1 Operation

Start here
Work in pairs. How does this vehicle move? Discusswith vour partner. What do the main parts do? Complete the chart. Part Function drive thefan pulltheairin + force theairdown
controlthe speed and acceleration steerthe airboard supportthe rider

Listening

3 4

GE

Listen and check your answers.

Listen again and complete the dialogue. C Look at the airboard. You can see the fiue main parts: the body, the engine, the fan, the handlebar and the two leuers. The body (I) suppor1sthe rider

downwards+ upwards

and the engine (2) airboard left and right.

the fan. The hondlebar (3) the fan (5) -? it downwards.

the

O Ah yes, I see. So what (4) the air in and (7) O 1f (6)

the two levers (9) -? O Right. And what (8) the speed and acceleration of the airboard. O They (10) -

Language
What

does the enoine ' do the lever -s

lt do? They

drive -s control

the fan. the speed.

Make short dialoguesabout the parts of the airboard. I 2 3 4 A: B: A: B: fan / cool the engine?no ) push air downwards engine / drive the wheels? no ) drive the fan levers / stop the airboard? no ) increase the speed handlebars/ control the brakes?no ) steer the airboard Does the fan cool the engine? No, it doesn't. So,what does it do? It pushes air downwards.

68

Reading

Read this article from a technical magazineand answer the questions below

T'filf; fl | RB{I RD how itworks

You stand on the airboardand ride it like it downwards. This pushesthe vehicle The board moveson d rcupwardsand propelsit forwards. a skateboard. On the cushionof air, like a small hovercraft. lt has body there is a fibreglassplatform. This a fibreglassbody,an engine,a largefan, supportsthe rider.The skirt containsthe s a flexiblerubberskirt, a frictionwheel,a air and the cushionof air supportsthe handlebar and two levers. airboard. The riderusesthe handlebar to The engineand the lan are mountedon 20 steer the board.One levercontrolsthe the body. The skirt and the frictionwheel are speed of the engineand the fan.The other quspended from the body.The handlebar levercontrolsthe frictionwheel.The friction to,ismountedon the body,at the front.The wheel touchesthe groundfor one or two leversare attachedto the handlebar. secondsand accelerates the airboardinto The enginedrivesthe fan.The function zsthe air. lf you want to stop,simply release the levers. oJ the,fanis to suck air in and to force
ffrJ-s-

itl
iiit{

,ri

,:l

l'

"'l,F.,..-..*-.#.--"',{#'tr*""'"**'*--

f .

press+ release

I 2 3 4 5 6

What is the friction wheel for? Is the skirt above or below the body? What is it made of? Can you bend it? Which part of the airboard does the rider stand on? What happens if you take your hands off the levers? Does propel (line 15) mean pull, push, hold or control? Find words which mean the opposite of (I) backwards (2) upwards.

Language 7

Rewrite the sentencesto give the same meaning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The purpose of the handlebar is to steer the airboard. The job of those levers is to control the speed of the airboard. The function of the friction wheel is to acceleratethe airboard. The purpose of the fan and the engine is to propel the airboard forwards. The function of the skirt is to hold the air and to support the airboard. The job of the body and the platform is to support the rider.

Example: 1 The handlebar steers the airboard.

Vocabulary I

Match the pictures with the sentences. 1 2 X is attached to Y. X is suspendedfrom Y.

E
!-\

3 X is mountedon Y. 4 X is connected to Y.

E
\Y

^-ffi
^6.r
Y"t' "

"lilk
steel pylons.

Complete these sentences.Use each phrase once only. attached to connected to mounted on suspended from

1 2 3 4

The huge cables of the Millau Bridge are The pylons and the road deck are Close the circuit switch. Now the lamp is The shelf is the wall with screws.

concrete piers.

the current.

69

2 Hotline
Listening Listen to the automated messageon the phone. 3g The customer wants to talk to the service technician about a computer problem. Which three keys does the customer press? The customer gets through to the service ref technician.What does the technician say? Complete the text below. O Hello, you've (1) the computer (2) I'm the service hotline. This is Jan I (4) -

technician. How (3) you?

Listen to this phone call Elil to a service hotline. What mistakes did the customer make when he set up his wireless router? Deletethe wrong words. 1 The router is/isn't connected to the power outlet/computer/ modem. The customer has/hasn't connected the computer to the p o wer o utlet/ro uter/ mo dem.

Speaking LANGUAGE USEFUL

ls the ... connected to t h e. . . ? you connected your Have . . .t o t h e . . . ?

Work in pairs. Practisesimilar conversations. O Hello, is that the IT hotline? O Yes,this is ... speaking.I'm the technician. How can I help you? O My router doesn't uork. C OK. I'll talk you through it. Are you sitting at the computer now? I am. O Yes, C OK. Look at the back. Is the ... connectedto the ...?

Work in pairs. Make more dialoguesabout the situations in these pictures.

7Q

Language 6 Write short form answersfor thesequestions. 1 Are the lights on?/ Yes, they are. X No,they aren't. 2 Is the computerconnectedto the adapter?
Have you sent the email?

x
Does your new radio work?

5 Did you go to the cinema yesterday? 6 CanI speakto your brother?

7 Do you work in the city?

8 Are you sitting at the computernow?

Do those speakers cost a lot of money? 10 Has vour car broken down?

Look at 6 again and listen to the questions and answers. You will hear ref, only one answer to each question. Repeat each answer. Work in pairs. Find out all the differences between your wiring diagram and your partner's. Hint: there are at least ten differences of (a) location of sockets and (b) wiring connection. Instructions. o Student A, turn to page 117. r Student B, this is your wiring diagram.

Task

LANGUAGI USEFUL
VCR, digital receiver, DVD, TV,antenna, SCART socket, RFsocket,in, out, power, socket Do you have alan... ? Lookat the ... . Whereis the ... ? Doesthe ,.. connectto t h e . . .? Haveyou connectedthe ... to the ... ? ls the ... connected to t h e . . .?

