------------------Level3 4
7.1
Overview
During the network planning and optimization, the selection for antennas is an important work. Proper antennas can not only improve network coverage and capacity, but also shorten the time of network planning and optimization, and save human and physical resources. This manual is to guide antenna selection in network planning process. It can also be used in the network optimization stage to aid judging whether the selected antennas are suitable or not.
7.2
Antenna Selection
There are many parameters involved in antenna selection, mainly including frequency range, polarization mode, radiation pattern, gain, horizontal BW (beam width), vertical BW, downtilt mode, side lobe suppression, null fill, front-to-back ratio, maximum input power, third-order inter-modulation, isolation, input impedance, and mechanical specifications, etc. Among them, the radiation pattern, gain, horizontal BW, vertical BW and downtilt mode should be determined according to the coverage areas characteristics such as terrain and clutter, base station height and coverage radius. And the selection of other antenna parameters is relatively simple and they can be decided on the basis of the characteristics of the system being designed.
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In the following Chapter, we will introduce the basic methods and considerations for selecting antennas through explaining the key parameters of the antenna.
7.2.1
Frequency Range and Polarization Mode

The frequency range of the antenna needs to correspond with that of the network. In order to minimize the effect of out-band interference, the antennas frequency range is expected to just fall into the systems frequency band. Base station antennas usually adopt linear adopt polarization. vertical Among them, and
single-polarization
antennas
usually
polarization,
dual-polarization antennas usually adopt 45 linear polarization. A dual-polarization antenna is composed of two orthogonally polarized antennas which are installed inside the same radome. Using dual-polarization antennas can decrease the quantity of antennas, simplify antenna installation, cut down engineering cost and reduce antenna occupation. In urban areas, base stations are relatively many in number and the coverage radius of each base station is small. To facilitate antenna installation and considering that base stations have high probabilities to be adjusted in the future, base stations are recommended to adopt dual-polarization antennas. In suburban and rural areas, there are much fewer base stations and the coverage radius of each base station is large. Single-polarization antennas with space diversity are recommended since space diversity can enhance the receiving effect of the base station.
7.2.2
Radiation Pattern, Horizontal BW, Vertical BW, and Gain

