Schneider - Power Factor Correction

Energy management
Power Factor Correction

and harmonic filtering
solutions
Medium Voltage Catalogue 2010
PE90085
Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering
How to upgrade electrical network and improve energy efficiency ?
Energy quality with Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Most utilities have specific policies for billing reactive energy. Price penalties are applied if the active power / apparent power ratio is not within the guidelines. Power Factor Correction solutions modify and control the reactive power to avoid utility penalties, and reduce overall kVA demand. These solutions result in lowering utility power bills by 5 to 10%. Harmonics stress the electrical network and potentially damage equipment. Harmonic Filtering solutions are a means to mitigate the harmonics. They increase the service life of equipment up to 32% for single phase machines, up to 18% for three phase machines and up to 5% for transformers.
Solutions
Every electric machine needs active and reactive power to operate. Power factor is used to identify the level of reactive energy. If the power factor drops below the limit set by the utility, then power factor correction equipment can be installed in order to avoid penalties. By correcting a poor power factor, these solutions also reduce kVA demand. The results are a 5 to 10% lower electricity bill, cooler equipment operation and longer equipment life. In addition proper power factor correction helps optimize electrical network loading and improves reliability.
1 month
payback. We installed a 5Mvar capacitor banks. Annual cost savings will reach 12m & implementation costs 1m Portucel Paper Mill in Portugal
Harmonic filtering
Equipment such as drives, inverters, UPS, arc furnaces, transformers during energization and discharge lamps generate harmonic currents and voltage distortion. These harmonics stress the network, overload cables and transformers, cause outages and disturb many types of equipment such as computers, telephones, and rotating machines. The life of equipment can be greatly reduced.
9%
reduction in our energy consumption after we installed 10 capacitor banks. Electricity bill optimized by 8% and payback in 2 years Testifies Michelin Automotive in France
9m
MV Capacitor banks installed, cost saving of 9m, payback in just 2 months. RFF Railways France
1 year
70 capacitor banks installed, energy consumption reduced by 10%, electricity bill optimised by 18%, payback in just 1 year. Madrid Barrajas airport Spain
DE90070
5%
Before
After
LV capacitor bank and active filter installed, energy consumption reduced by 5%. POMA OTIS transportation systems Switzerland
1
Reduce your electricity bill by reducing your reactive energy consumption.
Optimize the size of your electrical installation by increasing the available capacity and reducing the dimensions of your equipment (transformer, cables, etc.).
Improve energy quality and the service life of your equipment.
Contribute to environmental conservation by reducing losses in transmission and distribution networks.
PE90086
Harmonic filtering
Increase continuity of service by eliminating risks of stoppages due to nuisance tripping.
Eliminate malfunctions of your electrical equipment by reducing overheating, increasing its lifetime by up to 30%.
Benefit from the assurance provided by standardization by anticipating the requirements of regulations currently being prepared, deploying environmentally friendly solutions.
PE90087
E003435
MV Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering
Energy - Production Wind-power farms

MV capacitor banks MV dynamic compensation Blocking circuits
Energy - Transmission EHV/HV substation

HV capacitor banks HV passive lters
Industry MV/MV substations

MV capacitor banks MV passive lters MV dynamic compensation Surge suppressors
Energy - Production Solar power farms

MV dynamic compensation Blocking circuits
Energy - Distribution MV/MV substation Infrastructure MV/LV substation

MV capacitor banks
MV capacitor banks MV passive lters
MV Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering
To define the solutions to be employed, you must: identify and quantify the problems to be solved (usually by an on-site audit); analyse the criticality of the installation and validate the objectives to be achieved. The following table shows the typical solutions proposed for installations in various sectors of activity.
Activity Energy Transmission Distribution Wind-power Solar power Infrastructure Water Tunnels Airports Industry Paper Chemicals Plastics Glass-ceramics Iron and steel Mtallurgy Automotive industry Cement Mines-quarries Refineries Fixed banks Automatic banks Dynamic compensation Passive filters Surge suppressors Blocking circuits
PE90079
PE90080
PE90078
PE90077
PE90081
PE90075
PE90076
Quality & Environment
PE56733
Quality certified ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 14001

A major strength In each of its units, Schneider Electric has an operating organization whose main role is to verify quality and ensure compliance with standards. This procedure is: uniform for all departments; recognized by numerous customers and official organizations. But, above all, its strict application has made it possible to obtain the recognition of an independent organization: French QA management organization AFAQ ("Association Franaise pour lAssurance Qualit"). The quality system for design and manufacturing is certified in compliance with the requirements of the ISO 9001 Quality Assurance model. Stringent, systematic controls During its manufacture, each equipment item undergoes systematic routine tests to verify its quality and compliance: measurement of operating capacity and tolerances; measurement of losses; dielectric testing; checks on safety and locking systems; checks on low-voltage components; verification of compliance with drawings and diagrams. The results obtained are recorded and initialled by the Quality Control Department on the specific test certificate for each device.
Schneider Electric undertakes to reduce the energy bill and CO2 emissions of its customers by proposing products, solutions and services which fit in with all levels of the energy value chain. The power factor correction and harmonic filtering offer form part of the energy efficiency approach.
ISO 900 1 ISO 9002 ISO 14001
Up to savings on your energy bill.

10% 31% Jarylec* Steel Zinc 24% Epoxy resin Brass Paper, wood, cardboard Tin-plated copper 2% 7% 5% 1% 1% 19% Polypropylene (film) Aluminium (film) * Jarylec: dielectric liquid with no PCB or chlorine, compatible with the environment
10 %
Raw materials breakdown for MV capacitors
A new solution for building your electrical installations
PE90088
A comprehensive offer
The power factor correction and harmonic filtering offer form part of a comprehensive offering of products perfectly coordinated to meet all medium- and low-voltage power distribution needs. All these products have been designed to operate together: electrical, mechanical and communications consistency. The electrical installation is accordingly both optimized and more efficient: improved continuity of service; losses cut; guarantee of scalability; efficient monitoring and management. You thus have all the trumps in hand in terms of expertise and creativity for optimized, reliable, expandable and compliant installations.
Schneider Electric joins forces with your expertise and your creativity for optimized, reliable, expandable and compliant installations.
Tools for easier design and setup

With Schneider Electric, you have a complete range of tools that support you in the knowledge and setup of products, all this in compliance with the standards in force and standard engineering practice. These tools, technical notebooks and guides, design aid software, training courses, etc. are regularly updated
Because each electrical installation is a specific case, there is no universal solution. The variety of combinations available to you allows you to achieve genuine customization of technical solutions. You can express your creativity and highlight your expertise in the design, development and operation of an electrical installation.
Main Contents
Overview MV capacitor banks Protection systems Components Special equipment Installations and dimensions Services Design guide Technical guide
1-8 11 39 45 57 65 69 73 79
MV capacitor banks
Contents
Why compensate reactive energy? Choice of compensation type Choice of compensation location Choice of protection system type Choice of coupling mode Overview of offer Functions and general characteristics Banks for motor compensation
Fixed bank CP 214 Fixed bank CP 214 SAH
12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22
22 24
Banks for industrial compensation

Automatic bank CP 253 Automatic bank CP 253 SAH
26
26 28
Banks for global compensation

Fixed bank CP 227
30
30
Banks for distribution and large site networks

Automatic bank CP 254
32
32
Banks for distribution networks

Fixed bank CP 229
34
34
Banks for transport and distribution networks

Fixed bank CP 230
36
36
11
MV capacitor banks
Why compensate reactive energy?
Every electrical system (cable, line, transformer, motor, lighting, etc.) employs two forms of energy: Active energy consumed (kWh). This is fully transformed into mechanical, thermal or luminous power. It corresponds to the active power P (kW) of the loads. This is the useful energy. Reactive energy consumed (kvarh). It serves to magnetize motors and transformers. It corresponds to the reactive power Q (kvar) of the loads. It results in a phase difference () between the voltage and current. This is an energy that is necessary but produces no work. The reactive energy demanded by the loads is supplied by the electrical network. This energy must be supplied in addition to the active energy. This flow of reactive energy over the electrical networks results, due to a larger current demand, in: additional voltage drops; transformer overloading; overheating in circuits... and hence losses.
DE90071
Power generation
Active energy Reactive energy
Transmission network
Active energy Motor Reactive energy
For these reasons, it is necessary to produce reactive energy as close as possible to the loads, to avoid demand for it on the network, thereby increasing the installations efficiency! This is what is called "reactive energy compensation" or "power factor correction". The easiest and commonest way of generating reactive energy is to install capacitors on the network.
DE90071
Power generation
Active energy
Transmission network
Active energy Motor Reactive energy
Capacitors
Compensating reactive energy makes it possible to increase the capacity of the installation (transformers, cables) by reducing the load;
reduce losses by Joule effect;
reduce voltage drops;
increase the installations service life by reducing overheating;
reduce the electricity bill.
12
MV capacitor banks
Choice of compensation type
A capacitor bank generally consists of several single-phase or three-phase capacitor units assembled and interconnected to produce very powerful systems. The capacitor banks are branch-mounted on the network. They may be of fixed or automatic type. Fixed bank The entire bank is put into operation, with a fixed value of kvar. This is on/off type operation. This type of compensation is used: when their reactive power is low (15% of the power of the upstream transformer) and the load is relatively stable; on HV and EHV transmission networks for power values of up to 100 Mvar. Automatic bank The bank is divided up into steps with capability for switching on or off a smaller or larger number of steps automatically. This is a permanent adjustment to the reactive power demand, due to load fluctuations. This type of bank is very commonly used by certain heavy industries (high installed capacity) and energy distributors in source substations. It allows step-by-step regulation of reactive energy. Each step is operated by a switch or contactor. Capacitor step switching on or off can be controlled by power factor controllers. For this purpose, the network current and voltage information must be available upstream of the banks and loads.
Choice of bank type according to the harmonics

The presence of nonlinear loads (variable speed drives, inverters, etc.) creates harmonic currents and voltages. The compensation equipment will be chosen according to the magnitude of these harmonics: Either the installation has no significant harmonics and there is no risk of resonance. In this case a bank appropriate for networks with a low harmonic level (standard type) is chosen. Or the installation has a significant level of harmonics and/or there is a risk of resonance. In such cases a bank provided with a detuning reactor, appropriate for networks with a high harmonic level, is chosen.
13
MV capacitor banks
Choice of compensation location
DE90072
Individual
Individual compensation is recommended especially when a load of power greater than 300 kW is present, and if it remains energized during most working hours. This is especially the case of motors driving machines with great inertia: centrifuges, compressors and fans, for example. Operation of the switch specific to the load in this case automatically causes capacitor switching on or off. The production of reactive energy takes place directly at the place where it is consumed. For the whole length of the power cable this results in a reduction in the reactive current load. Individual compensation therefore makes a major contribution to the reduction in apparent power, losses and voltage drops in conductors.
Individual compensation
Partial/by sector
In the case of compensation by sector (or workshop), several loads are connected to a joint capacitor bank which is operated by its own switchgear. In large installations, the bank compensates all the reactive energy consumers in a workshop or a sector. This form of compensation is recommended for installations where a number of loads are put into operation simultaneously and in a manner virtually reproducible over time. Partial compensation has the advantage of entailing lower capital investment costs than individual compensation. This is because calculation of the power of a permanently installed capacitor bank takes into account expansion of the sector load. However, the load curves must be well known beforehand in order to correctly size the capacitor banks and avoid risks of over-compensation (reactive power supplied exceeding the demand). Over-compensation generally results in the local occurrence of permanent overvoltages which cause premature electrical equipment ageing.
DE90072
Partial compensation / by sector
Global
In the case of global compensation, the production of reactive energy is grouped in a single place, usually in the transformer substation. However, it is not necessary for the capacitors to be installed precisely at the metering level. On the contrary, it is recommended to install the capacitors in an appropriate location which takes into account various constraints such as space requirements. The capacitors have a good duty factor; the layout is clear; supervision of the installation and its various parts is easier than in the case of compensation by sector. Finally, if stepped automatic adjustment is adopted, there will in this case be good follow-up of the plants load curve, which avoids operations by personnel (manual switching on/off). This solution is economically worthwhile if the load variations are not attributable to specific loads.
DE90072
Total compensation
14
MV capacitor banks
Choice of protection system type
Internal fuses
Each capacitance element of the capacitor is protected by a fuse. Any fault in this element will result in fuse blowing. The defective element will thus be eliminated. The result will be a slight capacitance variation and the voltage will be distributed over the sound elements in series. Protection by internal fuses increases the availability of capacitor banks, because the loss of one element no longer systematically results in tripping of the bank (see details in PROPIVAR technical description).
Unbalance protection
The bank is divided into two star connections (see diagram on page 16). When there is a capacitance unbalance (variation in capacitance of a capacitor), a current flowing between the 2 neutrals appears. This current is detected by a current transformer and an unbalance relay. This differential arrangement is a sensitive protection system, independent of network interference, very suitable whatever the power values.
PE90089
15
MV capacitor banks
Choice of coupling mode
To form banks of great power, there are several possibilities for cabling or connection by combination of capacitor units, namely: delta connection: three-phase capacitors (without internal fuse) coupled in parallel; double star connection of single-phase capacitors (with or without internal fuse); H connection. Choice of coupling mode depends on: the characteristics, mains voltage and power of the bank; the type of compensation, fixed or automatic (stepped); the type of protection system: - capacitor with or without internal fuse; - differential (unbalance) or with MV fuses; economic imperatives.
DE90073
DE90073
Example of double star connection
Example of delta connection
Example of H connection (by phase)
16
DE90099
Recommended configuration
Q (kvar) / 600 900 1 200 U network (kV) 3,3 4,16 Delta connection 5,5 1 or 2 three-phase 6,6 capacitors 10 11 13,2 13,8 15 20 22 30 33 2 000 2 400 3 000 3 500 4 000 6 000
YY connection 6 single-phase capacitors
YY connection 9 or 12 capacitors
YY connection of 12 singlephase capacitors (series)
PE90090
PE90091
17
MV capacitor banks
Overview of offer
Industrial application
Applications Motor compensation Fixed bank CP214
DE90082 DE90082
Industrial compensation Automatic bank CP214SAH*

