MECE

3301 Thermodynamics Fall 2013 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #5 Due Friday, October 25, 2013
5.37 Prove that a cyclic device that violates the KelvinPlanck statement of the second Borgnakke and Sonntag law also violates the Clausius statement of the second law. Borgnakke and Sonntag

5.56

5.61

6.18

Solution: Proof very similar to the proof in section 5.2. A refrigerator should remove 400 kJ from some food. Assume the refrigerator o works in violating a Carnot Kelvin cycle between C and 45oC with a motor-compressor of H.E. receives 15 QH from T H 400 W. How much time does it take if this is the only cooling load? Borgnakke and Sonntag TH and produces net W = QH. QH Q H + Q L Assume Carnot cycle refrigerator W as the working This W input to H.P. receivingelectric QL from TL. plant with steam . to build It is proposed a 1000-MW power Q T . are .to be .cooled with HP HEFig. P5.61). 273 -(see 15 L L river water fluid. Thedischarges condensers The H.P. Q/H +H QtoLT E  = QL (Q Q )H #. = = 4.3 L TH -T 45 - (-15) . temperature is 550qC, maximum steam and the in the condensers will be L pressure W the temperature rise of the river downstream from the power 10 kPa. Estimate QL C.V. Total plant. ThisNet gives the relation between the low T .heat transfer and the work as Q to TH is : -Q + Q + Q = Q H H L L TL Solution: . . . Q Borgnakke and Sonntag QL = t = E W = 4.3 W

H.E. Q + .H.P.400 together transfers from T to T with no W thus violates u6 1000 JT =Q L s oC=source L H rejects heat at 30oC. 823.3 K A heatt engine kW from a550C 250 and = Wreceives = = 106 kW, = NET H 233 W . 4.3 u 400 Examine eachClausius. of E three cases respect of=Clausius. W PCOND = with 10 kPa o TLto = the TG inequality (P = 10 kPa) 45.8C = 319 K . . Borgnakke and Sonntagc. Carnot cycle a. W = 6 kW b. WT= 0 kW -T H L 823.2 - 319 = 823.2 = 0.6125 Solution:KTH CARNOT = T 6.19 H Use inequality of = Clausius to show that transfer aK warm space Tthe = 250 + 273 523 K ; TL heat = 30 + 273 from = 303 H

60 u = 8 u 10/60 . . kW/K > 0 Impossible Case 11.47 kg/s But mH a) = = 80=000 T 523 303 dQ dQ having an energy flow of O 0.001 6.24 Clausius: or d 0 2 T d 0 T Determine the entropy for these states: . . . . dQ = 6000 6000 Q m 'h = mH C 'T O MIN a. Nitrogen, P =H 2000 120 K L MIN O kPa, PkW/K LIQ H2< O Take C.V.b) as the space the cold space. It is the same Q that = separating = 8.33 0 H2 OK 2O and 2 303 warm 3 T 523 b. Nitrogen, 120 K, v = 0.005 crosses each surface (from energy equation) so m /kg . o 3/kg . 0.01 m0.6327 c. R-410A, v= QC, u106 kW L MIN . T = 25 Q 'TH = = dQ 6000 L dQ Q Q 1 1 kg/s ukJ/kg-K O MIN . 80000 u 4.184 = Q (T T )<0 OK c) 2 T =0 = 523 m C 303 T T warm cold warm cold H O PT LIQ H2O Solution:

. towards a colder space without work is 1a- possible 0.6125 process i.e. a heat engine with no work QL MIN= 106 0.6125 = 0.6327 u106 kW output. .

dQ

Borgnakke and Sonntag 6000 0

2 . P< 303 a) Table B.6.1: P = 1.9C sat = 2513 kPa so superheated vapor. QL = 523 u 6 kW = 3.476 kW B.6.2 at 2000 kPa: s = 4.8116 kJ/kg-K . . . PRACTICE/EXTRA CREDIT QUESTIONS: b) Table B.6.1:W =v <v vg 0.00799 Q < QL == 2.529 kW m3/kg so two-phase L + V fH

x = (v vf)/vfg =

0.005  0.001915 = 0.5074 0.00608

s be =s +for x 0.7659 = 4.2422 kJ/kg K Excerpts from this work may reproduced by 3.8536 instructors distribution on a not-for-profit basis for f + x sfg = testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been adopted. c) Any Table other reproduction translation of0.01514 this work beyond by Sections B.4.1 vor v < vg = m3/kgthat sopermitted two-phase L + V 107 or 108 f<