According to the radiation pattern, base station antennas can be divided into omni directional antennas and directional antennas. Omni directional antennas radiate equally in all directions of space, and are suitable for the coverage of omni cells. The radiation of directional antennas is concentrated in some certain direction, so they are applicable for the coverage of sectored cells. On the horizontal plane (or vertical plane) of antenna radiation pattern, the angle between the two points at which the antenna gain is 3 dB lower than the maximum
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power point on the main lobe is called antennas horizontal/vertical beamwidth (BW). In some literatures, they are also called horizontal/vertical lobe width or horizontal/vertical lobe angle. Most of the energy radiated by the antenna falls into the lobe width, and the size of the beamwidth implies the concentration level of antenna radiation. The horizontal BW of the omni directional antennas is 360; and the horizontal BW of directional antennas can be 20, 30, 65, 90, 105, 120or 180, among which 65 and 90 are commonly used. Typically, the vertical BW of antennas is between 3 ~ 80 and antennas with 5 ~ 18 vertical BW is usually used by base stations. The antenna gain is closely related to the horizontal and vertical BW, and in general, the smaller the antenna beamwidth is, the larger the gain. Therefore, when determining these three parameters, it needs to consider them together. To fit for various propagation environments and detailed terrain & clutter, it needs to select antennas with different horizontal BW, vertical BW and gain, and the following principles can be referred to when determining such three parameters: 1. Horizontal BW: determine the horizontal BW according to the shape of the area to be covered; in the case that base stations are in large scale with their coverage radiuses being small, and the traffic there is heavy, small horizontal BW antennas should be selected. For the areas where the coverage radiuses of base stations are relatively large and the traffic is low, large horizontal BW antennas can be applied. 2. Vertical BW: in the areas where the terrain is flat, and buildings are distributed sparsely and have a low average height, small vertical BW antennas are applicable. For the areas whose terrain is complex and with big fall, large vertical BW antennas are usable. In an area where buildings are located densely and with a relatively high height, if the antenna is mounted lower than the average height of surroundings, an antenna with large vertical BW should be adopted; and if the antenna height roughly is equal to or higher than its surroundings, an antenna with small vertical BW can be selected. Next, we will provide some detailed proposals on antenna selection for several specific base station conditions.
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1. Urban Area For S111 type of base stations, antennas with 65 horizontal BW and 7~10 vertical BW are usually adopted, and the antenna gain is between 15~18 dBi. For S110 or directional single-sector sites, based on the actual situation, antennas with 65, 90or even larger horizontal BW can be selected; and the selection of their vertical BW and the gain can be conducted according to the proposals for antenna selection of S111 sites. For omni directional sites, antennas with small gain and adjustable electrical downtilt are often used. 2. Suburban and Rural Area For directional base stations, antennas with 90horizontal BW and 5~7 vertical BW are applicable, and the gain of antenna is between 15~18 dBi. For omni directional base stations, antennas with 5~ 7 vertical BW are preferable, and the gain of antenna is within 9~12 dBi. 3. Water Surface (Large Lake, Ocean), Gobi and Desert Directional base stations: if the area to be covered is very wide, antennas with 90 or 105horizontal BW and 5~7 vertical BW can be selected, and the antenna gain is within 14~18 dBi. Under the case of super-far coverage with multiple base stations, if the near areas have been covered and the distance between neighbor base stations are not far, considering to reduce handoff areas and making the coverage as far as possible, antennas with 65can be used. If the expected coverage area is long but not very wide such as long and narrow lakes, antennas with 65vertical beamwidth can be adopted. For omni directional base stations, they can adopt antennas with 5~7 vertical BW, and the gain of antenna is within 9~12 dBi. 4. Long and Narrow Coverage Areas such as Highways, Railways, etc. The antennas for covering highways and railways are determined according to the length and shape of the area to be covered. If the road stretches straight, high-power antennas with 20~30 horizontal BW and 5~7 vertical BW can
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be used. If the road bends greatly, antennas with 65 or 90 or even larger horizontal BW and 57 vertical BW are preferable to be used. 5. Area with Complex and Great-fall Terrain In some cases, areas with great-fall terrain are encountered in network planning. And such case further includes two types of situations: 1) when the mounted antenna is higher than the average height of the coverage area, antennas with vertical BW of 1018 can be used; 2) when the fall of the local terrain is very great and most of coverage areas are higher than the mounted antenna, an antenna with vertical BW of 1830can be adopted, as shown in the Figure 7-1.
Figure 7-1 Antenna Selection in a Coverage Area with Great-fall Terrain
6. Under Low Frequency The dimension of an antenna is closely related to its frequency range. To achieve the same vertical BW, an antenna with a low frequency band must have the dimension much larger than an antenna with a high frequency band. For a system with low frequency range such as a 450 MHz network, the horizontal BW of the antenna can be selected according to the principles introduced previously, and the range for the vertical BW can be widened on the basis of above selecting principles. In urban areas with densely distributed base stations and severe interference, if according to the general principles an antenna with small vertical BW is to be selected, but in practice only another antenna with large vertical BW is available, then an antenna with electrical downtilt should be finally selected.
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7. The Base Station is Located Very High Under such condition, antennas with large front-to-back ratio should be used, so as to avoid great influences produced by antenna side lobes to the surrounding environment.
7.2.3
Downtilt Mode
In order to reduce coverage holes and decrease the interference of the local base station to adjacent base stations, avoid installing antennas very high; meanwhile, antennas should be down tilted properly. In urban areas, densely distributed base stations are apt to produce mutual interference. For any one of base stations, in order to guarantee most of the energy radiated from the antenna cover within the desired area and reduce the interference exerted to adjacent base stations, make the half-power beamwidth at the antenna main lobe point to the boundary of the coverage area. And here is the calculation formula for the downtilt angle: = arctg (2H / L) * 180 / + /2 e_ In some environments, such as suburban and rural areas, highways, sea surface, etc., in order to make the coverage reach as far as possible, the initial downtilt can be reduced and the maximum gain on the antenna main lobe can be let to point to the boundary of the coverage area, and the formula for calculating the downtilt is as follows: = arctg (H / L) * 180 / + /2 e_ In above two formulas, indicates the initial mechanical downtilt of the antenna, in units of degree. H indicates the effective height of the base station, i.e. the difference between the height of mounted antenna and the average height of the surrounding coverage areas, in units of meter. L indicates the distance from the antenna to the boundary of this sector, in units of meters. Indicates the antennas vertical BW, in units of degree. And e_ indicates the electrical downtilt of the antenna, in units of degree.
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The mechanical downtilt calculated with the above formulas is just an initial value which can be used for network simulation and the setting of the initial downtilt of the antenna. And this downtilt can be adjusted according to the simulation result or the drive test result after the network is commissioning. The antenna downtilt mode includes mechanical downtilt and electrical downtilt, and the latter can be further divided into fixed and adjustable electrical downtilt. Mechanical downtilt antennas are relatively cheap and only down tilted at installation. They are mainly applied in conditions with downtilt angle less than 10. Though electrical downtilt antennas are relatively expensive, their downtilt angles can vary in a larger range (can be over 10); when the downtilt angle increases, the antenna radiation pattern will not be distorted and the back lobe will tilt downwards accordingly. For a situation requiring large downtilt angle, a fixed electrical downtilt antenna with small angle plus mechanical downtilt is the mainstream solution. The conditions requiring antennas with electrical downtilt mainly include: z For an urban site which is required to cover a small area with large antenna downtilt, it is proper to adopt electrical antenna in order to decrease the interference to other sites as much as possible. z For an urban site located high, it is preferred to utilize electrical large-downtilt antenna or adjustable electrical antenna with upper side lobe suppression and first lower null fill so as to decrease interference to adjacent sites as much as possible. z For a site located high relative to its surroundings, such as a site on a mountain or near a river, an antenna with electrical downtilt can be selected. z Since omni directional antennas cannot mechanically down tilt, so for an omni site at a very high position, an antenna with particular electrical downtilt should be selected according to the detailed condition. z Under other conditions which need antennas with large downtilt, the antennas with electrical downtilt can be adopted.
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7.2.4
Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill

The coverage of signals is guaranteed mainly by the main lobe and the side lobes below the main lobe of the antenna. While the side lobes above the main lobe can not only waste the radiated energy, but also produce interference to adjacent base stations, especially to the buildings in these adjacent base stations. Therefore, the energy radiated through these upper side lobes should be suppressed as much as possible, particularly the large first side lobe. At the same time, it also needs to fill the null point below the main lobe, and the formula to calculate the null fill is as follows: Value of null fill = (Power level of the first vertically lower null fill / power level of maximum radiation direction) % = 20 log (Power level of the first vertically lower null fill / power level of maximum radiation direction) dB The power level of the first upper side lobe above the main lobe should be less than -18 dB. The power level of the first lower null fill below the main lobe should be higher than -20 dB, and if the value can reach -12 dB, it would be very ideal.
Figure 7-2 The Pattern Diagram of Radiation Range
7.2.5
Front-to-back Ratio, Maximum Input Power, Third-order Inter-modulation, Isolation

The antennas front-to-back ratio refers to the ratio of power level of the antennas main lobe to the back lobe. Its value should be normally higher than 25 dB.
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The antennas maximum input power refers to the maximum RF transmit power after the carriers are combined and then input into the antennas port. In the practical determination, the value should be added with some proper margin on the basis of this estimated value, and it normally should not be less than 150W. The value of antennas third-order inter-modulation should be lower than -150 dBc@243dBm. The isolation between any two of antennas ports should be higher than 30 dB. The antennas VSWR should be less than 1.5.
7.3
Selecting Antennas for Indoor Distribution Systems

Generally speaking, the antenna for an indoor distribution system should comply with the following two principles: The antenna, on one hand, can satisfy the indoor coverage requirement; on the other hand, will radiate outdoors as little as possible, so as not to interfere with outdoor service areas. The antenna should have a good appearance, and its shape, color and dimension should be in harmony with the indoor environment. The antennas for indoor distribution systems are mostly of small gain, and here are their major types: 1. Ceiling-mounted Antenna The ceiling-mounted antenna is a kind of omni directional antenna, and is mainly installed on the ceilings of rooms, halls, corridors, etc. The gain of the ceiling-mounted antenna is generally within 2~ 5 dBi, its horizontal BW is 360, and its vertical BW is about 65. The ceiling-mounted antenna has a good appearance. Being installed on the ceiling, it emits the radio wave with even field strength in all directions. So
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when selecting the antenna for the indoor distribution system, the ceiling-mounted antenna is preferable. The ceiling-mounted antenna should be installed at the center of the ceiling rather than at a location such as near a window or door from which the signals easily leak and interfere outdoors. 2. Wall-mounted Panel Antenna This is a kind of directional antenna, and often installed on the walls of rooms, halls and corridors. The wall-mounted antenna has the gain of 6~10 dBi that is higher than that of the ceiling-mounted antenna. Its horizontal BW may have multiple angles, such as 65and 45. And its vertical BW is about 70. The wall-mounted antenna has a good look. With a relatively large gain, it is always used in the long and narrow indoor environments. No obstacle should stand in front of the antenna, and the antenna should not be installed just opposite a location from which the signals are likely to leak outdoors such as near a window or door. 3. Yagi Antenna The Yagi antenna is a kind of directional antenna with large gain. It is mainly used for covering narrow areas such as elevators. The gain of the Yagi antenna is generally within 9~14 dBi. 4. Leaky Cable The leaky cable can be considered as a kind of antenna. Through a series of outlets cut in the outer conduct layer of the cable, the signals can be transmitted and received along the cable. The leaky cable can be applied for the coverage in tunnels and railways. 5. Other Antennas Other antennas for indoor distribution systems also include spiral antennas, pole antennas, and so on, whose gain is normally 2~3 dBi. Because their appearances are not very good, they are rarely used.
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Chapter8 WiMAX Parameters Planning