DE90082
Reference Three-lines diagrams
CP253
Maximum voltage Connection mode
Up to 12 kV Three-phase capacitors with delta connection
Up to 12kV Three-phase capacitors up to 900 kvar, single-phase capacitors with double star connection above HRC fuses Up to 4500 kvar
Type of protection Maximum power**** Comments
HRC fuses (**) 2 x 450, i.e. 900 kvar
* SAH: Detuning Reactor ** HRC: High Rupturing Capacity *** CT: Current Transformer **** For larger power rating, please contact us
PE90107
PB101996_SE
PB102003_SE
CP 214
CP 227SAH
CP 253
CP 254
18
PB102001_SE
All applications
Industrial compensation Automatic bank CP253SAH*
DE90082
Energy application
Distribution system Large sites Automatic bank CP254
DE90082 DE90082
Global compensation Fixed bank CP227

DE90082
Distribution system Fixed bank CP229

DE90082
Distribution and Transport system Fixed bank CP230
Up to 12 kV Three-phase capacitors up to 900 kvar, single-phase capacitors with double star connection above HRC fuses Up to 4000 kvar
Up to 36kV
From 12 to 36 kV
Up to 36 kV
Above 36 kV Single-phase capacitors with double star or H connection
Single-phase capacitors with double star connection
Unbalance by CT*** and relay 12 x 600, i.e. 7200 kvar SAH* on request
Unbalance by CT*** and relay 12 x 480, i.e. 5760 kvar SAH* on request Please contact us SAH* on request Please contact us SAH* on request
PE90108
CP 229
CP 230
PE90084
19
MV capacitor banks
Functions and general characteristics
7.2 kV 12 kV 24 kV 36 kV 52 kV Compensation and Filtering Bank power* kvar Steps quantity type Capacitor connection delta double star H Detuning reactor Capacitor protection Inrush reactors (N/A with DR) Fuse protection Blown fuse indicator Unbalance protection Quick discharge reactor (< 24 kV) Switch Measuring Current transformer Voltage transformer People safety Earthing switch 3-pole 5-pole Line disconnector with earthing switch Interlock Control and regulation Control and mounted on door monitoring unit separated Automatic controller standard communication Auto/local selector switch Ingress protection IP IP00 IP23 IP54 Double roof Connection Cable entry bottom top Access with door Mains voltage
CP 214
CP 253
CP 227
CP 254
CP 229
CP 230
900 1 fixed
4 500 5* auto
7 200 1 fixed
5 760 5* auto
1 fixed
1 fixed
* Standard offer; for other values, please contact us : standard : optional functions
20
Service conditions
Ambient air temperature 40C. 30 C average per 24h. -25C. Altitude 1000m. Atmosphere Clean industrial air (no dust, fumes, gases or corrosive or flammable vapours, and no salt). Humidity Mean relative humidity value over 24h < 95%.
Special service conditions (please, consult us)

Schneider Electric develops solutions to meet the following special conditions: Temperature from -40C to +50C (derating, ventilation). Corrosive atmospheres, vibrations (adaptations where applicable). Altitude > 1000 m (derating).
Storage conditions
To conserve all the qualities of the functional unit in the event of extended storage, we recommend storing the equipment in its original packaging, in a dry location, sheltered from rain and sun and at a temperature ranging between -25C and +55C.
Standards
The equipment proposed in this offer has been designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with the requirements of the following standards and recommendations: High-voltage capacitors: CEI 60871-1&2, BS 1650, VDE 0560, C22-2 N190-M1985, NEMA CP1. High-voltage circuit breakers: IEC 56. Current transformers: IEC 60044. Earthing switch: IEC 129C. Relays, Power factor controller: IEC 60010. Quick discharge reactors, Damping reactors: IEC 60076-6. Insulators: IEC 168 - 273 - 815. High-voltage contactors: IEC 420 / IEC 470. High-voltage fuses: IEC 282.1 / IEC 787.
Common electrical characteristics

Tolerance on bank power rating: 0/+10% (0/+5%, power > 3 Mvar). Relative capacitance variation with temperature: -3,5.10-4/C
Insulation coordination
Highest voltage for the equipment UM (kV) 7.2 12 17.5 24 36 Power-frequency withstand voltage (kV rms, 50 Hz - 1 mn) 20 28 38 50 70 Impulse withstand voltage (kV peak, 1.2 / 50 s) 60 75 95 125 170
21
MV capacitor banks
Banks for motor compensation

Insulation up to 12 kV 50 Hz / 60 Hz Fixed bank CP214
Application
The CP214 banks are used for reactive energy compensation in medium-voltage networks. This solution is especially suitable for individual motor compensation. The banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 12 kV.
DE90066
5 3 4 2
6 1
1: Frame 2: Insulators 3: Quick discharge reactors 4: Fuses 5: Inrushj reactors 6: Capacitors
The banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors). HRC fuses provide protection against internal faults. The proposed CP214 compensation banks can be installed indoors or outdoors, mounted in aluminium or steel enclosures. Small size Specially designed for motor compensation
22
Electrical characteristics
DE90058
Power (kvar)
Mains voltage (kV)

DE90059
Power (kvar)
Mains voltage (kV)
Composition
Each CP214 bank comprises the following components: A frame in painted aluminium and steel panels (RAL 9002), IP 23 for indoor installation. PROPIVAR single-phase capacitors (1 or 2 elements depending on the power of the bank). Three inrush current limiting reactors. Three HRC fuses (with striker).
Options
Outdoor type enclosure (panels in unpainted aluminium). Double roof for outdoor type enclosure. Set of 2 quick discharge reactors. Door with lock. Blown fuse indicator.
General view, dimensions and three-lines diagram

DE90100 H L D
MT20135
H: 1700 mm, L: 900 mm, D: 1200 mm. Approximate weight: 400 to 560 kg.
23
MV capacitor banks
Banks for motor compensation

Insulation up to 12 kV 50 Hz / 60 Hz Fixed bank CP214 SAH
Application
The CP 214 SAH medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 12 kV. The CP214 SAH banks are used for reactive energy compensation in medium-voltage networks containing harmonics. This range is especially suitable for individual MV motor compensation.
DE90106
2 5 4
3 6
1: Frame 2: Insulators 3: Quick discharge reactors 4: Fuses 5: Detuning reactors 6: Capacitors
The banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors). HRC fuses provide protection against internal faults. The proposed CP214SAH compensation banks can be installed indoors or outdoors, mounted in aluminium or steel enclosures. Small size Specially designed for motor compensation Suitable for networks with high harmonic levels
24
DE90060
Power (kvar)
Mains voltage (kV)

DE90061
Power (kvar)
Mains voltage (kV)
Composition
Each CP214SAH bank comprises the following elements: A frame in painted aluminium and steel panels (RAL 9002), IP 23 for indoor installation. PROPIVAR single-phase capacitors (1 or 2 elements depending on the power of the bank). Three HRC fuses (with striker). A three-phase detuning reactor (dry type with magnetic core and natural convection cooling).
Options
Outdoor type enclosure (panels in unpainted aluminium). Blown fuse indicator. Sets of two quick discharge reactors: 7.2 - 12 kV. Door with lock. Double roof for outdoor type.

80
DE90062
H: 1900 mm, L: 2000 mm, D: 1100 mm. Approximate weight: 600 to 1000 kg.
25
DE90100b
MV capacitor banks

Insulation up to 12 kV 50 Hz / 60 Hz Automatic bank CP253
Application
The CP253 medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 12 kV. They are used for total installation compensation, when the load level is fluctuating. The 1 step CP253 model is mainly designed for individual compensation of MV motors to avoid the risk of self-excitation.
DE90107
1 5
7 4 3 6
1: Frame 2: Insulators 3: Quick discharge reactors 4: Fuses 5: Contactors 6: Capacitors 7: Inrush reactors
These banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors) and the HRC fuses provide protection against internal faults. An optional cubicle containing a power factor controller can be used to control the steps, thus forming an automatic compensation bank. For steps power values greater than 900 kvar, single-phase capacitors connected in double star will be used (maximum of 12 capacitors, maximum power 4500 kvar). Total installation compensation Fluctuating load level Ease of access to components Simplified maintenance Easy installation
26
Mains voltage (kV) 3.3 Steps 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 kvar - 50 Hz Min. 30 60 120 210 1 500 35 70 140 245 1 750 40 80 160 280 2 000 45 90 180 315 2 250 50 100 200 350 2 500 105 210 420 840 1 575 125 250 500 1 000 1 890 Max. 360 720 1 080 1 440 1 800 420 840 1 260 1 680 2 100 480 960 1 440 1 920 2 400 540 1 080 1 620 2 160 2 700 600 1 200 1 800 2 400 3 000 630 1 260 1 890 2 520 3 150 760 1 520 2 280 3 040 3 800 Mains voltage (kV) 2.4 Steps 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 kvar - 60 Hz Min. 20 40 80 140 1 000 60 120 240 420 3 000 60 120 240 420 3 000 125 250 500 1 000 1 890 Max. 240 480 720 960 1 200 720 1 440 2 160 2 880 3 600 720 1 440 2 160 2 880 3 600 750 1 500 2 250 3 000 3 750
5. 5
4.16
6.6
6.3
10
6.6
Composition
Each CP253 bank comprises the following elements: An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation. PROPIVAR three-phase capacitors (1 or 2 elements per step). One ROLLARC SF6 contactor per step. Three inrush current limiting reactors per step. Three HRC fuses (with striker) per step.
10
11
Options
Outdoor type enclosure. Double roof for outdoor type enclosure. Door with lock. Control and monitoring cubicle for "n" steps. Step auto/manual selector switch. Sets of two quick discharge reactors: 7.2 - 12 kV. Blown fuse indicator. Earthing switch.

80
DE90074 DE90102
L H 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 L 1 500 2 600 3 700 00 4 800 5 900 D 1 600 1 600 1 600 1 600 1 600
1 step p 2 steps p 3 steps 4 steps p 5 steps p
27
MV capacitor banks

Insulation up to 12 kV 50 Hz / 60 Hz Automatic bank CP253 SAH
Application
The CP253 SAH medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 12 kV. The CP253 SAH banks are used for automatic reactive energy compensation in medium-voltage networks with a high harmonic level. This solution is particularly suitable for total installation compensation where the load level is fluctuating.
DE90108
2 3
6
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: Frame Insulators Fuses Contactors Capacitors Detuning reactors
These banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors) and the HRC fuses provide protection against internal faults. An optional cubicle containing a power factor controller can be used to control the steps, thus forming an automatic compensation bank. For steps power values greater than 900 kvar, single-phase capacitors connected in double star will be used (maximum of 12 capacitors, maximum power 4500 kvar). Total installation compensation Fluctuating load level Ease of access to components Simplified maintenance Easy installation Suitable for networks with a high harmonic level
28
Mains voltage (kV) 3.3 Steps 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 kvar - 50 Hz Min. 32,5 65 130 230 1 650 37,5 75 150 265 1 850 42,5 85 170 300 2 100 47,5 95 190 335 2 400 52,5 105 210 370 2 650 110 220 440 880 1 665 135 270 540 1 080 2 020 Max. 400 800 1 200 1 600 2 000 450 900 1 350 1 800 2 250 510 1 020 1 530 2 040 2 550 580 1 160 1 740 2 320 2 900 640 1 280 1 920 2 560 3 200 670 1 340 2 010 2 680 3 350 810 1 620 2 430 3 240 4 050 Mains voltage (kV) 2.4 Steps 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 kvar - 60 Hz Min. 20 40 80 140 1 050 65 130 260 455 3 250 65 130 260 455 3 200 125 250 500 1 000 1 890 Max. 260 520 780 1 040 1 300 780 1 560 2 340 3 120 3 900 770 1 540 2 310 3 080 3 850 750 1 500 2 250 3 000 3 750
5.5
4.16
6.6
6.3
10
6.6
Composition
Each CP253SAH bank comprises the following elements: An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation. PROPIVAR three-phase capacitors (1 or 2 elements per step). One ROLLARC SF6 contactor per step. A detuning reactor (dry type, with magnetic core, air cooling) per step. Three HRC fuses (with striker) per step.
10
11
Options
Outdoor type enclosure. Double roof for outdoor type enclosure. Door with lock. Control and monitoring cubicle for "n" steps. Step auto/manual selector switch. Sets of two quick discharge reactors: 7.2 - 12 kV. Blown fuse indicator. Earthing switch.

80
DE90075 DE90102b
L H 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 L 1 500 2 600 3 700 4 800 5 900 D 2 400 2 400 2 400 2 400 2 400
1 step p 2 steps p 3 steps p 4 steps p 5 steps p
29
MV capacitor banks
Banks for global compensation

Application
The CP227 medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 36 kV. This range is mainly used for total installation compensation.
DE90067
4 2
5 1
1: Frame 2: Quick discharge reactors 3: Unbalance CT 4: Inrush reactors 5: Capacitors
These banks are connected in double star and the unbalance current detection system provides protection against internal faults. The proposed CP227 compensation banks can be installed outdoors or indoors, mounted in aluminium or steel enclosures. NB: CP 227 SAH fixed banks with detuning reactor are designed and proposed on request. Total installation compensation Ease of access to components Simplified maintenance Easy installation
30
DE90063 Power (kvar) Mains voltage (kV) Power (kvar) Mains voltage (kV)
Composition
Each CP227 bank comprises the following elements: An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation. PROPIVAR capacitors (6, 9 or 12 elements depending on the power of the bank). Three inrush current limiting reactors. A current transformer for unbalance protection.
Options
Outdoor type enclosure (panels in unpainted aluminium). Double roof for outdoor type enclosure. Door with lock. Sets of two quick discharge reactors by steps. Unbalance protection relay (supplied separately). Earthing switch.

Insulation up to 24 kV: H: 2000 mm, L: 1400 mm, D: 1400 mm. 36 kV insulation: H: 2000 mm, L: 3000 mm, D: 2100 mm. Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
80
DE90064 DE90101
D 31
MV capacitor banks
Banks for distribution and large sites networks

Insulation up to 36 kV 50 Hz / 60 Hz Automatic bank CP254
Application
The CP254 medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 36 kV. They are used for total installation compensation, when the load level is fluctuating.
DE90109
4 3
1 2
1: Frame 2: Insulators of earthing switch 3: Quick discharge reactors 4: Detuning reactors 5: Unbalance CT 6: Capacitors 7: SF6 switch
These banks are connected in double star and the unbalance current detection system provides protection against internal faults. Several banks (in that case called steps) can be controlled by a power factor controller to form an automatic capacitor bank. The steps are connected in parallel with power cables (outside our scope of supply). NB: CP 254 SAH fixed banks with detuning reactor are designed and proposed on request. Total installation compensation Fluctuating load level Ease of access to components Simplified maintenance Easy installation
32
Mains voltage (kV) 15 20 22 30 33 kvar - 50 Hz Min. 600 600 720 1 200 1 440 Mains voltage (kV) Max. 4 200 4 800 5 760 4 800 5 760 13.8 33 kvar - 60 Hz Min. Max. 600 4 200 1 740 6 960
Composition
Each CP254 bank comprises the following elements: An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation. PROPIVAR capacitors (6, 9 or 12 elements per step depending on the power of the bank). An SF6 switch. Three inrush current limiting reactors. A current transformer for unbalance protection.
Options
Outdoor type enclosure. Double roof for outdoor type enclosure. Door with lock. Unbalance protection relay (supplied separately)*. Three-pole / Five-pole earthing switch. Ligne Current Transformer. Voltage Transformer. Sets of two quick discharge reactors. Control and monitoring cubicle for n steps. Step auto/manual selector switch.
* 2 relays are used for banks having capacitors with internal fuses; a single relay is required when there are no internal fuses. If the monitoring and protection cubicle option is selected, the relays are installed in the cubicle.

80
DE90076 DE90103
Insulation up to 24 kV H: 2000 mm, L: 2600 mm, D: 1400 mm. 36 kV insulation H: 2100 mm, L: 3000 mm, D: 2100 mm. Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
33
MV capacitor banks
Banks for distribution networks

Application
The banks of the CP229 range are mounted in aluminium racks. They are used for reactive energy compensation in medium-voltage networks. This high power range is designed for total compensation of large industrial plants and power distribution systems.
DE90068
5 1 2 6
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7:
Frame Insulators Unbalance CT Supporting stands Capacitors Copper busbar Connection pad
These banks are connected in double star (up to 36 capacitors) and the unbalance current detection system provides protection against internal faults. NB: CP 229 SAH fixed banks with detuning reactor are designed and proposed on request. Total plant compensation Suitable for high power Ease of access to components Simplified maintenance Easy installation
34
Rated frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Insulation up to 36 kV. Reactive power of 5.4 to 18 Mvar; maximum of 30 capacitors in standard configuration. For higher power values, please contact us. Tolerance on capacitance value: 0, +5%.
Options
Inrush reactors (supplied separately).
General view and three-lines diagram

DE90065 DE90104
35
MV capacitor banks
Banks for transport and distribution networks

Application
These capacitor banks are custom designed, in accordance with customer specifications. Generally, they are used on high-voltage networks to increase the lines transmission capacity and reduce voltage drops.
DE90069
7 6 3 10 2 9
8 1
11
4 5
1: Frame 2, 3 & 4: Insulators 5: Supports 6: Lifting rings 7: Connection pad 8: Capacitors 9: Inrush reactors 10: Neutral busbar 11: Unbalance CT
The banks of the CP230 range are mounted in aluminium or galvanised steel frames. Schneider Electric can propose capacitor banks for networks up to 230 kV. HV and EHV compensation Special design adapted to customer specifications Adaptation to site conditions Simple, robust installation
36
Rated frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Insulation: up to 245 kV. Maximum reactive power: 100 Mvar, for higher values, please contact us. Tolerance on capacitance value: 0, +5%. Inrush current limiting reactors: single-phase reactors, dry type air core.
General view and three-lines diagram

DE90077 DE90105
37
Protection systems
Contents
Types of faults in capacitor banks People safety Protection of capacitors
40 41 42
39
Protection systems
Types of faults in capacitor banks
The main faults that can affect a capacitor bank are: Element short circuit in a capacitor. Overload. Short circuit (two- and three-phase). Phase-to-earth fault.
DE90057
Element short circuit in a capacitor

Without internal protection (Fig. 1) Elements wired in parallel are therefore bypassed by the short circuited unit (cf. Propivar capacitors, p.46). The capacitors impedance is modified. The voltage applied is distributed over one set less in series. Each set is therefore subjected to a higher voltage stress, which may cause other element failures in cascade until complete short circuit. Initial voltage of element, UNE (equal to UN/4) becomes, after fault, equal to UN/3, either 1.33 UNE. With internal protection (Fig. 2) Blowing of the internal fuse linked in series eliminates the short circuited element. The capacitor stays in service. Its impedance is "slightly" modified accordingly.
1.33 IN
1.33 UNE
If=1.33 IN 1.33 UNE 1.33 UNE
Overload
Overload is due to a permanent or temporary overcurrent: permanent overcurrent due to: - a rise in the supply voltage; - the circulation of a harmonic current due to the presence of nonlinear loads such as static converters (rectifiers, variable speed drives), arc furnaces, etc.; temporary overcurrent due to energizing of steps of a bank. An overload results in overheating which is harmful to dielectric strength, and causes premature capacitor ageing.
Figure 1: Wafer short circuit without internal fuse protection
Short circuit (two- and three-phase)

The short circuit is an internal or external fault between live conductors, either phase-to-phase (delta-connected capacitors), or phase-to-neutral (star-connected capacitors). External short circuits may be due to external overvoltages (lightning stroke, switching surge) or insulation faults (foreign bodies modifying clearances). They result in electric arcs causing material peeling, overpressures and electrodynamic forces. Internal short circuits result in electric arcs in the oil, which causes the appearance of gas in the sealed enclosure leading to violent overpressures which can cause rupture of the enclosure and leakage of the dielectric.
0.978 UNE
DE90056
0.978 IN
0.978 UNE
Phase-to-earth fault
The earth fault consists either of an internal fault between a live part of the capacitor and the frame consisting of the metal enclosure which is earthed (for protection of human life), or an external fault between live conductors and the frame. The effects of the short circuit depend on the sum of the fault impedance and the loop impedance (which depends on the networks earthing system). The resulting current may be very low and inadequate to cause blowing of external fuses, which may result in a gradual overpressure (accumulation of gases) and heavy stresses on the enclosure.
1.067 UNE 0.978 UNE
Figure 2: Wafer short circuit with internal fuse protection
40
Protection systems
People safety
The main devices contributing to people safety in reactive energy compensation equipment are: Digital protection relay (phase-to-earth fault, short circuit). Quick discharge reactors. Earthing switch. External fuses.
Digital protection relays

It performs protection against the various types of fault. Phase-to-earth fault by earth overcurrent protection (ANSI 50N-51N) which allows detection of overcurrents due to phase-to-earth faults. It uses measurement of the fundamental component of the earth current. Overload by thermal overload protection (ANSI 49 RMS) which can protect capacitors against overloads based on measurement of current drawn. Short circuit by phase overcurrent protection (ANSI 50-51) which allows detection of overcurrents due to phase-to-phase faults. It uses measurement of the fundamental component of the currents coming from 2 or 3 phase CT current transformers.
Quick discharge reactor

The installation of two quick discharge reactors (PT potential transformers) between phases of the bank allows capacitor discharge time to be reduced from 10 minutes to about 10 seconds. This reduction in discharge time provides: safety for personnel during any servicing operations; a reduction in waiting time prior to earthing (closing of the earthing switch). No more than 3 consecutive discharges are acceptable and it is essential to comply with a 2-hour rest period (for cooling) before starting a sequence again.
PE90102
Earthing switch
This is a safety-critical component, designed to ground and discharge capacitors prior to maintenance to allow human intervention on the installation in complete safety. The capacitor terminals must be earthed and kept earthed while the servicing operation is in progress.
Line disconnector
Quick discharge reactors
PE90101
The disconnector is an electromechanical device allowing mechanical separation of an electric circuit and its power supply, while physically ensuring an adequate isolation distance. The aim may be to ensure the safety of personnel working on the isolated part of the electrical network or to eliminate part of the network at fault. Medium-voltage line disconnectors are often combined with an earthing switch.
Earthing switch
41
Protection systems
Protection of capacitors
The main capacitor protection devices are: Internal fuses. External fuses. Inrush reactors. Unbalance protection relays. Digital protection relay (overload).
Internal fuses
Propivar capacitors (single-phase capacitors) can be supplied with protection by an internal fuse combined with each element. In the event of failure of one element, it will be disconnected and isolated. Failure of an element can occur: when the capacitors voltage is close to maximum magnitude. In this case, power stored in the capacitances of the parallel elements causes blowing of the internal fuse (Fig. 1); when the capacitors voltage is close to zero. Circulation of total capacitor current causes blowing of the internal fuse (Fig. 2).
Instantaneous disconnection of the short-circuited element Lower maintenance costs Continuity of service maintained Possibility of planned preventive maintenance operation (monitoring of the capacitor element)
DE90078
Fig. 1: Internal fuse blowing caused by discharge of the energy stored in the capacitor elements coupled in parallel
DE90079
Fig. 2: Internal fuse blowing caused when the capacitors voltage is close to zero
42
PE90092
External fuses
The external fuses for capacitors are designed to eliminate capacitors at fault, so as to allow the other steps of the bank to which the unit is connected to continue to operate. They also eliminate external sparkover on capacitor bushings. The operation of an external fuse is generally determined by the fault current supplied by the network and by the discharge energy coming from the capacitors connected in parallel with the capacitor at fault. The initial failure is usually an individual element (wafer) of the capacitor. This failure results in a short circuit which applies to all the elements in parallel and thus eliminates a series set of elements. If the cause of the initial failure remains, failure of the successive series sets (which sustain a voltage increase with each elimination of a series set) will occur. This causes a current increase in the capacitor until the external fuse operates, eliminating the failed capacitor from the circuit. Protection by external HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) fuses incorporated in the bank is very suitable (technically and economically) for capacitor banks of: low power (< 1 200 kvar); provided with three-phase capacitors; mains voltage < 12 kV. The fuse rating will be chosen with a value ranging between 1.7 and 2.2 times the current rating of the bank (1.5 to 2.2 with detuning reactors). Blowing of HRC fuses is generally caused by a non-resistive short circuit. The blown fuse indication is a visual means of checking the state of the fuse.
HRC fuses
PE90103
Inrush reactors
Inrush reactors are connected in series to each step and serves to limit the current peak which occurs during switch-on operations. The inductance value is chosen to ensure that the peak current occurring during operations always remain less than 100 times the current rating of the bank. Main characteristics: Air-core reactors, dry type. Single-phase configuration. Indoor or outdoor installation. In compliance with IEC or equivalent standards.
Inrush reactors
PE90104
Unbalance protection
This protection generally applies to banks of: medium or high power ( > 1200 kvar); provided with single-phase capacitors; double star connection compulsory. Unbalance or differential protection is a protection system capable of detecting and responding to a partial capacitor fault. It consists of a current transformer connected between two electrically balanced points combined with a current relay. In the event of a fault in a capacitor, the result is an unbalance, hence a circulating current in the current transformer which will cause, via the relay, opening of the banks switchgear (circuit breaker, switch, contactor, etc.). Note: there is no unbalance protection with three-phase capacitors.
Current transformer for unbalance protection
43
Components
Contents
MV Propivar capacitor Varlogic power factor controller Current Transformer Potential Transformer Detuning or filtering reactor Rollarc contactor SF1& SF2 circuit breakers SF1& SF2 circuit breakers Control and monitoring unit Digital protection relay: Sepam
46 48 49 49 50 51 52 53 54
45
Components
MV Propivar capacitor
Propivar capacitors are used to build capacitor banks for reactive energy compensation on medium- and high-voltage networks. Through various assemblies, they can cover various reactive power ratings according to the mains voltage, frequency and level of harmonic distortion of the network.
Description
A medium-voltage Propivar capacitor takes the form of a metal enclosure with terminals on top. This enclosure contains a set of capacitor elements. Wired in seriesparallel groups, they can form unit elements of high power for high network voltages. Two types are proposed: with internal fuses (single-phase capacitor), available with Q > 150 kvar; without internal fuse (three-phase or single-phase capacitor). These capacitors are provided with discharge resistors to reduce the residual voltage to 75 V, 10 minutes after their switching off. On request, the capacitors can be supplied with resistors to reduce the residual voltage to 50 V in 5 minutes, or without discharge resistor.
052312_SE
Composition
The capacitor elements forming the Propivar capacitor are made of: aluminium sheet armatures; polypropylene films; a PCB chlorine free dielectric fluid.
Main characteristics
Propivar capacitors have a long service life increased by their thermal resistance and their low losses, their chemical stability and their resistance to overvoltages and overcurrents. Thermal resistance At low temperature, these capacitors start up without any special precautions. At higher ambient temperatures, they sustain very slight heating, so that there is no risk of modification of the dielectric insulation properties. Chemical stability Transient surges in networks and partial discharge levels in enclosures cause accelerated ageing of capacitor elements. The exceptionally long service life of Propivar capacitors is due to the intrinsic properties of the dielectric fluid, namely: very high chemical stability; high power of absorption of gases generated during partial discharges; very high dielectric strength Overvoltage and overcurrent resistance Capacitors can accept: an overvoltage of 1.10 UN, 12 h per day; an overvoltage at power frequency of 1.15 UN, 30 minutes per day; a permanent overcurrent of 1.3 IN. Their resistance is verified (EDF certification) by: 1000 non-consecutive cycles at an overvoltage level of 2.25 UN (cycle duration 12 periods); ageing tests at 1.4 UN (3,000 hours).
Propivar capacitor with internal fuse, built with 4 series group of 12, parallel elements complete with discharge resistors
Single-phase Propivar
DB108807
46
Insulation voltage
In accordance with Standard IEC 60871-1 and 2.
Highest voltage for the equipment Um kV 7.2 12 Insulation level kV rms, 50 Hz-1 mn kV impulse, 1,2/50 s 20 60 28 75 17.5 38 95 24 50 125 36 70 170
In accordance with Standard NEMA CP1 applicable in some North American countries (USA, Canada).
Highest voltage for the equipment Um kV 5.5 15.5 Insulation level kV rms, 50 Hz-1 mn kV impulse, 1,2/50 s 24 75 30 95 19.8 36 125 27.5 50 150 38 70 200
Environmental protection
The Propivar capacitor contains a dielectric liquid with no PCB or chlorine, compatible with the environment.
Other characteristics
Operating frequency Temperature range(1) Average loss factor at 20C after stabilization Maximum nominal reactive power(2) 50 Hz or 60 Hz -40 to +50C 0.16 W/kvar with internal fuses 0.12 W/kvar without internal fuse 450 kvar 600 kvar
Three-phase capacitor Single-phase capacitor
Tolerance -5 % to +15 % on capacitance value Relative capacitance -3.5 . 10-4/C variation C/C per C Connection on resin terminals for cables of cross section 50 mm2 Sealed welded enclosure Thickness 1.5 mm Material: stainless steel 304L Colour RAL 7038 grey Corrosion protection treatment Fastening by 2 pierced lugs for M10 screws
(1) +55)C on request - (2) Other power ratings, please consult us
DB113002 DB113001
Single-phase Propivar
Three-phase Propivar
47
Components
Varlogic power factor controller
Varlogic controllers constantly measure the installations reactive power and manage connection and disconnection of capacitor steps to obtain the desired power factor. The NRC12 can manage up to 12 capacitor steps and has extensive functionalities including Modbus communication (optional). It simplifies the commissioning, monitoring and maintenance of power factor correction equipment.
NRC12 technical specifications

Number of steps Dimensions Frequency Monitoring current Monitoring voltage* Measured power display Nominal consumption Tensions dalimentation
12 155 x 158 x 80 mm 50 Hz nominal (range 48...52 Hz) 60 Hz nominal (range 58...62 Hz) 01 A or 0...5 A 80690 V (nominal, max. 115%) 100 000 kVA 13 VA 110 V nominal, (range 88...130 V) 230 V nominal, (range 185...265 V) 400 V nominal, (range 320...460 V) 250 V, 2 A Graphic display, resolution 64x128 pixels, backlit IP41 front panel, IP20 rear panel
PB10033_SE
PB10032_SE
Output relay Screen Degree of protection Target pf (cos ) range Response current C/K Reconnection time Response time Values displayed
0.85 ind 1.00 0.90 cap

0.01 ... 1.99, symmetric or asymmetric 10900 s 20 % reconnexion time, min. 10 s cos , Iact, Ireact, Iapp, IRMS/I1, P, Q, S, THD (U) and harmonic voltages, THD(I) and harmonic current, internal and external temperature Flush mounting or on DIN rail Impact-resistant PC/ABS, UL94V-0 060C List of the last 5 alarms Yes Yes. 250 Vac, 8A Yes. 250 Vac, 8A 25/1 6000/1 or 25/5 6000/5 Response time > 15 ms Modbus protocol with CCA-01 (option)
Varlogic NRC12
Type of installation Enclosure Operating temperature Alarm history Stepped meter Fan control by dedicated relay Alarm contact TC range Detection of voltage dips Communication
* Voltage transformer ratio input allows display/monitoring of primary voltage in MV installation
48
Components
Current Transformer Potential Transformer
Current Transformers (CT) meet standard IEC 60044-1. Their function is to supply the secondary circuit with a current that is proportional to that of the MV circuit on which they are installed. The primary is series-mounted on the MV network and subject to the same over-currents as the latter and withstands the MV voltage.
DE52344 DE52359
Current Transformer
Composition and types Current Transformers are designed to perform protection and monitoring functions. Detection of overcurrents in capacitor banks and supply of a signal to the protection relay. Supply of a signal to the power factor controller. They are of the following types: wound (most common type): when the primary and secondary include a coil wound on the magnetic circuit; bushing type: primary formed by a conductor not isolated from the installation; toroidal: primary formed by an isolated cable. The double star arrangement and unbalance protection require the use of special current transformers (class X).
Magnetic core Magnetic core

Wound type primary current transformer
PE56030
Closed core type current transformer
Current Transformer
Potential Transformers (PT) meet standard IEC 60044-2. They have two key functions: adapting the value of MV voltage on the primary to the characteristics of metering protection devices by supplying a secondary voltage that is proportional and lower; isolating power circuits from the metering and/or protection circuit.
Potential Transformer
Composition and types Potential Transformers are designed to perform protection and monitoring functions. Detection of over-/under-voltages in capacitor banks and supply of a signal to the protection relay. Supply of a signal to the power factor controller.
PE56700
Phase-earth Potential Transformer
49
Components
Detuning or filtering reactor
A detuning reactor forms part of the power factor correction equipment, to prevent amplification of the pre-existing harmonic in current and voltage on the network. There are many types of reactors.
Iron-core reactor, resin-impregnated technology

Indoor installation. Three-phase type. Max. voltage 12 kV. Connection to copper pad. Weight up to 2000 kg.
PE90096
Iron-core reactor, resin-encapsulated technology

2

PE90093
Indoor installation. Three-phase type. Max. voltage 24 kV. IEC 60076-6 standard. Fire resistance. Temperature class F. Connection to copper pad. Weight up to 2000 kg.
Iron-core reactor, oil-immersed technology

Indoor or outdoor installation. Max. voltage 36 kV. Hermetically sealed type with integral filling. Connection to porcelain or plug-in bushings. Weight up to 3500 kg.
PE90094
Air-core reactor (coreless), resin-impregnated technology

3
Air-core reactors are characterized by a reactance which does not depend on the current passing through them (constant permeability of air). These reactors are generally installed in substations or in static compensation equipment (SVC - Static Var Compensator). The dry type design is characterized by high reliability, no maintenance and great adaptability to environmental constraints. Mainly outdoor installation. Max. voltage up to 245 kV.
4
PE90095
1: Iron-core reactor, resin-impregnated technology 2: Iron-core reactor, resin-encapsulated technology 3: Iron-core reactor, oil-immersed technology 4: Air-core reactor (coreless), resin-impregnated technology
50
Components
Rollarc contactor
The Rollarc three-pole type contactor, for indoor use, employs SF6 for insulation switching. The breaking principle is that of the rotating arc. The basic device consists of three pole units mounted in a single insulating enclosure. The insulating enclosure containing the live parts of these poles is filled with SF6 at a relative pressure of 2.5 bar. The Rollarc contactor is available in two types: R400 contactor, with magnetic holding. R400D contactor, with mechanical latching.
Applications
Control and protection of MV motors. Capacitor banks and power transformers.
Reference standards
IEC 60470 standard: High-Voltage Alternating Current Contactors and Contactor-Based Motor-Starters. IEC 62271-105 standard: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear, Alternating current switch-fuse combinations.
Rated voltage UR (kV) 50/60Hz kV 7,2 12 Insulation level Inpulse 1,2/50s kV peak 60 60 1 mn 50/60Hz kV rms 20 28 Breaking capacity with fuses kA 50 40 Rated current IR A 400 400 Making capacity Short-time Mechanical thermal endurance with current fuses 3s kA peak kA kA rms 25 125 10 100 000 operations 20 100 8
kA 10 8
Maximum operable power

Voltage (kV) 3,3 4,16 6,6 10 12 Without fuse Power (kvar) 1255 1585 2510 3810 4570 With integrated fuse Power (kvar) 790 800 1270 960 1155

PE90105
Modern, tried and tested breaking technology thanks to SF6. Equipment requiring no maintenance on live parts. High mechanical and electrical endurance. Very low surge level without additional devices (surge suppressor). Insensitivity to the environment. Gas pressure can be monitored constantly.
PE56761
1: MV connections 2: LV connections 3: Auxiliary contacts 4: Pressure switch 5: Electromagnetic control mechanism 6: Mechanical latching device (R400D) 7: Opening release 8: Mounting points 9: Insulating enclosure 10: Rating plate
Rollarc contactor (connections)
Rollarc contactor (cutaway)
51
Components
SF1 & SF2 circuit breakers
The SF circuit breaker of the Schneider Electric equipment range is used for switching on capacitor banks or steps. This circuit breaker uses SF6 as dielectric. It has been especially tested for the specific operation of capacitor banks.
Description
The SF circuit breaker, in its basic fixed version, consists of: 3 main poles, linked mechanically and each comprising an insulating enclosure of the sealed pressure system type. The sealed enclosure is filled with SF6 at low pressure. A spring type energy storage manual control (electrical on option). This means the devices making speed and breaking speed are independent of the operator. When it is provided with electric control, the circuit breaker can be remotely controlled and resetting cycles can be performed. Front panel with the manual control and status indicators. Downstream and upstream terminals for power circuit connection. A terminal block for connection of external auxiliary circuits. Depending on these characteristics, the SF circuit breaker is available with a front or side control mechanism.
PE56501
Options
Electric control Supporting frame fitted with rollers and floor mounting brackets for a fixed installation. Circuit breaker locking in open position by lock installed on the control front plate. SF6 pressure switch for highest performance.
SF1 circuit-breaker
PE56503
Applications
The SF devices are three-pole MV circuit breakers for indoor use. They are chiefly used for switching and protection of networks from 12 to 36 kV in the distribution of primary and secondary power. With self-compression of the SF6 gas, which is the switch-off technique used in these circuit breakers, the establishment or interruption of any type of capacitive or inductive current is performed without any dangerous overvoltage for the equipment connected to the network. The SF circuit breaker is therefore highly appropriate for the switching of capacitor banks.
SF2 circuit-breaker
SF1 fixed Side or front operating mechanism Rated voltage Ur (kV, 50/60 Hz) 36 kV 24 kV 17.5 kV 12 kV
SF2 fixed Front operating mechanism 40.5 kV 36 kV 24 kV
Rated short-circuit breaking current (Isc ) 25 kA from 12.5 to 25 kA from 12.5 to 40 kA Rated current (Ir ) 630 A from 400 to 1 250 A
from 25 to 40 kA
31.5 kA
from 630 to 3 150 A
2 500 A
Rated switching capacitive current (Ic ) 440 A from 280 to 875 A from 440 to 2 200 A
1 750 A
52
Components
Control and monitoring unit
The function of these units is to control and protect capacitor banks.
Description
These enclosures are designed for indoor installation. They comprise the following elements: A Varlogic power factor controller; A Sepam digital protection relay: Unbalance protection relays; Indicator lamps - ON - for each step, Step ON, Step OFF, Unbalance alarm, Unbalance trip.
Option
A three-position selector switch: Auto: The steps are controlled automatically by the power factor controller; Manual: The steps are controlled manually by means of a 2-position selector switch located on the enclosure (1 selector switch per step); 0: The steps are disconnected (no control, automatic or manual, is possible).
PE90106
Monitoring and control unit 1. Varlogic power factor controller 2. Sepam digital protection relay
53
Components
Sepam protection relay
Sepam protection relays maximise energy availability and the profits generated by your installation while protecting people and property.
Stay informed to manage better

With Sepam, get intuitive access to all system information in ones own language to manage the electrical installation effectively. If a problem occurs, clear and complete information puts everyone in a position to make the right decisions immediately.
Maintain installation availability

PA40431
Sepam maintains high energy availability thanks to its diagnostics function that continuously monitors network status. In-depth analysis capabilities and high reliability ensure that equipment is de-energized only when absolutely necessary. Risks are minimized and servicing time reduced by planned maintenance operations.
Sepam protection relays
Enhance installation dependability

Sepam series 80 is the first digital protection relay to deliver dependability and behaviour in the event of failure meeting the requirements of standard IEC 61508. Sepam manufacturing quality is so high that the units can be used in the most severe environments, including off-shore oil rigs and chemical factories (standard IEC 60062-2-60).
Communicate openly
In addition to the DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103 and Modbus standards, Sepam complies with IEC 61850 and uses the communication protocol that is todays market standard to interface with all brands of electrical-distribution devices.
Respect the environment

Compliance with RoHS European Directive. Low energy consumption. Manufacturing in plant certified ISO 14001. Recyclable over 85% (Sepam S10).
Modular range structured; Capacitor application

Protection of a double star connected capacitor bank with 1 to 4 steps capacitor bank short-circuit protection U et f monitoring overload protection unbalance protection
S20 S24
S40 C86
C86
Protection of a capacitor bank (delta connection) without voltage monitoring capacitor bank shortcircuit protection
Protection of a capacitor bank (delta connection) without voltage monitoring capacitor bank sc protection U et f monitoring overload protection: (Sepam C86)
54
Technical specifications
Code ANSI S10A Protections* Phase overcurrent Earth fault Sensitive earth fault Breaker failure Negative sequence / unbalance Thermal overload for capacitors Capacitor-bank unbalance Positive sequence undervoltage Remanent undervoltage Undervoltage (L-L or L-N) Overvoltage (L-L or L-N) Neutral voltage displacement Negative sequence overvoltage Overfrequency Underfrequency Temperature monitoring (16RTDs) Measures Phase current RMS I1, I2, I3 Measured residual current I0 Demand current I1, I2, I3 Peak demand current IM1, IM2, IM3 Measured residual curent I0, I0 Voltage U21, U32, U13, V1, V2, V3 Residual voltage V0 Frquency Active power P, P1, P2, P3 Reactive power Q, Q1, Q2, Q3 Apparent power S, S1, S2, S3 Peak demand power PM, QM Power factor Active and reactive energy Network, switchgear and capacitors Tripping current tripI1, tripI2, tripI3, tripI0 Harmonic distortion (THD) current and voltage THDi, THDu Phase displacement 0, '0, 0 Phase displacement 1, 2, 3 Disturbance recording Thermal capacity used Capacitor unbalance current and capacitance CT/PT supervision Trip circuit supervision Auxiliary power supply monitoring Cumulative breaking current Number of operations Control and monitoring Circuit breaker/contactor control Logic discrimination Latching/acknowledgement Annunciation Communication protocols S-LAN Modbus RTU Modbus TCP/IP DNP3 CEI 60870-5-103 CEI 61850 50/51 50N/51N 50G/51G 50BF 46 49RMS 51C 27D 27R 27 59 59N 47 81H 81L 38/49T 2 2 2 S10B 2 2 2 S20 4 4 4 1 1 1 S24 4 4 4 1 1 S40 4 4 4 1 2 C86 8 8 8 1 2 1 8 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 1 2 4
diagnosis
60/60FL 74
94/69 68 86 30
: standard : option * Figures indicate the number of protection functions available
55
Specific equipments
Contents
Hybrid Var Compensator (HVC) Passive harmonic filters Blocking circuits Surge protection capacitors
58 60 61 62
57
Specific equipments
Hybride Var Compensator (HVC)
HVC (Hybrid Var Compensator) equipment is designed to perform economical reactive energy compensation in real time. Its use can: improve the quality of public and industrial networks by reducing or eliminating voltage fluctuations, power fluctuations, etc.; increase the capacity of existing networks by compensating losses due to reactive energy; allow optimum coupling of renewable energies (wind-power, solar power) to the network through an appropriate response to normative constraints
Hybrid Var Compensator (HVC) Description

The equipment comprises a fixed MV bank of shunt capacitors with detuning reactor, and an AccuSine electronic device combined with an LV/MV step-up transformer.
DE90083
25 / 4.16 kV 2000 A CT (3) 1000/5
25 / 4.16 kV 2000 A CT (3) 1000/5
1200A
4.16kV
4.16kV CT (3) 1000:5 4.16 / 0.48 kV

PE90046
2000A
6 x 250kvar Accusine
1225 kvar MV bank with detuning reactors
Example of implementation
58
PE90082
DE90084
Operation
The fixed capacitor bank constantly injects a capacitive reactive current into the network. The electronic device injects a reactive, capacitive or inductive current, continually and in less than one period (20 ms 50 Hz), to compensate the major rapid fluctuations in reactive power consumption due to the load.
Characteristics
xed kvar load AccuSine result kvar
Injection of reactive energy in leading or lagging mode. Response time less than one cycle. Power factor adjustable up to unity. Reactive energy compensation without transient. Continuous compensation. Separate monitoring of each phase for unbalanced loads.
Applications
Energy - Connection of wind-power or solar farms. Industry - Arc furnaces: voltage regulation and flicker attenuation. - Welding machines: voltage regulation and flicker attenuation. - Crushers: flicker attenuation. - Pumping stations: starting assistance for high-powered MV motors. - Cold/hot rolling mills: attenuation of harmonics and improvement of the power factor of rapidly fluctuating loads.
PE90074
AccuSine range
59
Specific equipments
Passive harmonic filters
Schneider Electric can propose numerous passive harmonic filtering solutions in medium and high voltage, for 50 or 60 Hz networks. These solutions are custom designed on a case by case basis. A preliminary site audit and a precise definition of needs (objectives to be achieved, etc.) are essential to guarantee the performance of this type of solution.
Passive harmonic filters Technical characteristics

Rated frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Insulation: 72.5 kV (for other values, please consult us). Maximum reactive power: 35 Mvar (for other values, please consult us). Reactors: single-phase, dry, air-core; they are most commonly used for passive filters. Other components, such as resistors, can also be used in the design of passive filters. Tuning frequencies: chosen according to the harmonics to be filtered and the performance to be achieved (a preliminary site audit is crucial to make the right choices).
PE90097
Passive harmonic filter
60
Specific equipments
Blocking circuits
In its range of solutions, Schneider Electric has low-frequency passive blocking circuits which can prevent disturbance by musical-frequency remote control signals emitted by the power distributor, especially in the context of installation of an autonomous production unit. These blocking circuits are often used in installations provided with cogeneration plants. To meet the conditions required by the power distributor, the blocking circuit is defined on a case by case basis according to the characteristics of: the HV power supply line of the source substation; the HV/MV transformer of the source substation; the remote control order injection device; the load of the MV feeders; the generating sets.
Principle
The blocking circuit is implemented by placing in parallel an reactor and a capacitor element whose values have been calculated to allow blocking of a chosen frequency (175 Hz or 188 Hz in France, for example).
DE90054
Reactor
1640
DE90054
400
Reactor
Insulator 24kV Path AL 6060

300 20 413 1100
Capacitor
20
900
900
Juxtaposed mounting
Superimposed mounting
Technical characteristics (passive blocking circuit for 15 and 20 kV networks )

Tuning frequency
PE90083
Insulation level Available ratings Characteristics of components of 175 Hz blocking circuits Single-phase capacitors Single-phase reactors Characteristics of components of 188 Hz blocking circuits Single-phase capacitors Single-phase reactors Maximum ambient temperature Altitude Mounting
175 or 188 Hz (other frequencies on request) Up to 24 kV 200, 300 ou 400 A per phase
207F / 2100V, without internal fuses 4mH, without magnetic core
Blocking circuit
IP
179F / 2100V, without internal fuses 4mH, without magnetic core 45 C < 1000 m Juxtaposed (capacitors upright, alongside the reactor) or on top of one another (capacitors installed in a rack, under the reactor) 00 on unpainted aluminium substrate 4400
DE90055
1200 1100 1000 1100
DE90055
6600 min min. 1100 1100 1100 1100 Phase 1 Phase 2 4150 min. 1200 61 1200 1100 1150 1200 2400 Phase 3
Delta arrangement
Phase 1
In-line arrangement
Phase 2
Phase 3
1155
600
Specific equipments
Surge protection capacitors
Surge protection capacitors are used for the protection of equipment sensitive to the harmful effects of transient overvoltages (due to switching surges, short circuits, operation of arc furnaces, lightning impacts, for example). The equipment to be protected is generally: high-power motors, power transformers; high-voltage capacitor banks, etc. Surge protection capacitors should be installed upstream of the equipment to be protected. Usually they are mounted in a star arrangement, between phases and earth.
Principle
The characteristics of overvoltages of atmospheric origin serve as a basis for the definition of surge protection devices. The phenomenon of attenuation of transient overvoltages by surge arresters and surge protection capacitors is described by means of the figure below.
PE90098
Red: transient overvoltage in the absence of protection. Blue: transient overvoltage attenuated by a surge protection capacitor. Green: attenuation obtained with a surge arrester and a surge protection capacitor.
The surge protection capacitor introduces into the circuit a capacitance which modifies the slope of the transient overvoltage. The value V/t is diminished. As a consequence, this protects the windings of machines such as motors, generators and transformers, which are especially sensitive to high V/t values. Surge arresters limit the peak values of these transient overvoltages to a maximum value acceptable by the equipment. There are two types of surge protection capacitor: with one isolated terminal and one earth terminal; with two isolated terminals. Each capacitor contains an internal discharge resistor to bring its residual voltage back to less than 75 V, 10 minutes after its disconnection from the network. On special request, these capacitors can be supplied without an internal resistor.
62
DE90085
PE9099
Technical characteristics
Rated frequency Insulation levels Maximum voltage Power-frequency withstand voltage - 1 minute Impulse withstand voltage Tolerance on capacitance Capacitance variation Temperature class Max. installation altitude Enclosure Connection Coating Mounting Compliance - Standard 50 Hz / 60 Hz 17.5 kV 38 kV rms 24 kV 50 kV rms 36 kV 70 kV rms
Surge protection capacitor
95 kV peak 125 kV peak 170 kV peak -5, +15 % C/C = -3.5 10-4 / C -25, +55 C < 1000 m Stainless steel Terminals for connection of cables of max. cross section 50 mm2 Acrylic paint - RAL 7038 Thickness 50 m 2 pierced lugs for M10 bolts IEC 60271
DE90080
Fig. 1: separate use
DE90080
DE90081
Installation
Surge protection capacitors can be used: separately, in star connection (Fig. 1); in parallel with surge arresters, in star connection (Fig. 2); in series with resistors, in star connection (Fig. 3). Other configurations can be used; please contact us. When one terminal of the capacitor has to be connected to earth, it is possible to use a capacitor with a single isolated terminal and one earth terminal. In other cases, capacitors must be used with two isolated terminals.
Fig. 2: use in parallel
DE90080
Chemical stability
Transient overvoltages and partial discharge phenomena can cause accelerated ageing of capacitors. The long service life of the Propivar capacitor is due to the intrinsic properties of the dielectric liquid: very high chemical stability; high capacity for absorption of the gases generated by partial discharges; high dielectric strength.
Fig. 3: use in series
63
Installation (drawings, dimensions)

Contents
CP 214, CP 214 SAH, CP 227, CP 254 CP 229, CP 230, CP 253, CP 253 SAH
66 67
65
Installation ( drawings, dimensions)
CP 214, CP 214 SAH, CP 227, CP 254
CP 214
MT20135
Drawing
80
Dimensions and weight

H: 1700 mm, L : 900 mm, D: 1200 mm. Approximate weight: 425 to 560 kg.
CP 214 SAH Dimensions and weight

H : 1900 mm, L : 2000 mm, D : 1100 mm. Approximate weight: 600 to 1000 kg.
DE90062
Drawing
80
CP 227 Dimensions and weight

Isolement 24 kV H : 2000 mm, L : 1400 mm, D : 1400 mm. 36 kV insulation H : 2000 mm, L : 3000 mm, D : 2100 mm. Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
DE90064
Drawing
80
CP 254 Dimensions and weight

Insulation up to 24 kV H : 2000 mm, L : 2600 mm, D : 1400 mm. 36 kV insulation H : 2100 mm, L : 3000 mm, D : 2100 mm. Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
DE90076
Drawing
80
66
CP 229, CP 230, CP 253, CP 253 SAH
CP 253 Dimensions
Number of steps 1 H : 2 000, L 2 H : 2 000, L 3 H : 2 000, L 4 H : 2 000, L 5 H : 2 000, L : : : : : 1 500, 2 600, 3 700, 4 800, 5 900, D D D D D : : : : : 1 600 1 600 1 600 1 600 1 600 80
Drawing
DE90074
CP 253 SAH Dimensions

Number of steps 1 H : 2 000, L 2 H : 2 000, L 3 H : 2 000, L 4 H : 2 000, L 5 H : 2 000, L : : : : : 1 500, 2 600, 3 700, 4 800, 5 900, D D D D D : : : : : 2 400 2 400 2 400 2 400 2 400 80
Drawing
DE90075
CP 229
DE90077
CP 230
DE90065
67
Services
Contents
Schneider Electric expertise Maintenance & end of life
70 71
69
Services
Schneider Electric expertise
For more than 50 years, Schneider Electric has designed and manufactured power factor correction and harmonic filtering equipment. From the beginning, it was clear that on-site measurements were often decisive. That is why Schneider Electric set up a team of specialists to perform measurements, site audits, simulations and expert appraisals. Each category of service is organized on various levels. The level depends on the equipment used (power factor meter, harmonic recorder, network analyser, etc.) and the qualifications of the personnel involved. The services offering includes: On-site measurements. Installation, supervision and commissioning. Repairs. Simulations and studies. Hire of measuring instruments (network analysers, etc.). Training sessions.
Schneider Electrics services

Listen, Understand, Act, is the virtuous circle guaranteeing you the energy efficiency you need. Listen This means collecting information, about symptoms and other difficulties concerning the operation of the installation. It requires -> Audit -> specific measurements -> recording of the characteristic parameters of the networks key points. Understand Once this information has been collected, the diagnosis must be drawn up, and the corrective actions must be identified and determined. Act This the decisive phase removal of network disturbances, correction of the power factor, installation of standby or battery back-up networks and it is also the heart of our expertise. In all cases, the ideal solution is to correct, but also and above all to monitor the effectiveness of the installed solutions over a period of time; an installation is alive, and like any living thing its characteristics change over time. In many countries, the local service team of Schneider Electric has the competencies and equipment needed to perform measurements, diagnoses, repairs, etc. as required. The Schneider Electric specialists can be called on to provide support or their expertise for specific or extremely critical cases. Training sessions can be organized to train or update the knowledge of your installation or maintenance teams. Our specialists can also be called on to take part in conferences, seminars, presentations, etc. concerning power factor correction, harmonic filtering, quality of power, etc.
PE90100
Installation diagnosis
Evaluation of the state of the capacitor banks. Measurement of operating temperatures. Recording of voltages, currents, active and reactive power levels. Recording of harmonic voltage and current spectrums. Recording of transient voltage and current phenomena.
Solution definition
Proposal of capacitor replacement and substitution plans. Management of the destruction process. Power factor correction upgrade. Reduction of networks harmonic distorsion.
70
Maintenance & end of life
PE90090
Maintenance
Routine checks Check and, if necessary, clean the ventilation systems (frequency depends on local conditions). Annual checks Check connection clamping. Check insulator cleanliness. Check bank U, I, C and capacitance C values. Measure ambient temperature for the capacitor bank. Check operation of the safety features.
Faults and solutions

Failure of a three-phase capacitor This is revealed by blowing of one or more HRC fuses. The faulty capacitor is identified by capacitance measurement (capacitance fluctuation greater than 10% = faulty). In this case, the capacitor and the three HRC fuses must be replaced immediately. Failure of a single-phase capacitor This is revealed by unbalance protection tripping. The faulty capacitor is identified by a capacitance measurement for each capacitor (capacitance fluctuation greater than 10% = faulty). In this case, the capacitor must be replaced immediately (bank rebalancing is sometimes necessary; please consult us). NB: For internal fuses, we also recommend replacing capacitors having sustained a capacitance fluctuation of more than 5%.
PE90091
Propivar capacitor end of life

The capacitors of our product range contain a non-PCB dielectric fluid. Its recovery at end of life must necessarily be performed by a central waste oils recycling facility according to local requirements. If the capacitor is damaged with leaking fluid, it must be placed on a tray fluid retention and transport to the treatment center must be made by an approved carrier. Operations of dismantling and recovery at end of life (to be done over a holding tank) Drill tank capacitor and recover oil impregnant which must follow an incineration path with energy recover. Cut the tank under the cover, and remove the inner part of the capacitor. Drain the inner part and the tank. The tank capacitor steel is recyclable. Separate cover and bushings from inner part. The inner part of the capacitor must follow a shearing path, incineration and recovery metals. The entire cover and bushings must be crushed for recovery of metals (steel, copper and brass).
71
Design guide
Contents
Installation conditions & General characteristics Frame/enclosure & Propivar capacitors Additional equipment
74 75 76
73
Design guide
Installation conditions General characteristics
This form specifies all the data to be provided to Schneider Electric from the price quote phase to the order execution phase.
Site conditions
Country Altitude Atmosphere 1000 m > 1000 m Normal Saline SO2 Other Low I (16 mm/kV) Moderate II (20 mm/kV) High III (25 mm/kV) Very high IV (31 mm/kV)
Pollution / Creepage distance, insulators and bushings Short-circuit current power (kA) Temperature (C)
> -25C 40 C 45 C 50 C 55 C
Standards
IEC Others
General characteristics
Type of bank (STD, DR or filter) Rated voltage (kV) Power (kvar) Rated frequency (Hz) Insulation level Max. voltage for the equipment Power-frequency test voltage (50Hz - 1 mn) Impulse test voltage (1.2 / 50 s) Connection STD DR Filter
50 kV kV rms kV peak
60
Short-circuit current withstand capacity kA sec VDC VAC
Double star Delta H single-phase Single-phase Other Depending on site conditions 1 24 110 3 48 127
Other
Auxiliary voltages
60 110 220-230
125
220
74
Design guide
Frame/enclosure Propivar capacitors
Frame/enclosure
Type Degree of protection Frame material Panel material Frame coating Panel coating Double roof Colour RAL Door Lock (type) Supplier standard Supplier standard Other Other Indoor Outdoor IP 00 IP 54 Steel Aluminium Steel Aluminium Bare Bare Yes Supplier standard
IP 23 Other: Galvanised steel Stainless steel Galvanised steel Stainless steel Painted Painted No Other
Propivar capacitors
Type Design voltage (V) Rated frequency (Hz) Specification of steps Three-phase 50 N kvar sequence kV kV rms kV peak Yes No Supplier standard mm mm/kV V/min Max. (C) Min. (C) V/m 16 20 75/10 50/5 40 45 -25 Other Supplier standard Other 25 50 Other 31 55 1 2 60 3 Single-phase
Insulation level Max. voltage for the equipment Power-frequency test voltage (50Hz - 1 mn) Impulse test voltage (1.2 / 50 s) Internal fuses Terminal creepage distance
Internal discharge resistors Temperature Gradient
75
Design guide
Additional equipment
Unbalance relays Relays Type Thresholds Mounting
Supplier standard
Other
Trip Alarm and trip Supplied separately In bank In enclosure or cabinet with the control and monitoring components
Detuning reactors Type
Installation Harmonic order
Resin-impregnated Resin-encapsulated Oil-immersed Air core 1-phase 3-phase Indoor Outdoor In enclosure Outside the enclosure
Measuring PT Rated voltage (V/V) (primary/secondary) Discharge function Quantity
Yes 2
No 3
Protection CT Power (VA) Precision class Number of protected phases
5P 1
3P 2
Switching device Type Breaking technology
Circuit breaker SF6
Contactor Vacuum
Fuses
System for protection against single-phase operation
Inrush reactors
Quick discharge reactors
76
Design guide
Additional equipment
Surge arresters (by default one per phase)
Line disconnector
Earthing switch Type Earthing switch connection Quantity
3-pole Line side 1 per step
5-pole Load side 1 per bank
Combined disconnector (line disconnector + ground switch) Earthing switch connection
Line side
Load side
Interlocking system Supplier pp standard scheme Other, to be defined
Monitoring/Control g Number of steps p to be controlled Installation
Controller Type yp Sequence q Modbus com. U (V) measurement I (A) measurement Functions
Cabinet Cubicle In ba bank Yes NR6/NR12 Yes 1 A secondary y Unbalance Over current Over O e voltage o age Other: Per step p Yes es
No NRC12 No 5 A secondary y
Protection relay
Type yp Quantity Q y Auto u o / 0 / Manual a ua function u c o Indicator lamps By y default
Overall No o

Other
Aux. voltage g p presence ON O / step s ep OFF / step p Alarm-Unbalance-Blown Alarm Unbalance Blown fuse
Accessories Ventilation Type yp Lighting in bank
Supplier S pp standard Yes
Other O No
77
Technical guide
Contents
Reminders concerning reactive energy

Reactive energy Reactive energy compensation Reactive energy and network components Power factors of typical equipment
80
Why compensate?
Economic benefits Technical benefits Reduction in transmission losses according to the power factor improvement Economic evaluation of compensation
82
Method for determining compensation

Stage Stage Stage Stage one: Calculation of reactive power two: Choice of compensation mode three: Choice of compensation type four: How to allow for harmonics
84
Control of capacitor banks

General characteristics of switchgear and controlgear Type of switchgear and controlgear Switching ON capacitor banks Switching ON capacitor banks, synthesis Switching OFF capacitor banks Switchgear used for capacitor control Medium voltage switchgear characteristics
88
Protection and circuit diagrams of capacitor banks

Capacitors Delta-connected bank Bank connected in double star
91
Typical cases of compensation

MV asynchronous motor compensation MV transformer compensation
92
Capacitor definitions and terminology
94
79
Technical guide
Reminders concerning reactive energy
In an electric circuit, the active power P is the real power transmitted to loads such as motors, lamps, furnaces, radiators, computers, etc. The active electric power is converted into mechanical power, heat or light. The physical unit is the watt (W), the multiples kilowatt (kW) and megawatt (MW) being used for convenience. In a circuit in which the applied rms voltage is Vrms and in which flows an rms current Irms, the apparent power S is the product of Vrms x Irms. The apparent power is therefore the basis for sizing of electrical equipment. A device (transformer, cable, switch, etc.) should be designed on the basis of the rms values of voltages and currents. The physical unit of apparent power is the voltampere (VA), the multiples kilovolt-ampere (kVA) and megavolt-ampere (MVA) being used for convenience. The power factor is the ratio of the active power P (kW) to the apparent power S (kVA) for a given circuit. = P(kW)/S(kVA). In the specific case where the current and voltage are sinusoidal and phase-shifted by an angle , the power factor is equal to cos , called the displacement power factor. For most electric loads such as motors, the current I lags the voltage V by an angle . In vector representation, the current can therefore be broken down into two components: Ia in phase with the voltage and called the active component; Ir in quadrature with the voltage and called the reactive component.
DE90086
Reactive energy
The above diagram established for currents also applies to powers, by multiplying each current by the common voltage V. One can therefore define: apparent power: S = V x l (kVA); active power: P = V x la = V x I x cos (kW); reactive power: Q = V x lr = V x I x sin (kvar). The physical unit of reactive power is the voltampere-reactive (var), the multiples kilovoltampere-reactive (kvar), and megavolt-amperereactive (Mvar) being used for convenience.
DE90087
The reactive current Ir is the component consumed by the inductive magnetic circuits of electrical machines (transformers and motors). The reactive power is therefore commonly associated with magnetization of the magnetic circuits of machines. Accordingly, the power supply source must provide not only the active power P but also the reactive power Q, resulting in an apparent power S. The function tg is often used; it is equal to: tg = Q(kvar)/P(kW). Over a given period of time, this ratio is also that of the reactive energy (Wr) and active energy (Wa) consumed: tg = Wr(kvarh)/Wa(kWh). In some countries, this ratio is used for billing reactive energy.
80
DE90088
Reactive energy compensation

The flow of reactive energy has significant technical consequences for the choice of equipment, operation of networks and, accordingly, has economic consequences. For a given active power P used, the lower the cos, i.e. the larger the angle , the more apparent power S must be supplied. Accordingly, the flow of reactive energy in distribution systems results, due to an excessive current demand, in: overloads at the transformer level; end-of-line voltage drops; overheating of power cables, hence active energy losses. For these fundamental reasons, it is necessary to produce reactive energy as close as possible to motors and transformers, to avoid increased demand on the network.
Transformer
Reactive energy and network components

Synchronous machines These machines have an (active energy) generator function when they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. In the opposite case, they are motors. By adjusting their excitation, these machines can supply or consume reactive energy. In some cases, the machine supplies no active energy: this is the case of the synchronous compensator. Asynchronous machines These are distinguished from the preceeding machines in particular by their property of being always consumers of reactive energy. This energy is very significant: from 25% to 35% of the active energy at full load, and much more at partial load. The asynchronous motor is in common use universally. It is the main consumer of reactive energy in industrial networks. Lines and cables The inductive and capacitive properties of overhead lines and cables are such that they are consumers of reactive energy. Transformers Transformers consume reactive energy corresponding to about 5% to 10% of the apparent energy passing through them. Reactors Reactors are chiefly consumers of reactive energy. Active energy losses represent only a small percentage of the reactive energy (QR) consumed. Capacitors Capacitors generate reactive energy with very small losses, hence their use in the reactive energy (QC) compensation application.
Qr Qc
Fig. 1: Principle of reactive energy compensation
DE90089
To avoid over-sizing his network, the power distributor therefore encourages his customers to improve the power factor, by billing reactive energy above a certain threshold.` The principle of reactive energy compensation is to generate reactive power in the vicinity of the load, so as to relieve the power supply. Capacitors are most commonly used to supply reactive power. On figure1, the reactive power Qc supplied by capacitors allows the apparent power to be reduced from the value S to the value S.
Active power
Motor
Before compensation
Power factors of typical equipment

DE90089
Transformer Power made available Active power
Device Asynchronous motor loaded at
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Reactive power supplied by capacitor Motor
After compensation
Incandescent lamps Non-compensated fluorescent lamps Compensated fluorescent lamps (0.93) Discharge lamps Resistance furnaces Induction furnaces with integral pf correction Dielectric ovens Resistance welding machines Single-phase stationary arc welding stations Rotary arc welding sets Arc welding rectifier transformers Arc furnaces
cos 0.17 0.55 0.73 0.80 0.85 1 0.5 0.93 0.4 to 0.6 1 0.85 0.85 0.8 to 0.9 0.5 0.7 to 0.9 0.7 to 0.8 0.8
tg 5.80 1.52 0.94 0.75 0.72 0 1.73 0.39 2.29 to 0 0.62 0.62 0.75 to 1.73 1.02 to 1.02 to 0.75
1.33
0.48 0.48 0.75
81
Technical guide
Why compensate?
Improvement of the power factor of an installation, known as compensation, offers numerous benefits of an economic and technical nature.
Economic benefits
The benefits provided by reactive energy compensation are such that they give a very rapid return on investment. These benefits are as follows: elimination of billing for excessive reactive energy consumption; reduction in subscribed demand in kVA; decrease in active energy consumed in kWh (losses reduction).
Increase in the active power available at the secondary of transformers The installation of means of compensation on the downstream terminals of an overloaded transformer can release a power reserve that can be used for a possible extension of the plant without having to change transformer, thus postponing a major investment. Increase in the active power carried by lines for equal losses An increase in the workload often makes it necessary to carry greater active power in order to meet the energy needs of the loads. The installation of a capacitor bank will make it possible to increase the transmission capacity without changing the existing electric power lines. The following chart gives, as a function of the power factor improvement, the percentage increase in the power carried for equal active losses.
DE90090
Technical benefits
Attenuation of voltage drops The flow of reactive currents is responsible for voltage drops on power supply lines. These are detrimental to satisfactory operation of the loads, even if the voltage at the head of the line is satisfactory. The presence of a capacitor bank at end of line can reduce this phenomenon. The relative voltage level at the end of the line is defined by the following formula: U(%) XLxQ/U in which: XL: reactance of the line; Q: reactive power of the capacitor bank; U: mains voltage. Reduction in transmission losses at constant active power Losses due to conductor resistance are included in the consumption recorded by active energy counters (kWh). They are proportional to the square of the current carried and decrease as the power factor increases. The table below gives the percentage reduction in transmission losses according to the improvement in the power factor.
Increase in the active power carried
Example: if, before compensation, cos1 = 0.7 and after compensation cos2 = 0.9, there is a 35% increasing in carrying capacity
Reduction in transmission losses according to the power factor improvement

Cos1 Reduction in before compensation Cos2 0.8 0.70 23 0.72 19 0.74 14 0.76 10 0.78 5 0.80 0 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 transmission losses at constant active power according to cos2 (%) 0.85 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99
32 28 24 20 16 11 7 2 40 36 32 29 25 21 17 13 9 4 41 37 34 30 27 23 19 15 11 6 2 42 39 35 32 28 24 21 17 13 9 4 43 40 37 33 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 45 41 38 35 31 28 24 10 16 12 8 46 43 39 36 33 29 25 22 18 14 10 47 44 41 37 34 31 27 23 20 16 12 48 45 42 39 35 32 29 25 21 18 14 49 46 43 40 37 33 30 27 23 19 16 50 47 44 41 38 35 31 28 25 21 17
0 to 15% reduction in losses 15% to 30% reduction in losses 30% to 50% reduction in losses
82
Economic evaluation of compensation

The economic benefits of compensation are measured by comparing the cost of installation of capacitor banks with the savings they provide. Cost of capacitor banks The cost of capacitor banks depends on several factors, including: the voltage level; installed capacity; number of steps; the control mode; the protection quality level. Capacitors can be installed either at low voltage or at medium voltage. Note that: medium-voltage compensation becomes economically worthwhile when the capacity to be installed exceeds 800 kvar; below this value, compensation should, if possible, preferably be performed at low voltage. Savings obtained Let us illustrate this by the following example of an installation comprising a 20 kV/400 V transformer of power 630 kVA (nominal apparent power). Installation without capacitor Characteristics of the installation: P = 500 kW at cos = 0.75. Consequences: - The apparent power S is equal to 667 kVA; - The transformer is overloaded by a factor of 667/630, or about 6%; - The reactive power Q is equal to 441 kvar (cos = 0.75 corresponds to tg = 0.882) and is billed by the power distributor; - The circuit breaker and cables have to be chosen for a total current of 962 A; - The losses in the cables are proportional to the square of the current, i.e. (962)2. Installation with capacitor Characteristics of the installation: P = 500 kW at cos = 0.928. Consequences: - The apparent power S is equal to 539 kVA; - The transformer is no longer overloaded. There is a power reserve equal to 630/539, or about 17%; - The reactive power Q is equal to 200 kvar (cos = 0.928 corresponds to tg = 0.4). This reactive power is billed at a reduced rate or not at all by the power distributor; - The losses in the cables are reduced by a ratio of (778)2/(962)2 = 0.65, i.e. a 35% gain. The reactive energy is supplied locally by a capacitor bank of power 240 kvar.
83
Technical guide
Compensation for an installation is determined in 4 stages. Calculation of reactive power. Choice of compensation mode. - Global for the entire installation. - By sector. - Separate for each load. Choice of compensation type. - Fixed by switching on and off a bank supplying a fixed quantity of kvar. - Automatic by switching on and off steps dividing up the banks power and making it possible to adapt to the kvar needs of the installation. Allowance for harmonics. In what follows, we describe these various stages in greater detail.
Stage one: Calculation of reactive power

