Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 36

Tajikistan

15 Years of Partnership with the Asian Development Bank


Development Effectiveness Brief

2013 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2013. Printed in the Philippines. Publication Stock No. ARM136085-3 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. Note: In this publication, $ refers to US dollars. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Public Information Center Fax +63 2 636 2584 adbpub@adb.org
Printed on recycled paper

Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Tajikistan and ADB: 15 Years Down the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Bridging Power Gaps at Home and Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Repairing Roads, Reconnecting the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Creating an Environment in which the Private Sector Can Flourish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Channeling the Waters: Restoring Irrigation and Managing Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Renovating Schools, Pulling Up Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Operational Effectiveness: Improving Efficiency and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Success Rate of ADBs Operations in Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Speeding Up Disbursement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Coordination and Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Appendix: ADB Loans and Grants in Tajikistan, 19982013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Foreword
On the occasion of the 15th anniversary of our partnership, on behalf of the Tajikistan government, I would like to express our profound gratitude to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for its fruitful support of the social and economic development of the country. Our relationship with ADB began in 1998, after a difficult period of transition. We thank ADB for its timely assistance in transport, energy, agriculture, and the social sectors, which has helped reduce our peoples isolation and improve access to electricity, water supply, and social services. Today, with a total portfolio of over $1 billion, ADB is not only our largest but also one of our most consistent multilateral development partners. As we celebrate our achievements, however, we acknowledge that our best joint efforts and skills are needed to further improve the peoples welfare through energy independence, food security, transport connectivity, and private sector development. The government values its partnership with ADB, which is based on trust and respect, and looks forward to strengthening its cooperation with this important regional development institution.

Matlubkhon Davlatov ADB Governor First Deputy Prime Minister Government of Tajikistan

ii

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

Preface
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been privileged to partner with Tajikistan in its endeavor to reduce poverty and achieve inclusive and sustainable growth since 1998. A lot has happened over the last 15 years in the world, but our partnership has become stronger and more fruitful. From the initial post-conflict and emergency assistance, we gradually moved to a full-fledged development partnership. Next year, through our joint efforts we will complete our second country partnership strategy in Tajikistan, which focuses on strengthening energy supplies and transport links, and on developing a vibrant private sector to help the economy grow and diversify. As we can see from the numbers and stories in this country brief, we can be proud of the achievements. ADB commends the government for taking a strong lead and ownership in all ADB-supported projects. Regardless of the sector we operate in, results on the ground depend critically on the skills to plan, design, and implement projects effectively and efficiently. Working together for the last 15 years, we have made progress in enhancing these capabilities. Today, Tajikistans portfolio is among our strongest. As we celebrate 15 years of our partnership, ADB stands committed to supporting Tajikistans development agenda and looks forward to many more years of productive collaboration for the benefit of the Tajik people.

Klaus Gerhaeusser Director General Central and West Asia Department Asian Development Bank

iii

Tajikistan and ADB: 15 Years Down the Road


A country of spectacular landscapes crowned by some of the worlds highest mountain peaks, Tajikistan is defined by its rugged terrain. It is landlocked, with the Kyrgyz Republic to the north, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) to the east, Afghanistan to the south, and Uzbekistan to the west and north; and it is crisscrossed by glacier-fed rivers that supply hydroelectricity, but also present a high flood risk. Tajikistan is the second-smallest Central Asian country in terms of territory, and also one of the poorest. Its 8 million inhabitants live in a patchwork of self-contained valleys that make up less than 7% of the land area, the rest of the land taken up by rugged mountains. A calamitous civil war following independence, in 1991, damaged much of the countrys infrastructure, and sent the economy into a steep decline. Poverty became widespread. After hostilities ended in 1997, improved stability made recovery possible. Economic growth reached 7.5% in 2012, and the national poverty rate dropped to 47% from 72.4% in 2003. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) welcomed Tajikistan as a member in 1998 and opened a resident mission in the capital, Dushanbe, in 2003. During 15 years of partnership with the country, ADB has used its financial resources and technical expertise to help improve the welfare of the Tajik people. The partnership has promoted social development, restored or built new infrastruc-

Opposite: Tajikistans mountainous terrain and extreme climate add to its development challenges.