. RF socket

SCART socket

7L

3 Userguide
Start here 1 |Gtr,
,*{

Listenand completethe flow chart'

1 Press
Pressthe power button. does lf the computer not start,checkthe greenLED.

,S{
,.{

,S{ '*r
,{
.A

2 Does-?
-{ry,ryqfY :lsryt]@P

A{ ,i*r
Reading

v
3 Check

,",

Draw a similar flow chart based on the solutions in this troubleshooting guide.

- troubleshooting FAQ computer Notebook

I pressed the power buttan and opened the display, but the cornputer does nof start or baat-uq. Try these solutions: 1 Pressthe power buttonagain. does not start,checkthe greenLED. 2 lf the computer 3 lf the greenLED is off,checkthe powersource' 4 lf the powersourceis off, switchon the powerand pressthe powerbuttonagain. does not start,checkthe disk drive. 5 lf the computer 6 lf thereis a disk in the drive,take it out and pressthe powerbuttonagaln.

Language

Condilro1 lf thecarstarts,
the car doesn start, ! the light is off, thereis a disk in the drive,

lnstllclion drlve awaY

checkthe battery: pressthe powerbuttol take it out.

Make sentenceswith if from these short dialogues.

1a o o

Is the light on? No,it isn't. OK.Pressthe switch.

30

a o
4f

Are there any numbers on the screen? No.therearen't. OK.Pressthe keys. Are the LEDsoff ? Yes,they are. OK.Pushthe power button.

5a a o
60

Is the battery flat? Yes,it is. OK. Either replace it or recharge it. Do the speakers work? Yes,they do. OK. Connect them to the computer.

2a o o

Doesthe airboardstart? No,it doesn't. OK.Turn the key.

o o

o o

Example: I If the light isn't on, press the switch.

72

Draw a flow chart. Use the information from the text. Turn the key. If the car starts, drive awav. But if the car doesn't start, check the battery. If the battery doesn't-work, recharge it. If the battery works, check the starter motor.

Writing

Write a troubleshooting guide based on this dialogue. Write six sentences. o Hello, seruice hotrine here, Mike speaking. How can I herp you? o Hello. I've got a probrem with my printei. It doesn't print. a OK. First check the cable betueen the printer and yoir computer. Is it loose? O Yes, it is. a oK. connect the cable. Now check the power. Is the printer on? O Yes,it is. O Right. Now try to print. Is it printing? O No, it isn't. a OK. Nou check the poper. Is there any paper in the printer? O No, there isn't. a oK- Put some paper in the printer. Now try to print again. Doesit print? O No, it doesn't. a All right. switch off and wait for ten seconds. Then switch on again. O lt's printing!Thanks for your help. C You're uelcome. Goodbve. Begin: 1 2 If you can't print, check the cable between the printer and the computer. If the cable is loose, connect .,. and chech ... .

SocialEnglish

Complete the dialogues with short answers. I O Do you liue near here?

o o
r)

I live less than a kilometre awav.

Do you work at BMW?

work at Mercedes.

o o a
r')

Are you in IT?

I'm in engineering. Haue we met before? We met at the conference.

o
r)
7 I

Did you driue here?

I came by train.

Work in pairs. Practise the dialogue in 6. work in pairs. Make similar dialogues, using the information below. more than 20 miles away lcitroEn + Renault R&D + quality control i / in paris 7 cycle + bus

1 Rulesand warnings
Start here 1 2 Work in pairs. What safety rules are in your workplace or college? Make a list. Ef Listen and complete the warnings with the words in the box.

don't might must mustn't I 2 3 4 5 6 Reading 3 4 You _-go You wear a hard hat on the building site. through that door!

wear safety gloves everywhere in the factory. touch that machine!It's very hot. Be careful! High-voltage electricity. You get an electric shock. You use your mobile phone here.

work in pairs. why do the signs below have different colours and shapes? Read the text. Match the examplesto the signs.

The safetysigns below follow the ISo international standard. This standard is used in the EU becauseit has many different languages. There are three types of safety sign:
. WARNING SIGNS. These signs warn you about a danger. They say things like this: Warning. Danger. Be careful. Looh ouL There is a danger or hazard here. you might injure yourself. The signs are yellow and black in colour and triangular in shape. Here are some examples: I Warning. Poison: see (1) C 2 Danger.Fire hazard here: see (2) _ PROHIBITIONSIGNS.These signs prohibit an action. They say: Do not do this. Youmust not do this.Neuer do fhrs. The signs are red, white and black in colour and round in shaoe. Here are some examples: 3 You must not lift this with a hook: see (3) _ 4 Never take the guard off this machine: see (4) MANDATORY ACTTONS|GNS. These signs order you to do something. They say: Do this. You mustdo this.Always do this. These signs are blue and white in colour, and round in shape. Here are some examples: 5 Always read the manual before you service this machine: see (5)

A@ A@
74

6 Youmust usethe guardon this circularsaw:see(6)

Language

Do not Don't
Always wear You must a hardhat here.

Never Youmustnot Youmustn't

touch themachine.

Complete the instructions with the words in the box. always do do not must mustn't never

2 3 4 You 5 6 You
6

use a lighted match in this workshop. wash your hands after using these chemicals. enter this small space. wear safety boots when you lift this. not smoke in this factorv. touch this machine with bare hands. It's hot.

Write these signs in another way. Example: 1 Do not smoke here.

(ffim)

"@
E

(ffiFl
Use might or could to explain the possible result of the hazard.

