Several factors enter into the picture when determining the economic speed of a vessel, being the speed

producing the best possible financial result for owners, viz 2. The relation between fuel coasumption of the vessel in question at high and low speele 3 Daily operating costs 4. The net freight per ton orcargo 5. Operating profit perday Future employment o vessel, in ntber words, when the essel 6. should be ready to load for the next voyage Generally speaking, it can be said that there is no clearcut economic speed which can be expressed in a mathematical formula. The best method is to draw up calculations in tabular manner for a certain regular trade at varying speeds, such cal. culations facilitate a comparisoa between the financal result The most economics peed is about 15 or 16 knots which is the commercial speed for the vast majority of ships (doers, pericularly those on long distance routes, about 21 or 22 knots). Because of the long turnround time in ports, bigh speed between ports only marginally increases the number of trips per year that a ship can make. With container ship which reduce the time spent in port an increase in speed can greaterskip utilisation. Hence the higher speed of most contaiDer ships. twenty-eight to thirty-four knots, becomes quite common. A Questions for comprehension 1- what the economic Peedoravessel 2- What is the best method ofalculating thecoooomicspeed 3- which the most economic commerce speed for the vast majority ships 4- why does high speed between Pors only marginally increase the number of trips per year way does the Digner speed of most container ships twenty. eight to thirty-four knots, become quite common B. Make upaaabstract of the lesson basingon the answers to the questions. C. Rearrange the following groups of words to form meaningful 1- foraula mathematical,a, in, erpressed be can, which speed, economie,darcut, so is, there, that, said be, an, speaking, it, generally. 2. ownen, for, result, financal, possible, best, the producing, speed, the, being vessel, a, of, speed, economi the deter. mining, when, picture, the, into, several enter, factors 3- speeds, varying. at, trade, regular, certain, a, for, manner, ubuhr, in calculations, up, draw to, the, is, method, best. 4- make, can, ship. 4 that, year, per, trips, or, number, the increases marginally cal, ports, between, speed, high, ports, in, time, t because o, loag, the D. Use the gerund inetead of the rubordinate elouses disliked that I told him the