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Engineering Subjects
Strength of Materials Statics and Structures Soil Mechanics Steel and Concrete Design Surveying
Basic Skills needed by Quantity Surveyors Estimating Computer Leadership/supervisory Communication = writing and oral skills Negotiating Team Building
Contract Administration
Claims Analysis/Avoidance
CADD/Drafting
Specialization in Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, or Environmental disciplines
Executive Functions Ultimately responsible for quality, safety, production, and general financial health.
What is Construction?
Application of art and science Inherently dangerous
Organized chaos
Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength, determination, and persistence to control his environment
Problems Facing Construction Industry: Highly traditional and fragmented; slow to embrace new technology Restrictive/outdated building codes Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues Liability and legal considerations Lack of profit motive or other incentive
NIMBY syndrome
Global competition
Around 10% of GNP Employment Annual Volume Vital to the Nations economic health and quality of life
Industry Divisions
1. Residential Construction
2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction 3. Heavy Construction 4. Industrial Construction
Largely private
Often speculative
Building Construction Larger and more complex than residential Various owners (mostly private) Designed by architects and engineers
Heavy Construction
Horizontal Construction
Mostly public financing or large consortium
Industrial Construction
Industrial Construction
Petroleum refineries Steel mills & aluminum plants Chemical processing plants
Industrial Construction
Fossil fuel & nuclear power plants Other heavy manufacturing facilities
Industrial Construction
Industrial Construction
Negotiated contracts are typical Turnkey contract arrangements are common Design-constructor must be intimately familiar with the technology and operations of the facility
2. Designer
Architects Size of firms ranging form single practitioner to large integrated firms Mostly building and residential construction Engineers Civil, mechanical, structural, electrical,chemical, environmental, geotechechnical, and multidiscipline
3. General Contractor
General contractor also called Prime contractor Specialty contractors working as subcontractors Organization ranges from small, one-person company to large, integrated A/E/C firms Part of a design-build team
4. Construction Manager
Two principle divisions of CM
CM for Fee (management services only) CM At Risk Operates similarly to a GC or DB with no labor or capital equipment Can encompass the management of the design process as well as construction CM services including inspection and overall project or program management
5.
Suppliers
Manufactures, distributors, research, promotions Materials and equipment sales Equipment Rental
6. 7.
Fabricators
Structural steel, pre-castors, wood products
Labor/Trade Unions
8.
Government
Federal, State, local, and quasi-government Owner/client Non-ownership functions
Taxation and regulation Standards Local: County/City/Township Building Officials, Planning Boards, and Zoning Commissions Quasi-government agencies: development authorities, bridge and turnpike commissions
9.
Utility Companies
Electric, communications, water, gas,sanitary sewer Private petroleum pipelines Owner or service provider Integral part of the process Existing facilities in conflict with new construction Interruption of service can be very costly
Organizations of construction contractors Organizations of the design and management professions Construction material and equipment suppliers and product research Construction labor organizations Coordination and arbitration Inspection, specifications, and costs
Project Delivery Organization Construction by owners forces Owner-managed construction Construction by general contractor Design-build team CM Contract
Owner-managed construction
Residential/commercial building developers Industrial or institutional
Clearing and grubbing Blasting/demolition Electrical Painting HVAC Environmental remediation Many, many others
Design-Build (Turnkey)
Single firm or team responsible for design and construction minimizes coordination problems More efficient designs with the interjection of constructibility and innovation Often employs fast-track construction Benefits include reduced overall delivery time and one-stop shopping for the owner Disadvantages include complexity of evaluating proposals
services Agency
Specialized construction skills through all project stages including preconstruction Provides close coordination between design and construction Eliminates impact of conflicts of interest Independent and objective evaluation of costs, schedules, and performance Potential saving in time and cost Disadvantages include no risks associated with costs increase
CM Contract At-Risk
CM assumes financial risks similar to a GC CM manages all phases of the work without performing any actual work tasks CMs only resources are management personnel Contractors/subcontractors have a direct contract privity with CM Contract form is often a negotiated guaranteed maximum price arrangement Disadvantages includes lack of impartiality
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