A A A A

You

tisll
couto

your DUrn arm. yourself. injure/hurt getan electric shock.

complete these warnings with the words or phrases in the box. you can use the words or phrases more than once. could might thereare there's I 2 injure your back. Warning. a cold surface here. You injure your hands or arms. Be careful. You trap your hand in the gears. Danger. lasers in this laboratorv. You lnlure your eyes. Take care. Heavy weight. You

3 4

2 Safetyhazards
Start here 1 3E Listenand match the warningswith the pictures.

Listen again and write the warning number in the table. Possible result

Yoy_1io[t b1Tyoul h1!ds: ,Yolcould i1Ju1e Vour feqd._ ,

Youmightlall intothe gap.

Y9-1 cou tlglri gk-sl !dIlP oY-9'

Youmighttrapyour hand in the gears. Vo, couldoet an electric shock.

Speaking

Say the warnings and their possible results. Example: 1 Look out! There's a low beam in front of you. You could injure your head. Work in pairs. How many safety hazards can you see? Make a list.

I t.

:@ io

.itr1

You are a safety inspector,inspecting the workshop in 4. Describewhat you see.

liquid in the workshop. Thereis a There's some bricks on the floor. Thereare no boxes aroundthe bricks. food on the machines. drink on the stairs. tools on the benches. fire extinguishers fire exit cones ouards is damaged. A cable Two windows are locked. broken. The fire exit coiled. Somecables

Language

Past simple of rs and cre.

6
Writing 7

Changemore sentencesfrom 5 into the past. Completethe inspector's report. Describeall the hazards in the workshop.

Safetyinspection report
Visit to: Kwik Automotive Workshop Date of report: 25th October
I inspectedthe workshop on 22nd October.Here are my findings. 1 There were no fire extinguishersanywherein the workshop. 2 There was a single fire exit, but the door was locked with a padlock. 3.r/{ ..-r'-

Work in small groups. Write at least ten safety rules for the workshop in 4. Put away all tools after work. Do not bring food or drink into the workshop. No eating or drinking in the workshop. Always ... . Neuer.... Staff must/must not ... .

---}'E
tl

3 Investigations
Start here
Work in pairs. Discussthese questions. . . . What's happening? Which directions are the planes moving in? Who will talk to the pilots? /\

n;fr1
IK

A^

2
Clockreferences show relative location. 1t

Ef

Listen and complete the warning to the pilot from air traffic control. o'clock. (2) metres.

C ConAir 286. Unknown traffic. (1) Crossingright to left.

O ConAir 286.Negativecontact. Requestvectors. 1 l O Turn (3) -. (5) 2 8 6 .. . . O Con Air 286. All clear. Resumeown nauigation. O Roger.ConAir 286. Reading 3 Readthis newspaper article and complete the incident report. Heading (4) -. metres. Descending.(7) metres. ConAir Descend.

11 10 9o 8

C Right turn. Heading(6)

two o'clock

NearMissOverManchester
25 November
Last night, a military jet plane almost crashedinto a large passenger plane over northern England. The incident happenedin denseclouds 10 km west of Manchester. The Boeing 757 passenger plane was 3505 metres above sea level.At 22.17 , the Fl6 military plane passedat an altitude of3527 metres.At its closest point, the total distancebetweenthe two aircraft was only 36 metres. The Boeing,flight number BA 4058,had 234 passengers, and was on a flight path from Manchesterto Greece, The military plane was on its way from Scotlandto the south of England. The pilot and passengers on the plane did not see the incident becauseof the clouds, but the emergencyanticollision system CIACS) in BA 4058switched on automatically. The TACS system steeredthe passenger plane safelyaway from the military plane. There were no injuries in the incident.

Aviationnear-miss incidentreport
Dateof incident: Time: Location: Distance between lwo pianes: PLANE1 Type. Doeinq 757paaeenger plane Altitude: F l i g hn t umber:
Nrrmher nf na<scnnorg;

Fiying from: Flying to: PLANE2 Type: Altitude: F l i g hn t u m b e r-:

Nl rmher ar{nAccanflprs'. none

Flying from: Flying tc.

78

Speaking

Work in pairs: an investigator and a pilot. Ask and answer these questions. 1 2 Where / incident / happen When / it / take place How high / be / Boeing What / be / heighl I of lFl6
were did the planes? the incident happen?

5 What time / F16/ pass / Boeing 6 How far / be I jet I from / passenger plane 7 What / be / flight number / passengerplane 8 How many passengerslbe I in / Boeing
(Theywere)3500 m aboveNW England. (lt happened) at 22.17.

'',,,'r.

3 4

take ptace= happen

Language

Where When

Task

Workin pairs.Followthe instructions. A. Turn to page115. Student B: Student 1 Investigate Student As incident. Ask questions and complete the report form. 2 Change roles.Yourincidentis on page118.

About the accident

Date:

About the injured person

Name: Job title:

Time:
Location: Heightaboveground:

Injury:

Description of accident

Typeof accident(tick one box):

.lifted something and injuredself ! . received an electricshock fl . slipped,trippedor fell on the same level ! . fell from a height !

. o t h e r!

Social English

Completethe dialogue with the words in the box. are can't don't I'd l'll must C We (1) O Yes, (2) free tomorrow? O I'm sorry, I (4) O 1(5) do it tomorrow. What about Saturday? phone you tomorrow morning. O Yes, Saturday's fine. What time? knou yeL (6) O OK, good. Talk to you then. go out for a drink soon. like to do that. How about tomorrow? (3) you

7 I

Work in pairs. Practise the dialogue in 6 with your partner. Work in pairs. Make similar dialogues.Use different times and days. go and see a film / have a meal together / go bowling / have a party
79

Completethe sentenceswith the correct forms of verbs in the box. control increase move propel push rotate steer support turn I The saddle the cvclist. The cvclist the pedals downwards. 2 The pedals the chain and the wheels

. This
the bike forwards. 3 The cyclist uses the pedals to the speed. If the cyclist pedals quickly, this the speed of the bike. 4 5 The cyclist If the cvclist left. Complete the description with the correct form of the verbs in the box. contain drive move suck work This hovercraft moves over land and water. How does it (1) A powerful engine (2) two large fans. The fans the bike with the handlebars. the handlebarsto the left, the bike goes

(3)

the air in. They force some of the air backwards and the air on the cushion of air.

push some of the air downwards. A rubber skirt (4) and the hovercraft (5) 3 Completethe sentenceswith the words and phrases in the box. above below between in the centre on the lefVright to the lefVright

1 2 3 4 5
C)

The RF sockets are

The SCART socketsare The SCART socketsare

The power socket is The RF OUT socket is The TV SCARTsocket is

the RF sockets and the power socket. of the SCARTsockets. the RF IN socket. the VCR SCARTsocket.