Tajikistan in Numbers
Population 8 million (2013) Annual population growth rate 2.2% (2010-2012) Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Rural population Literacy rate Poverty rate (% of the population living below the national poverty line)
ADB = Asian Development Bank. Source: Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan; ADB estimates.

Gross national income per capita (Atlas method) Year Tajikistan joined ADB ADBs total approvals (199830 September 2013) to Tajikistan ADB total grants ADB total loans ADB total technical assistance

$870 (2011) 1998 $1.082 billion

52 (2012) 73% (2012) 99.7% (2010) 47% (2009)

$663 million $373 million $46 million

Tajikistan and ADB: 15 Years Down the Road

The Changing Sector Distribution of ADBs Commitments to Tajikistan


500 Total 447 85 (19%) Total 192 51 (26%) 30 (16%) 111 (58%) 0 20052008 122 (27%) 20092012

Amount ($ million)

400 300 200 100

240 (54%)

Energy

Transport

Agriculture and water resources

Public sector management

ADB = Asian Development Bank Source:ADB estimates.

ture, expanded agricultural production, and encouraged regional cooperation and trade within the framework of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program. The ongoing country assistance program evaluation, the first for the country, will cover ADBs engagement from 1998 to end2013. ADBs early assistance concentrated on the immediate necessities of emergency and postcivil-war reconstruction. As the country has progressed, ADBs focus has evolved. Complementing national development strategies, ADBs country partnership strategy, 20102014, focuses on energy and transport to ensure critical mass and impact. It also supports private sector

Hundreds of kilometers of national, provincial, district and rural roads have been built or rehabilitated with ADB assistance.

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

development by facilitating reforms to help improve the business climate and increase the role of publicprivate partnerships in infrastructure development and service delivery. Due to the high incidence of poverty, all of ADBs support to Tajikistan has been through the concessional Asian Development Fund; and since 2008, assistance has been almost entirely in the form of grants. By the end of September 2013, ADBs cumulative commitments to Tajikistan totaled $1.082 billion, including $373 million in 23 loans, $663 million in 26 grants, and $46 million in 74 technical assistance grant projects. Most of ADBs portfolio comprised initiatives in transport (39%) and energy (28%), with an emphasis on promoting regional connectivity. The appendix lists approved loan- and grant-financed projects.

More than 160,000 hectares of land have been improved through irrigation with ADB assistance.

ADB Loans, Grants, and Technical Assistance Commitments in Tajikistan ($ million)


Approvals All Sectors Total ADF loans Grants TA projects 1998 2003 232.3 210.9 2.9 18.5 2004 41.2 33.4 5 2.8 2005 35.8 29.5 2.3 4.0 2006 40.0 27.0 8.5 4.5 2007 97.8 71.7 22.8 3.3 2008 62.2 0 61.3 0.9 2009 62.3 0 61.6 0.7 2010 122.8 0 122.0 0.8 2011 167.3 0 165.0 2.3 2012 106.8 0 100.0 6.8 2013* 115.3 0 113.3 2.0

ADF = Asian Development Fund, TA = technical assistance. *As of end-September 2013 Source: Asian Development Bank.

Tajikistan and ADB: 15 Years Down the Road

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction


ADBs operations in Tajikistan have helped reduce isolation, increase communication, broaden access to electricity, improve social services, and create income-generating activities. Between 2004 and 2013, 570 kilometers (km) of roads supported by ADB help enhance connectivity within Tajikistan and between Tajikistan and its neighbors, benefitting almost 1.5 million people. ADB-assisted projects installed or upgraded 493 km of power transmission and distribution lines, and brought electricity to more than 51,000 households. Assistance to the water sector connected more than 90,000 new households to clean water supplies, and helped improve more than 160,000 hectares of land through irrigation, drainage, and flood management. ADB-supported education projects built or upgraded 1,770 classrooms and learning institutions, and trained more than 68,700 teachers to provide 173,000 students with better education. are antiquated and poorly maintained, resulting in high system losses. Blackouts are frequent and widespread, especially in winter, when electricity demand is high but river flows are low. Poor management, including low tariffs and weak collection systems, adds to the problem. