Chapter 2 - Connections

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

1. Introduction Connections are the main issue in steel structures Bolts

Calibrated (fitting) bolts Pretensioned (high-strength) bolts

Weldings

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Precise (hole gap) - Gaps of 0.1 to 0.3 mm are allowed. Shear No surface preparation Gross section 100% weakening Fixing uncontrolled Changing stresses

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Preferably symmetrical

Force transfer is not even

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Failure mechanism

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Tolerance:
M12: d+0.1mm M14: d+0.1mm M16-M24: d+0.2mm >M24: d+0.3mm

Bolt distance e

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Alternative failure mechanism

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Steel quality: X.Y
X= 1/100 fu X x Y = 1/10 fy E.g.: 4.6 5.6 5.8 8.8 10.9

Calculation

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

10

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

11

2. Bolts Calibrated bolts

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

12

2. Bolts Pretensioned bolts

Hole gap allowed Grinding of surface Through section 60% weakening Pretensioning No plate gap Constant stresses

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

13

2. Bolts Pretensioned bolts

Controlled pretensioning of bolted connection of diagonal hangers

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

14

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

15

2. Bolts Pretensioned bolts

Controlled pretensioning of bolted connection of diagonal hangers Example of bolted connection with gusset plates of a box section

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

16

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

17

2. Bolts Pretensioned bolts

Controlled pretensioning of bolted connection of diagonal hangers Example of bolted connection with gusset plates of a box section

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

18

3. Weldings Manual welding

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

19

3. Weldings (Semi-)automatic weldig

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

20

3. Weldings Weld types

Butt welds Fillet welds

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

21

3. Weldings Weld types

Butt welds
Elements in tension Full penetration No strength reduction No excentricity Weld preparation NDT

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

22

3. Weldings Weld types

Fillet welds
Shear Strength reduction

Weld preparation

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

23

3. Weldings Preparation of welded plate - K-weld

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

24

3. Weldings

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

25

3. Weldings

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

26

3. Weldings Automatic welding of perpendicular plates

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

27

3. Weldings Result of automatic welding Notice the number of weld passes and the in- and outgoing of the weldings by help edge pieces

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

28

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

29

3. Weldings Automatic V-full penetration welding result in 80 mm thick plates Notice the help in-and outgoing pieces

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

30

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

31

3. Weldings Plate edge prep. for full-penetration butt welding

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

32

3. Weldings Automatic welding device

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

33

3. Weldings Result of full penetration butt-weld

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

34

3. Weldings Residual stresses

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

35

3. Weldings Residual stresses

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

36

3. Weldings Residual stresses

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

37

3. Weldings Residual stresses

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

38

3. Weldings Testing

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

39

3. Weldings Testing

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

40

3. Weldings Calculation
Fillet welds in shear

A number of specific cases

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

41

3. Weldings Pure shear:

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

42

3. Weldings Pure tension:

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

43

3. Weldings Shear perpendicular to the weld direction:

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

44

3. Weldings Bending:

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

45

3. Weldings Bending along the weld direction:

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

46

3. Weldings Torsion

Bridges 2 Chapter 2: Connections Hans De Backer Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

47