80

Identify the equipment from the description. Use the words in the box. battery digitalreceiver diskdrive modem router startermotor 1 2 3 4 5 6 This device can change digital signals into analogue signals for a TV. This device stores electricity.When it is flat, you rechargeit. This equipment can connect two or more computers to one modem. This device connects a computer to the Internet through a phone line. This machine uses electricity from a battery. It starts the engine of a car. This hardware can copy data from a computer to a CD-ROM.

Look at the pictures and complete the sentenceswith the phrases in the box. You can use the words more than once. attached to connected to disconnected from mounted from on susoended

I 2 3 4 5
6

The switch is The printer is The vice is The mouse is The hook is a bar The speaker is

the ceiling. the power socket. the workbench. the computer. the rope. The rope is a base.It is the computer.

Draw and complete the flowchart. If your computer does not start, check the adapter.If the adapter is not connected,connect it to the computer. If the adapter is connected,check the disk drive. If there isn't a disk in the the drive, press the power button. If there is a disk in the drive, take it out.
Doesthe comouterstart? Check

+
7 Write a troubleshooting guide from this flowchart.
Does the radio work? Check the adapter.

i
ls it connected? Check the -* LED.
I.til:

ls it on?
I

Pressthe START button.

Y
Connect the adapter.

V Check he power switch.

Begin: If the radio doesn't uork, check the adapter

8l

Complete the warnings. Use each word once only. always could don't might must mustn't never 1 2 3 Staff You must You wear hard hats at all times on this site. use a lighted match near petrol or gas. smoke in the workshop or on the building site.

4Thislowbeamisverydangerous.You-injureyourheadonit. 5-wearglovesifyoulifttheseboxes.Theyhavesharpedges. 6 The oven is very hot. You touch it. 9 Complete the safety report with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. burn yourself. Please

the Nautilus | (1) On 24th Augustlastyeal I inspected shipyard. manysafetyhazards. Hereare the mainpointsof my safetyreport. The emergency exit (2) (4) high-voltage cable(7) manytoolson the ground. (9) A supervisor (10) ( 11 ) (12) (13) The repair man (15) The worker(16) l've(17) shouted:'OK, (18) There(21) (22) connected to the mainssupply. lt (20) (tell)me abouta nearmiss. The incident (takeplace)in July lastyear.A repairman (puton) his hardhat and safetyboots.He then (be)locked. There(3)

(find) (be) (have)no hard

two boats. Twofire extinguishers some ropeson the ground,between (be)damaged. Fiveworkers(5) (be)coiled. There(8) hatsor safetygloves. One welder(6) (notwear)his safetyboots.A (be)

(climb) The cable a ladder cable. 8 metresup to an electrical (be)damaged. (l1 t 4) (have)somebarewires. (shout) to a worker:'Switch off the power!' (switch off) the mainelectricity supplyand (switch) it off!'Then the repairman (touch) the cable. Butthe cable('19) (be)a spark.The repairman was very lucky. He (not receive) a shock.But this was a very seriousincident. (notbe) (be) connected to a generator.

10 Ask the questionsfor theseanswersabout the near miss incident in 9.

1 It took placein the Nautilusshipyard.(Where/ incident) Where didthe incidenttake place? 2 It happenedin July last year.(When/ happen)
3 4 5 6 7 8 Yes, he wore his hard hat and his safety boots. (repair man / hard hat) He used a ladder. (How i climb / to the cable) It was about 8 metres high. (How / cable) It had some bare wires. (problem) No, he didn't, but there was a spark. (get / electric shock) No, it wasn't. It was connected to a generator. (cable / mains supply)

11 Project12

Write a set of safety rules based on the report in 9. Choose one of the projects below and follow the instructions. 1 Troubleshooting in your industry Work with a partner or small group from the same or similar industries. a) Find out about some important equipment in your industry. b) Make a list of common operating problems, and their solutions. c) Write a troubleshooting guide explaining how to solve the problems. Safety in your industry Work with a partner or small group from the same or similar industries. a) Find out about the causes of common accidents in your industry. b) Design a safety poster to avoid one of these accidents. c) Write a set of safety rules for your poster.

1 Pistons and valves

Start here
Put the parts of the spray bottle together. Draw arrows to show where the parts fit the bottle. Turn to page 113to check your answers.

nozzle G

[]\onamber outletvalve \ l

"o'inn

inletvalve

I T-

spring

u,nn",S,,,on

work in pairs. How does the pump in the spray bottle work? Discusswith your partner. Reading Match each diagram with a caption below.

It

II

increase the temperature/ pressure/speed/volume

decrease the temperature/ pressure/speed/volume

Caption 1: The trigger makes the piston move in. This makes the water pressure increase.The high pressurecausesthe outlet valve to open. The open outlet valve allows the water to flow out of the chamber. Caption 2: The piston moves in. This causesthe water pressureto increase. The high pressure makes the inlet valve close. The closed inlet valve prevents the water from flowing back into the bottle. caption 3: The piston moves out. This makes the water pressure decrease. The Iow pressure causes the inlet valve to open. The open inlet valve lets water flow from the bottle into the chamber. caption 4: The piston moves out. This makes the water pressure decrease. The low pressure causes the outlet valve to close. The closed outlet valve stops air from flowing into the chamber.