MECE 3301 Thermodynamics Fall 2013 Borgnakke and Sonntag

5.101 A 4L jug of milk at 25qC is placed in your refrigerator where it is cooled down to 5qC. The high temperature in the Carnot refrigeration cycle is 45qC, the low temperature is -5qC and the properties of milk are the same as for liquid water. Borgnakke and Sonntag Find the amount of energy that must be removed from the milk and the additional work needed to drive the refrigerator. Solution: We wish to produce refrigeration at 30qC. A reservoir, shown in Fig. P5.104, is available at 200 qCto and the ambient temperature C.V milk + out the 5 C refrigerator space is 30qC. Thus, work can be done by a cyclic heat engine operating between the 200qC reservoir and the ambient. Energy Eq.: m(u  u1) = 1Q2  1W2 This work is used to drive2the refrigerator. Determine the ratio of the heat Process : P = constant = 1 atm => W Pm (v2 - v1 ) transferred from the 200qC reservoir to the from the 30qC 1 heat 2 =transferred reservoir, assuming all processes are reversible. and Sonntag State 1: Table B.1.1, Borgnakke v1 # vf = 0.001003 m3/kg, h1 # hf = 104.87 kJ/kg
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5.104

6.181

Borgnakke and Sonntag - T0 T = 200 C T = 30 C = -3.988 u 83.89 THkJ . = -. 334.55 H Q = 3.998 (20.98 -o104.87) C.V. Heating 1 2 element. W = QH1 T .C ; T = 45 C, assume H C.V.Eq.: Refrigeration cycle T = -5 Carnot 6.35 Energy Lin H in W QH2 Q m(u2 -H1 u1) = 1W2 = Welectrical In a Carnot engine with ammonia as the working the high also Ideal : E = Q / W = Q / (Q Q ) = transfer) TL/fluid, (TH  TL ) temperature is L2 gen H (no L Entropy Eq.: m(s2 - L s1 ) = 0 + 1 S heat 60qC and as QH is received, the ammonia changes from saturated liquid to saturated W . . T0 - TL = 278.15 / [45 (-5)] = 5.563 REF vapor. The ammonia pressure at the low temperature is 190 Find W kPa. = QL2 T cycle HE L, the TL . kJ/ 5.563 = 60.14 kJ . W = Q / E = 334.55 L heat W PX / Welectrical (T2 - Tentropy, thermal efficiency, the per kilogram, and the s, at the 2 - u1)added in = m C 1) / Welectrical inbeginning of Q(180 the heat rejection Q L2 20) K / 500 (J/s) = 128 s L1 J/kg-K ! = process. 0.5 kg ! 800
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2 1 1 1 Solution: A resistor in a heating element is a total of 0.5 kg with specific heat of 0.8 kJ/kgK. #heat hf =engine 20.98 kJ/kg State 2: Table B.1.1, Equate the work from h the to the refrigerator. 2 power It is now receiving 500 W of electric so it heats from 20oC to 180oC. Neglect external heat loss and find the time the process took and the entropy generation. 1Q2 = m(u2  u1) + 1W2 = m(u2  u1) + Pm (v2 - v1) = m(h2  h1)
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m = m = V /v = 0.004 / 0.001003 = 3.988 kg

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o TL =- 30 C T o= 30 C T2 5 C 180 + 273 C ln T =T 0.5 kg constant ! 0.8 kJ/kg-K ln (120 ) B.2.1  P from to + 2,273 Table 1S2 gen = m(s2 - s1) = mConstant 1 T AIR qH = Tds = T (s2 s1) = T sfg = 0.174 kJ/K -MILK TL T T . . o H 60 473.2 1 2 = QH1 / Q T - T = 243.2 170 = 0.687 L2 T = h fg = 997.0 kJ/kg L H o 2 h1 = h States 3 & 4 are two-phase, Table B.2.1 s 4 3 TL = T you =T = it 20C Remark: If you calculate the work term will find that is very small, 4=T sat(P) 1W2 3

Solution:

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the volume does not change (liquid). The heat transfer could then have been done as m(u2  u1) without any change numbers. TL in the 253.2   Kcycle = 1 =1 = 0.24 TH 333.2
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Table B.2.1:

s3 = s2 = sg(60C) = 4.6577 kJ/kg K

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been