Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System System that Henry Clay proposed. He wanted a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network. Corrupt Bargain When Henry Clay lost in the preliminary Election of 1824 and gave John Quincy Adams his supporters so that Andrew Jackson could not win. After Adams was made president, he immediately called Clay to be the Secretary of State. Tariff of Abominations It was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. Nullification Rights of states to declare federal laws illegal. It kept the Federalists in check in regard to state laws. Force Bill The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It was nullified. Five Civilized Tribes Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Seminoles and Chickasaws. They followed Jeffersons order to adapt white ways in order to keep their land. Trail of Tears The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food. Nicholas Biddle President of the Second Bank of the United States who had a tight money policy. He struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it. Democrats vs. Whigs The election of Martin van Buren and William Harrison when the Whig group emerged.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest The pamphlet of 1828 that carefully outlined the doctrine of nullification. Martin Van Buren Jackson's secretary of state who was referred to by his enemies as the "Little Magician. Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836; 8th President of the U.S. Specie Circular It was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. Hayne-Webster Debate A series of unplanned debates between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina regarding protectionist tariffs. The Alamo The mission in San Antonio where in 1836, Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? Andrew Jackson had won the electoral and the popular votes, but not the majority. This now went to the House, and Henry Clay who had finished last, did not want Jackson as president. So, Clay gave all his supporters to Adams, who became President. After he was inaugurated, Adams immediately gave Clay the position of Secretary of State. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. Yes, John Quincy Adams was an extremely intelligent individual. He had traveled with his father, John Adams, to many foreign countries. As a result, he was skilled in speaking and diplomacy. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. Andrew Jackson used the method of lithography, which is paintings and pictures. He ordered paintings of himself as a heroic war hero to be hung up all around the United States. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Andrew Jackson truly cared about the poor and the common man, because he was just like them. On Inauguration Day, a mob of farmers and crude common workers stormed the White House for the Inaugural Party. It was so bad that the mob had to go outside on the lawn to get drunk. Jackson even accepted a huge hunk of cheese for a gift.

The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. Andrew Jackson valued friendship and loyalty. When he became president, Jackson dismissed all the important Senators and Congressmen of the previous presidency and filled up the seats with his own friends and confidantes. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? The goal of the tariff was to protect industry in the northern United States from having to compete with European goods by increasing the prices of European products because imported goods were much cheaper than the ones that were made in the U.S. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. They declared federal protective tariffs null and void. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? The warriors of the Cherokee Tribe had courageously stood by Jacksons army and had helped them toward their victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. However, the same Andrew Jackson who had received their help, was now brutally evicting them from their beloved homeland. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. Nicholas Biddle was labeled "Czar Nicholas", as a reference to the repressive communist regime of Russia, headed by Nicholas I. The term was used appropriately to compare the power of the U.S. National Bank to Czar Nicholas I of Russia. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? For the first time a third party entered the field (anti-masonic) which opposed the influence and secrecy of the masonic order. There was also a calling of the national nominating conventions (3 of them) to name candidates. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. Because the BUS was not there any longer, there was no money that was rightfully circulating around the country. As a result, hard money had to be used (silver and gold). So yes, Andrew Jacksons killing of BUS resulted in the Specie Circular. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Being associated with the common man makes you more popular and understanding of the people.

The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. The second two-party system developed gradually as Democratic-Republicans began quarreling over several issues. The Whig party then emerged. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Martin Van Buren became unpopular because of the depression and his temperate handling of the Canadian problem. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was caused by runaway inflation which lead to banks accepting payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage). Banks failed and high unemployment followed. President Van Buren refused to involve the government in the economy. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Cotton and ranching dominated the economy. Toward the end of the 19th century, timber became an important industry in Texas as well. In 1901 a petroleum discovery at Spindletop Hill, created the most productive oil well in history. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? Between 1800 and 1820 Spain's weak hold on the province of Texas became insecure. Adventurers from the US entered Texas. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Texan colonists were to pay rent on land they would never own. Also the colonists were to convert to Catholicism. The status of Mexican citizenship changed very little in terms of the loyalties of the American settlers; they were Americans first. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? It saw Martin Van Buren fight for re-election against economic depression & Whig Party unified for the first time behind war hero William Harrison. Election was held during the worst economic depression in the nation's history and voters blamed Van Buren, seeing him as unsympathetic to struggling citizens. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Whig Party was a political party existing in the Jackson era & were united by opposition of President Jackson's policies. Both parties wanted what was best for this country. The democrats favored the common man and the Whigs favored modernization. However, the two groups tended to be polar opposites, much like what we see in DC today.