3,,.

Language
The motor

causes makes lets

the shaft tle shaft the water

to moye: flow out.

move.

The ooen valve . The closedvalve

Prevents :; srops

the water

from

flowingout.

4 Maketrue sentences aboutthe pump.

The trigger The piston The spring The two valves The inletvalve The outletvalve Highpressure Low pressure make(s) let(s) cause(s) allow(s) prevent(s) stop(s) the water the piston the inletvalve the outletvalve the piston the pressure the air flow in/ouVback. llowing in/ouVback. move in/ouVin and out. increase. decrease. open. ctose.

(to) (from) (-)

5
exDand+contract

Rewrite these sentences to give similar meanings. Replace the verb(s) in italics with the correct form of the verb(s) in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Heat makes a metal expand and cold makes it contract. (cause) Overflow pipes let extra water flow out of the tanks. (allow) The valve on the oil well does not allow the oil to explode. (prevent) These powerful pumps force the water to rise 30 m up the hill. (make) These fire extinguishers do not allow electrical fires to spread. (stop) Show your ID card and the guard will allow you to enter the factory. (let)

Deletethe wrong words.

inletvalve

Pistonpumpscan pump any fluid. This one pumpswater.The pump hasa motor, a shaft,a piston, a springand two valves.The valve on the right is the outlet valve.The valve on the left is the inlet valve. This is how it works. The motor makesthe shaft(l move/tomove) in and out. The shaftmakesthe piston (2 move/tomove)in and out. Let us look at the two movements of the piston. (3 increase/to 1 The pistonmovesin. This causes the waterpressure increase). The high pressure forcesthe outlet valve (4 open/toopen). The openvalve allows the fluid (5 flow/to flow) out of the pump throughthe outlet pipe.At the sametime, the high pressure makesthe inlet valve (6 close/toclose).This closedvalve prevents the fluid (7 to flow/from flowing) back throughthe inlet pipe. (8 decrease/ 2 The piston movesout. This makesthe water pressure forcesthe inlet valve (9 open/toopen). to decrease). The low pressure The openinlet valve lets fluid (10 flow/to flow) into the pump through the inlet valve.At the sametime, the low pressure makesthe outlet valve(l I close/to close). This closedvalvestops the fluid (12 to flow/ from flowing) back into the pump throughthe outlet pipe.

65

-f.-,--

2 Switchesand relavs
Start here work in pairs. Try this quiz. How many electrical symbols do you know? battery, bell, buzzer,conductor, earth, lamp, switch, terminal

a {il+
Answers: see the glossary of electrical symbols on page 109.

I J\ :

Ef

Listenand namethe sounds. Choose from the list below.

buzzer, door bell,click,siren,horn, beep,alarmbell,dial tone

Reading 3 Work in pairs. How does this window burglar alarm work?

"lJill

Read the web page.Label the circuit diagram and the diagram in 3. battery buzzer spring switch terminal wire

*f\rf! -n; ;"il " ,,-e$ ,,'

a,

Ask Mario, our electrical expert. Marioanswers all your questions

Hi, Mario. My name's Bob. How does the burglar alarm on my window work? Mario's answer: Well,Bob,on yourwindowthere's a smallmagnet. Nextto it, on the windowframe,there'sa metalswitchand two terminals. The terminals are attached to two wiresand the wiresare connected to a batteryanda buzzer. They makea simplecircuit. Whenthe windowis closed, the switchis nextto the magnet. The magnet 4_ 5_ 6_ pullsthe switchtowardsit.This closesthe circuit and electricitv flowsthroughit.The buzzerdoes not sound. Whenthe burglar opensthe window, he breaksthe circuit. The magnetmovesawayfromthe switchand this allowsthe springto pullthe switchback. This opensthe circuit. ThJ opencircuitprevents the current f rom flowing. Whenthis happens, Ihe buzzer makesa souno. But how does the buzzer sound when there is no circuit?

5
86

Work in pairs. What is the answer to Bob's second question?

Read the next part of the web page. Check your answer to 5.

Because thereis another The buzzer has circuit. its owncircuit. when the window opens, circuit this makesthe buzzercircuitclose. How does thishappen?

The buzzer circuit

The buzzercircuithas its own battery, an electroThis is how it works: magnetand a relayswitch. 1 Thewindow circuit opens. in thewindow 2 Thiscauses the electro-maonet wiresfrom circuitto switchoff. windowcircuil releases the relayswitch 3 The electro-magnet Thisallows the spring to on the buzzer circuit. The buzzer oushthe switch. circuit closes. 4 The current flowsfromthe batteryaroundthe produce Thismakes buzzer circuit. the buzzer a loudnoise. the circuit.But how does the buzzermakea sound? OK, I understand That'seasy.Here'swhat happens: flowsthrough the buzzer circuit. 1 Thecurrent 2 The currentmakesthe electro-magnet switchon. pullsthe metalstripawayfromthe thinwire. 3 The electro-magnet 4 This causesthe current to switchoff again. off,the electro-magnet switches off. 5 Whenthe currentswitches the metalstripto spring backtowards the thinwire. 6 Thisallows quickly Thismakes the loudbuzzing noise. 7 The metalstripmoves up and down. Thanks,Mario.I get it now.

Answer these questions about the complete burglar alarm. 1 2 3 4 How many circuits are there? How many electro-magnets are there? What is an electro-magnet? How many switches are there? What makes each switch open and close?

Language

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. allow cause let make prevent stop The electro-magnet contact. the relay switch move away from the the window switch from opening. the electric current to flow from the batterv to the the current from flowing around the window the window switch to break the window circuit. the current flow around the buzzer circuit.