Principle of calculation The aim is to determine the reactive power Qc (kvar) to be installed in order to increase the power factor cos and reduce the apparent power S. For < , we shall have: cos > cos and tg < tg. This is illustrated by the figure below.
DE90091
Pa S
QR
S Qc
Calculation based on billing The aim here is to eliminate billing by the power distributor. To do this, proceed as follows: Consider the monthly consumption of reactive energy R in kvarh; Assess the period t of operation (in hours) during which reactive energy is billed during the month in question. The hours to be allowed for are peak hours, i.e. 16 h per day, if there is no billing of reactive power during off-peak hours. Under these circumstances, the following estimate of t will be taken for companies operating in shifts of: 1 times 8 hours; t = 176 h (i.e. 22 days); 2 times 8 hours; t = 308 h; 3 times 8 hours; t = 400 h. Deduct from this the reactive power to be installed: Qc= R (kvarh) / t (hours). Calculation based on the installation data The power to be installed is calculated from the cos or tg measured for the installation. Qc can be calculated: directly from the relationship Qc = P x (tg-tg) which is based on the figure, where - Qc = power of the capacitor bank in kvar; - P = active power of the load in kW; - tg = tangent of phase shift angle before compensation; - tg = tangent of phase shift angle after compensation. from the following table, knowing tg or cos of the existing installation and the tg or cos that is wanted.
To calculate Qc there are two possible approaches, depending on the available data: Calculation based on billing data; Calculation based on the electrical data of the installation.
Example: A motor has a power rating of 1000 kW and a cos of 0.8 (tg = 0.75). To obtain cos = 0.95, you must install a reactive power in capacitors equal to k x P, namely: Qc = 0.421 x 1000 = 421 kvar
84
Before Re Reactive power (kvar) to be compensation tg 0.75 0.620 0.484 cos 0.80 co 0.85 0.90 tg g cos 2.29 0.4 1.541 1.672 1.807 2.16 0.42 1.411 1.541 1.676 2.04 0.44 1.291 1.421 1.557 1.93 0.46 1.180 1.311 1.446 1.83 0.48 1.078 1.208 1.343 1.73 0.5 0.982 1.112 1.248 1.64 0.52 0.893 1.023 1.158 1.56 0.54 0.809 0.939 1.074 1.48 0.56 0.729 0.860 0.995 1.40 0.58 0.655 0.785 0.920 1.33 0.6 0.583 0.714 0.849 1.27 0.62 0.515 0.646 0.781 1.20 0.64 0.451 0.581 0.716 1.14 0.66 0.388 0.519 0.654 1.08 0.68 0.328 0.459 0.594 1.02 0.70 0.270 0.400 0.536 0.96 0.72 0.214 0.344 0.480 0.91 0.74 0.159 0.289 0.425 0.86 0.76 0.105 0.235 0.371 0.80 0.78 0.052 0.183 0.318 0.75 0.80 0.130 0.266 0.70 0.82 0.078 0.214 0.65 0.84 0.026 0.162 0.59 0.86 0.109 0.54 0.88 0.055 0.48 0.90
installed per kW of load to achieve the cos or tg objective

0.456 0.426 0.395 0.363 0.329 0.292 0.251 0.203 0.142 0.000 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.000 1.836 1.705 1.585 1.475 1.372 1.276 1.187 1.103 1.024 0.949 0.878 0.810 0.745 0.683 0.623 0.565 0.508 0.453 0.400 0.347 0.294 0.242 0.190 0.138 0.084 0.029 1.865 1.735 1.615 1.504 1.402 1.306 1.217 1.133 1.053 0.979 0.907 0.839 0.775 0.712 0.652 0.594 0.538 0.483 0.429 0.376 0.324 0.272 0.220 0.167 0.114 0.058 1.896 1.766 1.646 1.535 1.432 1.337 1.247 1.163 1.084 1.009 0.938 0.870 0.805 0.743 0.683 0.625 0.569 0.514 0.460 0.407 0.355 0.303 0.251 0.198 0.145 0.089 1.928 1.798 1.678 1.567 1.465 1.369 1.280 1.196 1.116 1.042 0.970 0.903 0.838 0.775 0.715 0.657 0.601 0.546 0.492 0.439 0.387 0.335 0.283 0.230 0.177 0.121 1.963 1.832 1.712 1.602 1.499 1.403 1.314 1.230 1.151 1.076 1.005 0.937 0.872 0.810 0.750 0.692 0.635 0.580 0.526 0.474 0.421 0.369 0.317 0.265 0.211 0.156 2.000 1.869 1.749 1.639 1.536 1.440 1.351 1.267 1.188 1.113 1.042 0.974 0.909 0.847 0.787 0.729 0.672 0.617 0.563 0.511 0.458 0.406 0.354 0.302 0.248 0.193 2.041 1.910 1.790 1.680 1.577 1.481 1.392 1.308 1.229 1.154 1.083 1.015 0.950 0.888 0.828 0.770 0.713 0.658 0.605 0.552 0.499 0.447 0.395 0.343 0.289 0.234 2.088 1.958 1.838 1.727 1.625 1.529 1.440 1.356 1.276 1.201 1.130 1.062 0.998 0.935 0.875 0.817 0.761 0.706 0.652 0.599 0.547 0.495 0.443 0.390 0.337 0.281 2.149 2.018 1.898 1.788 1.685 1.590 1.500 1.416 1.337 1.262 1.191 1.123 1.058 0.996 0.936 0.878 0.821 0.766 0.713 0.660 0.608 0.556 0.503 0.451 0.397 0.342 2.291 2.161 2.041 1.930 1.828 1.732 1.643 1.559 1.479 1.405 1.333 1.265 1.201 1.138 1.078 1.020 0.964 0.909 0.855 0.802 0.750 0.698 0.646 0.593 0.540 0.484
Stage two: Choice of compensation mode

Where to install capacitors? The location of capacitors on an electrical network is determined by: the goal sought (elimination of penalties, relief for cables, transformers, etc., raising the voltage level); the load conditions (stable or rapidly variable); the foreseeable influence of the capacitors on the network characteristics; the cost of installation. Reactive energy compensation can be: total; broken down by sector; separate for each load. It is more economical to install capacitor banks in medium and high voltage for power ratings greater than about 800 kvar. Analysis of the networks of the various countries, however, shows that there is no universal rule. Global compensation The bank is connected at the head of the installation to be compensated and performs compensation for the entire installation. It is suitable when the load is stable and continuous. Example below: HV bank on HV distribution system (1); MV bank for MV subscriber (2); Regulated or fixed LV bank for LV subscriber (3). Compensation by sector The bank is connected at the head of the installation sector to be compensated. This is suitable when the installation is extensive and includes workshops having different load conditions. Example below: MV bank on MV network (4); LV bank for each workshop for MV subscriber (5). Individual compensation The bank is connected directly to the terminals of each inductive type load (especially motors). It should be considered when the motor power is high relative to the subscribed demand. This compensation is technically ideal because it produces the reactive energy at the very place where it is consumed, and in a quantity adjusted to the demand. Example below: LV bank for load n6. compensation
DE90092
HV distribution network
MV distribution network
MV/LV distribution transformer MV/LV transformer MV/LV transformer
LV busbar
LV subscriber
MV subscriber
MV subscriber
Summary of compensation locations
85
Technical guide
Stage three: Choice of compensation type

Types of MV compensation The capacitor banks are branch-mounted on the network. They can be fixed or automatic. Fixed compensation The entire bank is put into service, with a fixed value of kvar. This is on/off type operation. The capacitors have a constant power output and their switching on and off can be: manual, by circuit breaker or switch; semi-automatic by contactor; servo controlled by the terminals of inductive loads (motors or transformers). This type of compensation is used: when their reactive power is low (< 15% of the power of the upstream transformer) and the load is relatively stable; on HV and EHV transmission networks for power ratings of up to 100 Mvar. Automatic compensation The banks are divided up into steps with capability for switching on or off a smaller or larger number of steps, generally automatically. This is an automatic adjustment to the load level. These banks are very commonly used by certain heavy industries with high power demand and energy distributors in source substations. This allows step-by-step regulation of reactive energy. Each step is operated by a switch or a contactor using SF6 breaking technology. Capacitor step switching on or off can be controlled by power factor relays. For this purpose, a current transformer should be positioned upstream of the loads and banks.
Stage four: How to allow for harmonics

Harmonic currents flow in an installation due to the presence of nonlinear loads (e.g. variable speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies, arc furnaces, lighting). The flow of harmonic currents in the network impedances creates harmonic voltages. The magnitude of the harmonic disturbance on a network is measured by: the individual harmonic voltage factor u(%), which gives a measure of the scale of each harmonic relative to the fundamental. For the harmonic of order h this factor is: u(%) = 100xUh/U1, where Uh is the harmonic voltage of order h at the point in question and U1 the fundamental voltage; the total harmonic distortion THDU (%) which gives a measure of the thermal influence of all the harmonics.
H
Effects of harmonics on capacitors Absorption of harmonic currents Capacitors do not generate harmonic current but are very sensitive to them. The impedance of a capacitor Z c = 1/C = 1/C2f decreases when the frequency increases. It thus offers, in a certain way, less resistance to a harmonic current in the event of a current distortion. This results in an increase in the current in the capacitor. Risk of resonance The presence of a capacitor in a network may amplify certain harmonic orders. This is due to a resonance phenomenon, the frequency of which depends on the network impedance (or its shortcircuit power). The resonance frequency (natural frequency) is equal to:
U2 h THDU (%) = 100x

1
fnatural =
Ssc Q
U1
H is generally limited to 40. In the same fashion, an individual factor and a total harmonic for current distortion are defined. Generally, it is considered that the level of harmonic disturbance is acceptable in an installation so long as the total harmonic voltage distortion does not exceed 8%, in accordance with IEC 61000 -2-4.
Ssc: short-circuit power in kVA. Q: power of the capacitor bank in kvar. f: power supply frequency. The resonances effect will be all the more pronounced as fnatural is close to that of one of the harmonics present. The applied current overload will cause overheating and then premature ageing of the capacitor.
86
Solutions to limit stress due to harmonics Oversizing of capacitor links to the network: cables, lines, switchgear and controlgear should be sized for at least 1.43 Ic, the value of the capacitors rated current at 50 Hz; voltage oversizing of capacitors; use of detuning reactors combined with oversized capacitors. In MV, the detuning reactor connected in series with the capacitor is generally designed to form a capacitor bank tuned to 215 Hz (50 Hz) or 260 Hz (60 Hz). Since this frequency corresponds to no harmonic order, it makes it possible to reduce both the harmonic overvoltages across the terminals of the capacitor as a result of the resonance, and the overload currents passing through the capacitor. Solutions to comply with the permissible distortion factor in a network Apart from their effect on the capacitors, the presence of harmonics in a network generates a voltage distortion factor. The energy supplier limits the values of the acceptable distortion factor at the point of delivery to below a certain threshold. This results in the distortion THDU being limited to 5% downstream of the transformer. If these values are not reached, the use of attenuation devices is necessary. The choice of these devices depends on the characteristics of the installation, the power of the harmonic generators, and the need for reactive energy compensation. Calculation software is used to determine the optimal solution.
Choice of solution In addition to systematic oversizing of power connections, the other measures to be taken depend on the comparison between: Gh: total power in kVA of all harmonic generating equipment (static converters, UPSs, variable speed drives). If the power is known in kW, divide by 0.7 to estimate Gh in kVA. Ssc: short-circuit power of the network (kVA). Sn: power of the upstream transformer(s). If several transformers are in parallel, allow for the possible outage of a transformer. The choice is summarized in the following table.
Gh Scc / 120 Scc / 120 < Gh < Scc / 70 Standard Equipement equipment with oversized capacitors 1.2 x UN Scc / 70 < Gh Scc / 30 Equipement with DR and oversized capacitors
Complementary approach is to choose equipments according to industrial process described hereunder:

Activity Textile Paper-works Printing Chemistry, Pharmacy Plastic Glass, Cramic Steel Metallurgy Automotive Cement Mining, Quarrying Refineries Businesses process Weaving, print induction Roll, pumping Printing, recording Dosage, clean rooms, filtration, concentration, distillation Extrusion, thermoforming Rolling, furnace Arc furnaces, rolling mill, wiredrawing, cutting, pumping Welding, stamping, furnace, surface treatments Welding, stamping Kilns, shredding, conveying, lifting, ventilation, pumping Conveying, lifting Ventilation, pumping Equipment Standard
Oversized
DR
87
Technical guide
General characteristics of switchgear and controlgear

The equipment used is defined by the following selection criteria: rated voltage and current; making current; capacitive breaking capacity; making capacity; number of operations. Precautions should be taken concerning: The capacitive breaking capacity (kA rms). The problem is due to the existence, after switching off, of a restriking voltage equal to the difference between the mains voltage and the charging voltage of the capacitors. The device must be capable of preventing this restriking. The making capacity (kA peak) which must be able to withstand inrush currents.
Switching ON capacitor banks

Switching on a bank Qc (fixed or stepped) is accompanied by transient current and voltage conditions. A making overcurrent of short duration ( 10 ms) appears. Its peak value and its frequency, generally high, depend on the characteristics of the upstream network and the number of banks. Where necessary, a surge reactor may or may not have to be inserted to limit this overcurrent to the peak resistance of the capacitors, namely: Imax. peak 100 IN, (IN: rated current of bank Qc) or to a lower value if the switchgear has limited characteristics. In the case of a single bank, the overcurrent is generally from 10 to 30 IN, but for a high Scc and low Qc it may exceed the limit and require an inrush reactor. In the case of banks in parallel, either identical (regulated system) or of different values (compensation of several motors), the overcurrent will be very high and will have to be limited. In making this choice, allow for the number of possible operations under the given current.
Type of switchgear and controlgear

The choice of switchgear and controlgear depends on electrical criteria but in particular on the type of use of the banks. There are several possibilities: Disconnector. Without breaking capacity, it will be used only for operation of the bank with the power off. It requires the use of a protection device (fuse or circuit breaker). Switch. It has only a breaking capacity limited to IN and a moderate making capacity, and does not allow a large number of operations. Therefore, it will be used especially in the case of so-called fixed banks. Contactor. This allows a very large number of operations, but is limited to 12 kV. It can be coordinated with fuses of "High Rupturing Capacity" (HRC). Circuit breaker. This very efficient device will be used for general protection of high-power banks.
88
Switching ON capacitor banks, synthesis

Fixed bank
DE90093
Stepped bank (identical)
n+1
DE90093
Lo U3 C
l C
l C
l C
Lo = S/C inductance of the network Scc = 3 U Icc with U/3 = LoIcc Bank power Peak making current Q = U2C = 3UIcapa
n steps switched on when n+1 is switched on l = link inductance (0.5 H/m) Q = U2C = 3UIcapa ; Q = Power of each step
Ie = 1 x 1 x Icapa 2 LoC Ie = Icapa 2 x Scc Q 1 fe = 2 LoC

2 2 Generally, no need of an inrush reactor (unless high Ssc and low Q)
Ie = 2 x U x n x C n+1 l 3 Ie = Icapa x 2 x fe = 1 2 lC
(n+2)/(n+1) 2n/(n+1) Generally, need of an inrush reactor
n
x natural
n+1
fnetwork
Natural frequency Q-factor, mains Q-factor, bank Inrush reactor Calculation inrush reactor
L 10
2Q 3 Imax peak
2
U Scc
L 2.10 x Q x 3
n n+1
1 2 Imax peak
L (H) - Q (Mvar) - Ssc (MVA) I max. peak (kA)*

* Imax. peak is the smaller of the following 2 making values: maximum peak current of the bank (i.e. 100xIcapa) maximum peak current of the switchgear Imaking max. Note: For steps not having the same powers, please contact us
L (H) - Q (Mvar) - Ssc (MVA) Imax. peak (kA)*
Example 1: Fixed bank of 250 kvar at a phase-to-phase voltage of U = 5.5 kV powered by a network of maximum short-circuit power Ssc = 250 MVA. L0 = 386 H. C = 26.3 F. Icapa = 26.2 A. Ie = 1173 A. fe = 1581 Hz.
Example 2: Bank of 3 steps each of 350 kvar at a phase-to-phase voltage of U = 5.5 kV at a distance of 5 m from their associated cutoff device. C = 36,8 F. Icapa = 36.7 A. without inrush reactor l = 2,5 H. Ie = 11490 A !! fe = 16.5 kHz. inrush limiting reactor L is mandatory in order to limit Ie to a value lower than 100 Icapa either: L = 50 H. Ie = 2508 A. fe = 3619 Hz.
89
Technical guide
Switching OFF capacitor banks

A capacitor is switched off by a cutoff device precisely at zero crossing of the current, which coincides with the instantaneous maximum voltage. On the one hand, a voltage surge escalation 3 U, 5 U may occur if the device does not have fast dielectric restoration; this was the case for air cutoff devices; this phenomenon has disappeared with SF6 devices. On the other hand, the capacitor remains charged at its maximum voltage. In the event of fast reclosing, an increased transient phenomenon will occur. The IEC 60871 standard requires a capacitor discharge device so that the voltage across the terminals does not exceed 75 V, 10 minutes after disconnection. A quick discharge can be obtained using discharge reactors; however, this system has a limit set of 3 consecutive discharges followed by a rest period of 2 hours, due to reactor overheating. This will have to be carefully evaluated when using banks having regular switchings.
Switchgear used for capacitor control

Switches are chosen for banks with a low rate of operations (at most 2 operations per day); above this, contactors are used. For the most powerful banks (connected in double star), the SF6 switch or circuit breaker is the most appropriate device. All switchgear and controlgear should be sized for 1.43 times the rated current of the capacitor bank. The switched capacitive current values given by the manufacturer should be complied with (see table below).
Medium voltage switchgear characteristics

Switchgear designation SF1 SF2 contactor Rollarc R 400 Short circuit performance 25kA/36kV 40kA/40.5kV 10kA/7.2kV 8kA/12kV Rated normal current 630 and 1250A 630 and 3150A 400A Capacitive current switched 440 and 880A 440 and 2200A 240A
90
Technical guide
Protection and circuit diagrams of capacitor banks
Capacitors
The capacitor is a reliable component if it is used in the conditions for which it has been designed and manufactured. It is formed of elements placed in series to resist voltage, and placed in parallel to obtain the wanted capacitance. There are two types of capacitor at present: with or without internal fuses. Capacitors without internal fuses Capacitor failure is the result of failure of an internal element. A fault in an element results in short-circuiting of a unit in series and hence a rise in the voltage on the other units in series. Having no protection device inside the capacitor, the fault will be eliminated only by cutoff of the bank or separation of the circuit in the defective capacitor. Capacitors with internal fuses Each element is protected by a fuse. In this case, any fault in an element will be eliminated. The defective circuit will be isolated. The result will be a slight capacitance variation and the voltage will be distributed over the sound elements in series. The setting of the unbalance relay shall be such that the loss of elements of a given unit in series causes switching off of the bank when the resulting overvoltage exceeds the limits determined by the standard (IEC 60871). Protection by internal fuses increases the availability of capacitor banks, because the loss of one element does not systematically result in switching off of the bank.
Delta-connected bank
This circuit diagram will be used for insulation voltages of 7.2 kV and 12 kV. The maximum power is 900 kvar in three-phase (2 capacitors in parallel). Above this, single-phase capacitors can be used up to 4000 kvar. This type of circuit diagram is highly suitable for MV motor compensation and for automatic total compensation up to 12 kV. Protection Overcurrent protection is provided by HRC fuses. Important note: Choose HRC fuses with a rating of at least 1.7 times the rated current of the bank. In this type of circuit layout, never use capacitors with internal fuses, because the breaking capacity of internal fuses is not designed for network short-circuit currents.
DE90094
Delta connected capacitor bank
Bank connected in double star

For all power ratings, the bank is divided into two stars allowing detection of an unbalance between the two neutrals by an appropriate relay. This type of bank allows the use of capacitors with or without internal fuses. It can be designed for any type of network up to EHV networks. The mounting principle is always the same: to achieve voltage levels of 100 kV or 200 kV, connect a sufficient number of MV capacitors in series. This layout will therefore be used for high powers to be installed, chiefly in fixed banks. However, regulated steps are used by certain power distributors with powers ranging up to 8 Mvar at 36 kV, controlled by a special switch for capacitors.
DE90095
Protection Protection is provided by an unbalance relay detecting a current flowing in the circuit between the two neutrals of the stars. The unbalance current is generally less than 1 A. The setting value will be given after calculation for each bank. The setting threshold is given by the manufacturer. It depends on the internal structure of the bank (series and parallel combination of capacitor units) and on whether or not internal fuses for capacitor protection are present. The time delay is approximately several tenths of a second. In addition to this protection, provision should be made for overload protection on each phase. The value shall be set to 1.43 times the rated current of the bank.
Double star connected capacitor bank
91
Technical guide
Typical cases of compensation
MV asynchronous motor compensation

Risk of self-excitation of asynchronous motors in the presence of capacitors When a motor drives a load of high inertia, after a supply voltage interruption, it can continue to rotate due to its inertia. It can in that case be self-excited by the presence at its terminals of capacitors that could provide it with the reactive energy needed for its operation as an asynchronous generator. This self-excitation causes overvoltages exceeding the maximum voltage Um of the network. Precautions to be taken against this risk Whenever a capacitor bank is installed at the terminals of a motor, it should be ensured that the power of the bank is less than the power needed for self-excitation of the motor, by complying with the following rule: Capacitor current Ic 0,9 x Io (motor no-load current). Io can be estimated by the following approximate calculation: Io = 2 x In x (1 - cos n,) - In = rated current of the motor under load - cos n = power factor of the motor under nominal load. Moreover, in any installation containing motors with high inertia and capacitor banks, the banks switchgear and controlgear shall be designed in such a way that in the event of a general power failure, no electrical bonding may remain between these motors and the capacitors. Capacitor mounting on motor terminals Practical rule: The capacitive current should be less than 90% of the motors current under no load. This means compensating only the reactive energy of the motor under no load, which may represent only 50% of the needs under load. Advantage: This requires only switchgear. The settings of the protection devices must take into account the reduction in the reactive current supplied by the capacitor. Additional compensation may be performed either at MV at the overall level, or at LV. Capacitor mounting in parallel with separate control In the case of high-power motors, to prevent any risk of self-excitation, or else in the event that the motor is started by means of special equipment (resistors, reactors, autotransformers), the capacitors will be switched on only after starting. The reactive power to be supplied can be calculated according to the improvement in the power factor wanted. NB: If there are several banks of this type in the same network, provision should be made for inrush reactors, because this is the same case as a so-called stepped system.
Power rating (kW) 132 160 200 250 315 355 400 450 500 1000 2000 Nominal 1500 28 34 43 54 68 76 86 97 108 215 430 speed of rotation (rpm) 1000 750 132 31 35 40 38 42 49 47 53 61 59 66 76 74 83 96 83 94 108 94 106 122 106 119 137 118 133 153 235 265 305 470 530 610
Value in kvar of the maximum compensation feasible on the motor terminals without risk of self-excitation
DE90096
Capacitor mounting on motor terminals
DE90097
Inrush reactors where applicable

Capacitor mounting in parallel with separate control
92
MV transformer compensation
The power rating of a transformer is given as apparent power (kVA). The greater tg (or the smaller cos ), the lower the active power available for a transformer. The transformer and the installation are therefore poorly optimized. The connection of capacitors to the MV terminals of the transformer therefore offers two advantages: Compensate magnetic losses and relieve the upstream installation. This is extremely interesting, because the transformer generally stays energized permanently. For the reactive power values to be compensated, see table below. Increase the active power available on the transformer secondary. It is worthwhile, in the event of a current or future extension, improving the power factor and thus avoiding investment in a new transformer.
Apparent power (MVA) 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 Primary voltage (kV) 20 30 20 30 20 30 20 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Secondary voltage (kV) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Short-circuit voltage Usc (%) 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7 7.5 7.5 8.1 8.4 8.9 9.4 10.1 11 12.1 13.5 15.3 Reactive power to be compensated unloaded (kvar) 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 70 80 90 120 130 140 175 190 240
to to to to to to to to to
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
93
Technical guide
Capacitor definitions and terminology
Scope of application The standards (IEC 60871) apply to capacitor units and capacitor banks designed in particular to be used to correct the power factor of alternating-current networks having a rated voltage greater than or equal to 1000 V, of frequency equal to 16 2/3 , 50 or 60 Hz. Capacitor element Device consisting basically of two electrodes separated by a dielectric. Capacitor unit Set of one or more capacitor elements placed in the same enclosure and connected to output terminals. Capacitor bank Set of capacitor units connected so as to act jointly. Internal protection of a capacitor Fuse mounted inside a unit and con-nected in series with an element or a group of elements. Capacitor discharge device Device that can be incorporated in the capacitor and is capable, in a specified time, of reducing practically to zero the voltage between the capacitor terminals when the capacitor has been disconnected from the network. Rated capacitance (Cn) Value of the capacitance for which the capacitor was designed. Rated power of a capacitor (Qn) Reactive power output at rated values: capacitance, frequency and voltage (or current).
Rated voltage of a capacitor (Un) Rms value of the alternating voltage for which the capacitor was designed. Rated frequency of a capacitor (Fn) Frequency for which the capacitor was designed. Rated current of a capacitor (In) Rms value of an alternating current for which the capacitor was designed. Residual voltage Voltage which remains on the terminals of a capacitor for some time after its disconnection. Highest network voltage (Um) The highest value of the phase-to-phase rms voltage which may occur at any time and any point on the network in normal operating conditions. This value does not take into account temporary voltage fluctuations due to faults or sudden tripping causing the separation of major loads. Highest voltage for the equipment The highest voltage for which the equipment of a network is specified with regard to its insulation in particular. This voltage must be at least equal to the highest voltage of the network for which the equipment is intended. Insulation level The insulation level of an equipment is defined, in the present situation, as the expression of the values of its impulse withstand voltage and its power-frequency withstand voltage.
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Technical guide
95
Technical guide
96
Technical guide
Energy management

and harmonic filtering
solutions
Medium Voltage Catalogue 2010
Schneider Electric Industries SAS

Head Office 35, rue Joseph Monier CS 30323 92506 Rueil-Malmaison www.schneider-electric.com
As standards, specifications and designs change from time to time, please ask for confirmation of the information given in this publication. This document has been printed on ecological paper. Publishing: SYNTHESE ECA, Schneider Electric. Photos: Schneider Electric Printing: 11/2009
CFIED 205098EN-02
ART960085 - Schneider Electric Industries SAS - All rights reserved

Schneider - Power Factor Correction

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Energy management

Power Factor Correction

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

How to upgrade electrical network and improve energy efficiency ?

Energy quality with Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Power Factor Correction

Reduce your electricity bill by reducing your reactive energy consumption.

Improve energy quality and the service life of your equipment.

Contribute to environmental conservation by reducing losses in transmission and distribution networks.

Increase continuity of service by eliminating risks of stoppages due to nuisance tripping.

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

MV Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Energy - Production Wind-power farms

Energy - Transmission EHV/HV substation

Industry MV/MV substations

Energy - Production Solar power farms

Energy - Distribution MV/MV substation Infrastructure MV/LV substation

MV capacitor banks MV passive lters

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

MV Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Quality & Environment

Quality certified ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 14001

ISO 900 1 ISO 9002 ISO 14001

Up to savings on your energy bill.

Raw materials breakdown for MV capacitors

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

A new solution for building your electrical installations

Tools for easier design and setup

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Power Factor Correction and harmonic filtering

Banks for industrial compensation

Banks for global compensation

Banks for distribution and large site networks

Banks for distribution networks

Banks for transport and distribution networks

Why compensate reactive energy?

Active energy Reactive energy

Active energy Motor Reactive energy

Active energy Motor Reactive energy

reduce losses by Joule effect;

reduce voltage drops;

increase the installations service life by reducing overheating;

reduce the electricity bill.

Choice of compensation type

Choice of bank type according to the harmonics

Choice of compensation location

Partial compensation / by sector

Choice of protection system type

Choice of coupling mode

Example of double star connection

Example of delta connection

Example of H connection (by phase)

YY connection 6 single-phase capacitors

YY connection of 12 singlephase capacitors (series)

Industrial compensation Automatic bank CP214SAH*

Reference Three-lines diagrams

Maximum voltage Connection mode

Up to 12 kV Three-phase capacitors with delta connection

Type of protection Maximum power**** Comments

HRC fuses (**) 2 x 450, i.e. 900 kvar

Global compensation Fixed bank CP227

Distribution system Fixed bank CP229