Knowledge point
z Overview-------------------------------------------- --------------------- Level3 4 z Frequency Planning------------------------------------------------------ Level3 4 z Preamble Planning------------------------------------------------------- Level3 4 z Neighbor Planning--------------------------------------------------------Level3 4
8.1
Overview
This document introduces the basic principles for WiMAX frequency planning preamble planning and initial neighbor planning, which should be carried out during the proposal output stage.
Figure 8-1 Network Planning Flow
8.2
8.2.1
Preamble & Neighbor Planning Flow

Frequency Planning Flow
Frequency planning flow is shown as the following Figure.
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Figure 8-2 Frequency Planning Flow
8.2.2
Preamble Planning Flow

Preamble planning flow is shown as the following Figure.
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Figure 8-3 Preamble Planning Flow
8.2.3
Neighbor Planning Flow

Neighbor planning flow is shown as the following Figure.
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Figure 8-4 Neighbor Planning Flow
8.2.4
Frequency Planning
As limited by the frequency resources, the frequency should be reused for the high frequency efficiency. The frequency planning is to allocate the frequency to reduce the co-channel interference. In order to conquer the interference within system, it
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should be ensured the distance between each two frequency reused as enough as possible. The Frequency Reuse Scheme (FRS) is defined by the number of BS per cluster, number of sector per BS, number of frequency channels and optionally number of segments. When the number of segments is not included it should be assumed none. Some possible configurations are listed below. - FRS=4, 12, 3- This is a low interference configuration - FRS=1, 3, 3- This is a high interference configuration. The next Figures illustrate these regular frequency reuse patterns.
Figure 8-5 FRS=4, 12, 3
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Figure 8-6 FRS=1, 3, 3
8.3
Preamble Planning Procedure

As defined in IEEE 802.16e standard, for the 1024 FFT system, preamble index should be allocated by this way: Preamble index 0~31 should be allocated to segment 0; Preamble index 32~63 should be allocated to segment 1; Preamble index 64~95 should be allocated to segment 2; For preamble index 96+N (0<= N <= 17) Preamble index 96+N0 should be allocated to segment 0, while N0 = 3k, k = 0, 1, 2 Preamble index 96+N1 should be allocated to segment 1, while N1 = 3k+1, k = 0, 1, 2 Preamble index 96+N2 should be allocated to segment 2, while N2 = 3k+2, k = 0, 1, 2
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Usually, we use preamble index 0~95 to preamble plan, 96~113 are reserved for future capacity extension or for conquering interference. Since there are only 114 preamble indexes available, preamble reuse should be taken into consideration, especially for a system with many base stations. Usually, base stations should be divided into several clusters, which should be planned with one preamble reuse set. In order to conquer the interference within system, it must be ensured enough distance between each two preamble index reused. According to the two factors above, a cluster contains 19~32 base stations is recommended.
8.4
Neighbor Planning Procedure