2 The magnet 3 The wires

electro-magnet. The open switch circuit.

5 The spring 6 The closed switch Speaking 9

Work in pairs. Explain how the burglar alarm works. Look at the circuit diagram, but don't look again at the reading text.

87

3 Rotorsand turbines
Starthere
1 try this quiz. What do you know about wind turbines?

Howtall is the towerof the world'stallestwindturbine? a) about 100m b) about 180m c) about 200m Howhigh is the world'shighest turbine? a) about1800 m b) about 23OO m c) about 2600m What's the minimum wind speedfor a largewindturbine? a) about15km/h b) about 20 km/h c) about 25 kmlh What's the maximum wind speed for a largewindturbine? a) about 45 kmlh b) about 70 km/h c) about 90 km/h

gd

Listen to this radio programme and check your answersto the quiz.

Vocabulary 3 Label this diagram with the parts of a wind turbine in

the box. blade brake gear generator housing hub shaft

anemometer

controller 5 high-speed _
yaw dnve

Read the text. Check your answers to 3.

The windturbineconsists of a tower,a rotorand a housing. The rotorconsists of threeblades, and a hub. The housing is a strongrigidcontainer. lt contains a low-speed shaft,a high-speed shaft,two gears,a generator, a controller, and a brake. The low-speed shaftconnects the rotorto the gears. The highspeed shaftconnectsthe gears to the generator. Insidethe housing, at the back,behindthe generator, is the controller,

88

Reading

Read the web page and answer the questions below

:
Yesterday,Techno Channel interviewedthe wind turbine expert, Dr Roger Jones. Here is part of the script. To download the whole script, click here. How does the wind turbine work? s The wind blowson the bladesand makesthem rotate. This causesthe shaftto rotateat a speed of about30-60 rpm. speedone is attachedto a small gear.The largegear makesthe small gear turn and the small gear makesthe high-speed This shaft rotate. shaft rotatesat 1200-1400rpm. Ah, t see.And@rives the generator at this speed? producesAC electricity. rs That'sright.And then the generator

r*

What happens if the wind is too strong? But isn't that too slow? The shaft in a oeneratormust rotate at about The anemometer measures the speed of the wind.@sends this data to 1200-1400 rpm. (The controller the controller. is a small computer.) lf the speed of the There'sa low-speed off That'sright.There are two shafts. shaftand a highwind is more than about90 km/h,the controller automatically switches rosped shaft.The low-speed(6nE)is zothe windturbine. This prevents the windfromdamaging the turbine. attachedto a largegear.The high-

1 2 3 6
data= infomation

Which part makes the low-speedshaft turn? What are the two main functions of the controller? Which part transmits rotation to the generator?

What do these words refer to? Choose the correct answer. I 2 3 one Qine l0) tf (line 14) 1f (line 17) a) generator a) low-speed shaft a) anemometer b) shaft b) high-speed shaft b) speed c) gear c) small gear c) wind

Language 7

Complete the sentenceswith the correct form of the verbs in the box. cause make prevent

1 The wind 2 The controller

strong wind. The blades Speaking 8

the blades rotate. the wind turbine from operating in a the low-speed shaft to rotate.

Work in pairs. Explain how the wind turbine works. Look at the diagram, but don't look again at the reading text.

Social English

You can use /ef3 (= let us) to suggestsomething for you and others to do together. Let's go to the cafd after work. Let's haue o party for our classnext week. You can also say: Why don't we go to the cafd after worh? Why don't we haue a party next week? 9 Make your own suggestions. I 2 A: We haue a free period after this class. B: Let's A: Worh finishes earlv todav. B: Why don't we

3 A : Next week is the half-term holidav. B: 4 A : The cinema is closed.so ue can't see the film. B:
89

-!II-!Il,f

1 Data
Start here
1 Work in pairs. You are a TV reporter. Preparequestions about the Mars rover. Read the text quickly. Does the text answer any of your questions?
c i'_+

Reading

2
6:l

. _ . .I- .

include+ exclude Weight of boat= 1000kg. This excludes crew, passengers andfuel. Weightof crew,passengers andfuel= 200 kg. Total weight of boat= 1200 kg. This rncludes crew, passengers andfuel.

-rt

range = from minimumto maximum Use masson Mars,not weight. lf youtravel to Mars,your weight changes, butyour the same. massstays

The MarsScience Laboratory, or MSL, is a rover, or mobile robot. lt can move around on the surface of Mars. Lookat the diagram lt has of the rover. a body, sixwheels, two robotarms,two antennas anda mast. The antennas and the mastare mounled on the body, and the robotarmsare attached to the frontof the body. Thereare special toolsat the end of eachrobotarm.Sometoolsbreak pieces of rock. Othertoolsdig and collect of samples soil.Scientific instruments in the rover thenanalyse the soiland rock oowoer. Thetop of the mastis about2.1 metres above the ground. The mastsupports two special cameras. Theyare called (mast the MastCam The MastCam andthe ChemCam. camera) is at the top of the mast. (chemistry lt looksall around the rover. The ChemCam camera) hasa lasergun.The gunfiresa laserbeamat rocksup to 10 metres awayand breaks themintopowder. Thecamera thenanalyses the powder. The rover is about2.2 m longand itstotalmassis just under800 kg.Thisincludes at least60 kg of scientific instruments. It hasa six-wheel driveanda special suspension system. The wheels are madeof titanium andare 25 cm in diameter. The suspension the six wheels system allows to remain on the ground (upto 75 cm high), all the time.lt alsoallows the rover to go overbig rocks and overdeepholes. Eachwheelhas its own motor. Thisallows the vehicle to rotate 360 per hour. degrees. lt can moveat a speedof up to 90 metres The average speedis about 30 metres oer hour. The rover can operate in the temperature range on Mars. Thisranges f rom-1 20"C minimum up to 85"Cmaximum. The rover perdayand can operate cantravel up to 200 metres for up to one Marsyear (approximately 687 days).

