Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) are produced when induction specific gene expressions are forced synthetically

onto non-pluripotent cells. Such as somatic cells (B-lymphocytes), fibro blasts (Takahashi et al., 2007) and more recently proteins. Thus, enabling the cells to develop differentiating factors for specific or unspecific cell types. These reprogramed cells are virtually indistinguishable and functionally similar to the human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, some roadblocks have decelerated the use of hESCs: ethical issues, because germ line is derived from human blastocyst; immunological issues, because hESCs would be used for allotransplants; and safety issues, because hESCs can form teratomas and malignant tumors (Goldring et al., 2011). The primary discovery of murine IPSCs (miPSCs) derived from mouse embryonic fibro blast (MEFs) and skin fibroblast. Expressed by four germ line transcription factor genes encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). These lines were an identification benchmark for future IPSCs. Then in 2007 Takahashi et al., published an update regarding the similarity between hESCs and IPSCs. These IPSCs derived from adult human dermal fibroblast cells contained the four factors and were similar in form, growth, surface antigens, gene expression, epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes, and telomerase activity. Furthermore, these cells could differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers (the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) in vitro and in teratomas (Takahashi et al., 2007). Also, the patient- disease specificity reduced cell immune rejection as compared to hESCs. This also cut through major red tape regarding the ethical issues. Allowing for further research in regenerative medical therapies and autologous transplants that could be personalized (Takahashi et al., 2007). In 2008, Yamanaka further proved that three genes were sufficient to reprogram both human and mouse adult fibroblasts into fully functioning IPSCs. The importance of this meant, the gene that was causing cancer/ tumours to the tissues, c-MYC, was removed. These new IPSCs met the criteria required to pass the gold standard of a high- quality IPSc. Moreover, these three reprogramming factors could be replaced with potentially similar genes. This opened up a host of new possibilities for uses of IPSCs in research and curing diseases (Yamanaka et al., 2008) One of many IPSCs uses in disease is, organ regeneration to combat the high demand of donor organs to treat terminal organ failure. In a recent study by Espejel et al. 2010, the use of IPSCs from human skin cells for the regeneration of liver in mice with fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase deficiency was successful. To rule out any external genomic interference and compensation by normal IPSC hepatocytes, the IPSCs derived hepatocytes from chimeric mice without viruses were used. The living organism showed that the IPSCs naturally matured into fully functioning hepatocytes with full liver function. These cells mimicked the potential qualities of a normal liver cell along with the ability to regenerate the liver. Such successful regeneration had never been seen before so completely. Thus, these results establish a possible future use of IPSCs to produce fast and safe liver regeneration (Espejel et al., 2010).

IPSCs are currently used in therapy to cure diseases: such as Sickle-Cell Anemia as shown in a study by Hanna, J. et al. in 2007. The human b-sickle globin gene cell, to humanize the mouse, replaced the original mouse b-globin gene cell. Then fibroblasts from the humanized anemic mouse tail end were used to derive autologous IPSCs with hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. These hematopoietic progenitors obtained are then transplanted into the mouse model. Thus, correcting the human sickle hemoglobin allele by saving the gene phenotype (Hanna, J. et al., 2007). This is a form of transcription factor induced pluripotent cell combined with gene and cell targeted therapy to treat diseases in mice. Abnormal function of the heart pump and activation of action potential in the myocardium leads to dys-synchrony and organ failure. The irregularity in timing and contractility of the heart wall muscles comprise the cardiac output leading to Myocardial infarction or heart attack. Prolonged damage creates scar tissue, as this is irreversible. Thus, reducing the efficacy of pacemaker-based cardiac resynchronization therapy, the current standard-of-care. Of recent Yamada et al., has developed a potential alternative approach. Their test study was conducted at the origin of dys-synchrony to stem organ failure. This fairly new approach, utilizing bioengineered stem cells, with the potential to form a regenerative response to the infarcted cells were imbedded on the damaged tissue. The therapy result was successful, achieving restored heart synchronization function and long-term repair of cardiac cells. This study targeted the IPSCs cell to transplant at the synchronized failing ventricles. Thus, creating a potential protocol for regenerative functions of IPSCs to attain biological resynchronization (Yamada et al., 2013). The study conducted by Wernig et al., 2008, showcases the importance in therapeutic use of IPSCs for neural cell replacement from mouse to human. In this study, IPSCs can be reprogramed directly to form neural precursor cells. When these are transplanted into the mouse brain, the cells go to the different brain regions to form glia, neurons and their various subtypes. The results showed the planted neurons had matured to mimic the activity and function of the mouse brain. Later in to the experiment the IPSCs were prompted to form the dopamine neurons similar to the midbrain. This modified brain was then planted in an adult rat having Parkinsons disease resulting in a marked improvement in brain activity. This shows that measures can be taken to monitor the manifestation of this disease (Wernig et al., 2008). The face of biomedical research has evolved; from the initial discovery of HESCs derived from human blastocysts; to the formation of IPSCs from non- pluripotent stem cells. Now, Somatic cells and fibroblasts are being reprogramed to form organ tissue, brain cells, biological synchronization of ventricles and genetic alterations to cure anemia, these are just the tip of the iceberg in the way of stem cell research. However, for long-term, sustainable clinical use of IPSc in nuclear transfer and alternative reprogramming research, safety of hIPSCs is a priority. In cases of, patient- specific donor cells for transplantation therapy and gene and cell replacement therapy; safety precautions such as further genetic screening should

become standardize. Thus, avoiding any danger of mutation/ tetroma pitfalls and immuno rejection (Goldring et al., 2011).