Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System The American system was a political plan that was proposed by Henry Clay to promote national bank and improvement of transportation. This was a plan to help unify and make stronger the United States. It supported tariffs and the BUS. Corrupt Bargain A situation in which Henry Clay, a failed candidate for Presidency, convinced his party to vote for J.Q Adams party. It was corrupt for it turned the table at the last second for Jackson, who was supposedly to win. Tariff of Abominations In essence, a tariff that was passed by A Jackson to raise tariffs for domestic goods to appease the manufacturing northerners and the rich folks that was never meant to pass, but it ironically did and it gained infamousness from many of the common peoples Nullification A tern used in politics that state that a decision or act or bill be void if declared unconstitutional. S. Carolina claimed a nullification to the tariffs and were soon obliged to by the government.

Force Bill The Bill that was passes in Jacksons presidency that enabled the president to use ANY force necessary to enforce Federal taxes. (Jackson exercised this bill with S. Carolina) Five Civilized Tribes The Cherokee, The Chickasaw, The Choctaw, the Seminole and the Creek Native Americans who have adopted the civilization movement by the missionary Americans to the Western like government and economy. Trail of Tears A semi-symbolic trail in which the Cherokee were forced to leave their land due to the forced annexation of territory for the United States. Nicholas Biddle The president of the Bank of America, also notoriously known for his power to affect the economy based on his revenue and monies production etc. His banks were ultimately shut down in 1836. Democrats vs. Whigs A political fight for presidency and party, with Jackson/Van Buren and Clay/Adams/Harrison that demonstrated a split in to 2 parties; the National Republic, and the Democratic Republic South Carolina Exposition and Protest A conflict in which a majority of South Carolinians declare the tariffs to be abolished. Martin Van Buren The successor of Andrew Jackson as president, that not many people supported as hotheaded as Jacksons term. He was not favoured in the parties because of his acts passed. Eg: Divorce Bill Specie Circular

A policy that resulted from the shut-down of the Bank of America, this stated that land would be bought by hard money like gold and silver. Hayne-Webster Debate A debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, in which they discussed the introduction to more territory for the Untied States. The Alamo An abandoned Spanish mission in which renamed Alamo by Texans, that a famous battle took place here that ALL Texans that had fought had died for the independence from cruel dictator Santa Anna. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? John Quincy Adams victory in the Election of 1824 was peculiar because what was known to be a corrupt bargain. This means that as Adams ran against Jackson, a failed candidate who hated Jackson led his party to vote for Adams instead, even though Jackson had clearly won the Electoral College, and popular vote. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. No. Quincy Adams was a irritable and tactless president who never quite grasped leadership of the country. He had done land policies that antagonized the West, and he went against the demanding sectionalism with states rights, against the peoples desires. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. When Jackson ran for president in 1828, he had won the election, and Old Hickory was a Democratic-Republic versa the Adams Nationalist Republic. The Jacksonians were very hot-headed and energetic about Jacksons victory for President, and many mob-like

activities were held before and after the election and inauguration. They also had denounced Adams as corrupt and a failure, but Adams fought back with mudslinging. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Andrew Jackson grew up in a very typical and unfortunate background, in which death and war surrounded him since a young age. His self-made wealth and political power had been very respected by the people. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. Jackson used a Spoils System in which anyone who supported his party would be rewarded with office in the government, and naturally, led to a great increase of supporters. However, many supporters were not suitable for jobs in office, and inability and corruption swarmed in his party. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? Jackson was a president who favored agriculture and the common persons wealth (majority) and had a handful of people who were very rich in the north that he needed to appease. Jacksonians and his party promote an act to appease the north manufacturers, but didnt expect it to pass. It had passed, backfiring hostility to consumers to manufactured goods. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. The crisis was derived from a claim from Jacksonians in S. Carolina that declared the tariffs to be unconstitutional, and that they were to be excluded from the act. Main threats were that they would leave the Union. Jackson would send a militia to the state and keep order by force. Henry Clay, now in senate, was a supporter of these tariffs, but compromised with Washington DC to lower the tax, also known as the tariff of 1833; A forced bill.

The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

Jackson had a hungry nation for land and he decided to grant that wish for the growing country. However there are many native American tribes in the west. They would contact the Natives Nations to receive permission to acquire land. However the natives are persistent to a land line treaty made decades ago, and received respect from many Americans, in which a civilizing program initiated. The Cherokee were a tribe in which they peacefully accepted the movement, and developed a western-like government, with the Five Civilized Tribes. However, government soon was not satisfied , and set illegal to this council and desired the land. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. Yes. Biddle was very corrupt, as he held too much power over the countrys economy at the time. The BUS was then chartered to be renewed early, in time for election with Clay. Jacksons veto on the bank was a declaration that Jackson thought it was harmful to US. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? For the 1st time since, a 3rd party joined the elections known as the Anti-Masonic Party, who were a political party that had formed in the sake to unearth the rituals of the Masons They received some political support from many protestants who desired a government with more say with their church and God. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. When the bank of US had shut down, Jackson had issued a policy in which all land bought would be bought by hard money like Ag and Au. This was due to the hole in the economy in which the bank used to fill. Bank loans were no longer available.

The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Jackson had a powerful political party in which were known as the Democrats. However, extreme antagonists of Jackson also known was the Whigs were people against him at the campaigning of the Election of 1836. Most supporters of Jackson sympathized with his life and common-man like attributes. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. Since Jackson was now aging and felt no longer capable of holding office for a 3rd term, he appoints Van Buren as a successor. The Favorite Son, or Harrison, who also ran for president, was receiving a near 50/50 race to victory. The birth of the Whigs developed in the hope from people who despised Jackson that he would leave office. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Van Buren was only a successor to the extremely popular Jackson, and he didnt have the same fire that Jackson did, which led to him as a unpopular vote to presidency. He seemed to not have filled Jacksons shoes. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was a financial recession in which speculation and Bank Wars and Specie Circular took a toll in a already shaky economy. Van Buren tried to pass a Divorce Bill in which the Bank and Government would be completely separated. It was never enthusiastically supported. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was a large piece of territory in eyes of the growing and land-hungry Americans. The republic of Texas was soon dominated by a new regime known as Mexico, and a Stephen Austin was proposing a land grant from them to their land.

The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? A Sam Houston was a key figure in the independence of Texas, who was a response to the capture of Stephen Austin. (by Santa Anna). The Alamo was a 13-day siege in which the Texans had fought back in a fort, against the Mexicans. The Mexicans came up top. However, in response the Texans had eventually captured Santa Anna to sign treaties to withdraw troops. American help was crucial in the independence. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Texans actually wanted to be independent, but the circumstances led to a alliance to appease the hot headed Mexican dictator, in which they eventually broke out into open battle and Texans captured Santa Anna. Austin was the father of S. Austin, and The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The people of America were very sectional, in other words, individuals with very different opinions. However, the majority of the people desire a strong leadership in the sense that country is in someone who can strongly serve in office, like Andrew Jackson. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats were the Van Buren and Jackson ists. They believed in more individualist privileges on the people, and a more Free states rights and economy. The Whigs were exactly the contrary, in which they sought for a society based community in which everyone may benefit from the goodness in ONE united country.