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li,
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t:.

I'

90

Read the text again and complete this specification chart.

(Marsrover):specifications MarsScienceLaboratory
height obstacle 8 Maximum

2 Totallength

of instruments 4 Mass
5 Numberof wheels 6 Wheelsize

=q"g_9 A""_r",s_g _.11

----:,

range temperature 11 Max./Min.

M";il"'ilir*;;< uP to > at least

Vocabulary

Ways to express approximation:

> morethan,over - about,approximately < lessthan,under

Completethe sentences. Use the information in brackets. 1 The Mars rover (height - 2.1 m; length - 2.2m)

2 The rover (mass' 750kg) 3 The scientificinstruments (mass> 60 kg)

4 5 The wheels (rotation < 360") The rover (distance > 100metres per day; operation <' 687 days)

Speaking

Write questions for these answers about the rover' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lt's called the Mars Science Laboratory. It has six wheels. Titanium. They're attached to the front of the body. lt's mounted on the top of the body. About 2.1 metres. It looks at the whole area around the rover. It fires a laser beam at rocks and analyses them. Around 60 kilograms. Up to 90 metres per hour.

6 7

Work in pairs. Practise asking and answering the questions in 5. Work in pairs. Student A guess the answers. Then check them with Student B. km' 1 The diameter of Mars is ... a) - 4280 km. b) - 6740km. c) - 11,290 hours. 48 c) hours. 36 hours. b) 24 in . a) 2 Mars rotates 360' 3 Mars is ... kilometres from the sun. a) - 220million. b) - 150million. c) - 300 million. 4 Mars orbits the Sun in ... a) - 365 Earth days. b) - 685 Earth days. c) - 905 Earth days. Example: 1 The diameter of Mars is about 4280 km. Is that right? Student B: Turn to page 113.

2 Instructions
Start here 1 Makea list of the instructionsto give the Mars rover.

2 EEl O O O O

Listen and complete the dialoguebetweenthe controller and the rover. forwords 200 cm. 15 degreesto the left.

Move forwards 200cm. Confirmed. I'm (l) Now rotate 15degrees to the left. Confirmed.I'm (2)

3 You are the rover. Confirm your actions.

Instruction 1 Moveforwards 200 cm. 2 Rotate15 degrees to the left. 3 Reverse for 300cm.
4 Rotate 80 degrees to the right.

Confirmation

I'mmovinq forwards 2OOcm.

5 Go upthehill.
6 Roll down the hiil.

7 Go roundto the left of the rocks. 8 Stop.

Listening

4 }!!

Listenand completethe dialogue.

.4 is training ^B how to control the Mars rover. A: Right' I'll giue you an instruction. First,do it. Then confirm what you're doing, OK? B: OK. A: Thenconfirm what the rouer'sdoing.Is that clear? B: Yes. A: Right.Let\ go. First,(t) the rouer (2) _ 200 cm. B: OK.I'm (3) the joystick forwards.
A: Good. Now what's (4) _?

B: The rover (5)

moving.

A: Right. Wait fiue seconds.Now what's happening? B: OK.It's (6) -forwards now.

Task

5 Workin pairs.Discuss the question below In this simulationon Earth,the Mars rover respondsafter five seconds. If the rover is on Mars,it respondsafter about ten minutes.Why?

Speaking

Complete the table. Use information from the table in 3 and the notes below. lnstruction Confirmation After 1 second After 5 seconds
Now it's moving forwards.

1 Make the rover OK. I'm pushing the The roverisn't moveforwards200 cm ioystickforwards. movrng.

1 2 3 4 7

push joystick forwards turn wheel left pull joystick backr,vards press'rotate'button

Work in pairs. Practisethe dialogues,using the notes in 3. Try not to look at the table. Begin: A: Make the rouer moue forwards 200 cm. B: OK. I'm pushing the joystick forwards. A: Good. What'shappening now? B: The rouer isn't mouing. A: That's OK. Wait for fiue seconds.Is it mouing forwards now? B: Yes,it is.

Testyour memory.Look at the picturesfor 10seconds. Thenturn to page113.

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93

3 Progress
Start here
1 Listen to the astronaut Ef talking about his work. Complete the list of tasks with the verbs in the box. assemble attach bring connect disconnect dismantle inspect remove repair replace take test

(1) Test the equipment for the spacewalks. On spacewalk1: (2) the damage. (3) photographs of the tank.Planthe repairand preparefor the next spacewalk. On spacewalk2: (\ the pipes.(5) _ the tank.(6) the tank intothe station. (7) the tank.(8) _ the damageor (9) the part.(10)_ the tank. onspacewa|k3:(11)-thetanktothespacestation. (12)the pipesto the tank.

Vocabulary

2 3

Find the opposites of these words in 1. connect, assemble,damage,remove

Listening

Listen to the controller talking to the astronaut. Completethe ref dialogue. The controller is speaking from the control centre on Earth. The astronaut is on a space station. O OK, today is the 6thof June, 7 pm in the evening.I'm checking progress on the space station. Have you (l) the first spacewalk yet? O Yes.we haue. O Good. When (2) -you O We (3) O /y'o,we hauen't (5) O When (7) O Right. And have you (4) do it? the oxygen tank yet? it. the spacewalk yesterday, on the Sth of June. it yet. We're sril/ (6) you finish it?

O We'll complete the job tomorrou morning.

94

Language

You can use yef with some questions and negatives in the present perfect' It means up to now. 1 2 We hauen't repaired the oxygen tankyet. A: Haue you repaired the oxygen tank yet? B: No, not yet' June' Work in pairs. Make similar dialogues'Today is 17th June Task '16 17 18 19 20 21 10 11 12 13 14 15

Speaking

Do firstspacewalk. Takephotographof damagedtank. damageto tank. Inspect tank Remove Repairtank. tank. Replace system old ventilation Dismantle movingpartson all fans. Lubricate new valveson PumPS. Install

Task

Work in pairs. Follow the instructions. o Student A: Turn to page 117. o Student B: It's 8thAugust. You're doing a progress check. Ask Student A questions and complete your checklist.