Once preamble planning has been approved, network planning engineer could go on with initial neighbor list planning, which influences the network handover performance most at the beginning of service.
Figure 8-7 Initial Neighbor List Planning
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Before the network starts to service, the initial neighbor list could be planned by the following principles, and it should be adjusted again according to the handover times statistic got by OMC. 1. All the cells belong to a same BS must be configured as neighbor each other; 2. Cells in the first and the second layer could be configured as neighbor according to coverage planning. Generally, cells which are against the planning cell should be configured as its neighbors, while cells in the first layer. should be configured each other 3. Here is an example of neighbor planning, the red solid array stands for the cell to be configured, and the dotted arrays stand for its neighbors.
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Once every cell has be assigned neighbors, ZXPOS CNO could be used again to check out whether the neighbors are interworking, and made further adjusting. For detailed operation, please refer to Chapter 9.4. The maximum neighbor number per cell could be no more than 10. After the whole network was built and on air, we should according DT test result to adjust the neighbor cell list and priority.
8.5
ZXPOS CNO1 Planning Introduce

With the ZXPOS CNO1, we can completely finish the frequency, preamble and neighbor planning. 1. Import the site information sheet.
2. Show the sites
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3. Frequency and Preamble plan
4. Set the parameters
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Here we can configure 3 parameters, include the Frequency, Preamble Index and UL_Permbase. Then click the 5. Export the results button to execute the planning.
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Click the
button to save the result as excel file.
6. Continue plan the neighbor
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Here we must import the site information which finished the frequency planning. 7. Cell radius calculate
Here we need configure the neighbor parameters which are marked with red circle. 8. Plan the neighbor
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Click the
button auto plan the neighbor.
9. Export the neighbor plan
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When finish the neighbor plan, we can use the arrow button cells neighbor, use the button to export the neighbor result.
to check one
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WiMAX Planning Level III

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Chapter1 Overview and Process of Wireless Network Planning

Definition of Wireless Network Planning

Objectives of WiMAX Network Planning

Process of WiMAX Wireless Network Planning

Figure 1-1 Process of network planning

Wireless network analysis

Figure 1-2 Process of WiMAX wireless network planning

Landform and topography survey

Available site survey

Traffic distribution prediction

Yes Planning result output

No Customer requirement satisfied

Chapter2 Network Dimensioning and Design

Figure 2-1 Process of WiMAX wireless network planning

WiMAX Cell Site Design

Table 2-2 WiMAX Cell Count vs. Frequency

WiMAX Network Deployment Scenario

Figure 2-2 Abstract of WiMAX deployment scenarios

Table 2-3 Cell Footprint for Different Ranges

Figure 2-3 SINR map for 1.3.1(FUSC) and 1.3.3(PUSC) schemes

Chapter3 Radio Propagation models

Main Propagation Mechanism Introduction

Figure 3-1 Propagation Mechanism

Standard Macro cell Propagation Model

C_Loss: Clutter specifications taken into account in the calculation process.

As to different frequency band, this table lists some default parameters.

Table 3-1 Propagation Model default parameters

Cost231- Hata Model

A(h Mobile) equation is following:

This model is suitable to: f: 150----1000MHz

Where a(h Mobile) is defined same as the above equation.

The Cost-Hata-Model is suitable to the following scenario f: 1500----2000MHz

hBase : 30----200MHz hMobile : 1----10m

Table 3-2 Constant Values for the SUI Model Parameters

Chapter4 WiMAX Coverage Planning

Overview of Link Budget

, and the corresponding probability distribution function is

Assume the loss threshold to

When the propagation loss exceeds the

Pcov erage = Pr ( < 1 ) =

1 m = 0.675 = 0.675 8 = 5.4dB

Figure 4-1 Fade margin Probability distribution function

Figure 4-2 Fade margin Probability density function

Normal distribution-complied probability density function Standard deviation = 8 dB 0.675 x 8=5.4dB

Physical Layer Basic Parameters in WiMAX

Repeat Time Implement Loss NF SNR RSS

1.00 3.00 4.00 5 -92.37

N/A N/A kHz kHz us us us us ms N/A N/A dB dB dB dBm/421subcarrie rs

Value 7 841 8/7 1/8 1024 8000 7.81250000 128.0000

us us us ms N/A N/A dB dB dB dBm/840subcarrie rs

16.0000 144.0000 0.1250 5 34.72 1.00 3.00 4.00 5 -93.83

WiMAX Link Budget Table Introduction

Link Budget of the WiMAX System

AWGN PB 3 km/h VA 30km/h VA 60km/h VA 120km/h

Structure of WiMAX Link Budget

Compulsory Input Parameters

System Parameters Setting

Link Budget Table

Cell Radius Calculation

Site Number Estimation Based on Coverage Requirement

Chapter5 WiMAX Capacity Planning