Task oldwatersystem Dismantle newwatersystem Assemble system Installwater forthirdspacewalk Testequipment nosecap Takevideoof damaged tank to waste damage Inspect arm newrobot Assemble Attachnewrobotarm

Y/N? Notes

E
!

4thAug. Completed

tr
T T
-

n
T
-,,-,-.-., ---...... .....,a"

B: Haue you dismantled the old water systemyet? A: Yes,we haue. B: When did you complete the iob?
95

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. allow cause let make prevent stop lThewaterflowsdownontothewaterwheel.This-thewheel turn. 2 3 The valve opens. This The valve closes. This the water flow in. the water from flowing out.

4Theswitchtouchesthecontact.This-theelectriccurrentto flow. 5TheswitchmoVeSawayfromthecontact.This-theelectric current from flowing. 6ThewaterIevelrises.This-thefloattorise.

Completethe driving instructor's words with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. I If you the car the car to 3 4 If you the car from If you car to (press) the accelerator pedal, this (go) faster. (stop). (pull) the parking brake up, this (move). (release) the parking brake, this (move) again. (allow) the (prevent) (make)

2Ifyou(push)thebrakepedaldown,this-(cause)

3
i

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. close flow from go down open rise to 1 2 You push the handle down. This makes the piston The piston rises. This makes valve B valve A Valve B closes. This prevents water Valve A opens. This allows water You pull the handle up. This causesthe piston The piston goes down. This makes valve B valve A and causes

. I :

and causes into the chamber. into the chamber.

3 4 5 6

sc fl,':::

Draw a line from each word or phrase to its opposite.

ises@ e16$ ee@q@t @wfe

61nf a@&&r, b#}ng @rW @*&* kffi.s&an i&*

t# r@38wct*w*
5

wa'k @

l@*i'

csrnct -exretly

Complete this explanation of how the electric bell works with the correct form of the words in the box.

lrcontact

close flow make move open pull strike How an electric bell works Someone presses the bell button, and the switch (1) through the coil. This An electrical current (2)

(3) (4)
hammer to (5)

the coil become an electromagnet. The electromagnet the metal arm towards it. @iagram l). This causes the the bell. At the same time, it the circuit. Now the coil is not a magnet. The hammer away from the coil. @iagram 2). This the circuit again. The hammer (9) the

(6) (7) (8)

bell again and again.

Work in pairs. Explain how this hand pump works. Write your explanation of how the hand pump works.

, nanore :

Completethese dialogues.Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets. A supervisor in a car repair workshop is reporting on progress to his manager. I O The men have O Good. When did thev O Let me check the file ... They 2 O They've O Let me see ... Thev O That's good. When did they (replace) the windscreen. (replace) it? (replace) it yesterday. (take) it out? (take) it out this morning. (drive) the car to the body repair shop. (driue) it there? (drive) it there about two (take) out the old brake system,

3 O Bob has

O That's great. When did he O Let me check ... Ah ves. he hours ago. 4 O Tomhas her car. O Great. When did he O E r , l e tm e s e e . . . H e 9 10 Work in pairs. Practisethe dialoguesin 8.

(speak) to the customer about the damage to (speak) to her? (speak) to her yesterday.

Work in pairs. Practise the dialogue below. The supervisor is checking progress with a mechanic. Then make new dialogues using the information from the table. Have you repaired the brakes yet? Kepairbrakes { yesterday Yes, I haue. Replace windscreen X inproqreas Good. When did you do that? Lubricate main shaft X tomorrow mornina I did it yesterday. Right. And have you replaced the windscreen yet? O ly'o,I hauen't. I'm replacing it nou. O OK. And what about the main shaft? Have you lubricated it? O ly'o,I hauen't. I'll do that tomorrow morning. O O O O O
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{,. f,., {. {. {. {", f

f, {" {. {. f. r. {", {" {* r. f;,, r

{* f

f"- {. r. fl. r

Lubricateaxlesand shaftrs Inspect damagedfuel tank Diaconnectfuel pipe from fuel tank Take photo7raphs of dented panela Remove old radiator lnstall newcoolinqsyetem KepairdenLedbumpers Keplacedamaqedvalveon water pump )ervice the brakesystem Repairdamaqedradio

,/ { Iast week / yesterday X tomorrow morning X tomorrow afbernoon X in proqress ,/ X in proqrees

X latertoday

Connectbatteryto startermotor
Teat newair conditioner
&'*,**.--**re*e*-v,*ar.**-d-"".*-.t*e.*..*","=:'-*,4{.8

/ twodayeago
/ B.OOthis mornina
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t a

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11

Write a description of this dam and how it works, using all the information and the words in the box. allow carry cause drive enter flow generate leave make open pass produce rotate turn Hydroelectric dam

reservoir

Function of dan Main parts Dimensions Material Howthe dam works , gate/open) water/in , waterfrom reservoir) filter ) gate) tunnel water) bladee/turbine blades ) shafb ) qenerator 1enerator ) electricity high-vohagecables water / out
es..p.e**3",,*''',*:* *

high-voltage cables

1 1 1 T ., . 3990m 980m, reinforced concrete 11,000 m3/s can Volume of water: pas: dam !l'19!sh sii"ort 132km3

Project 12

Find out some facts about a major engineering project in your country or region. I 2 Draw a simple labelled diagram. Make a specifications chart.

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t y"l""ilffi '.ffil'J.'i'"'t jn"i,';L:',';.,

o Main parts . Materials

o How it works

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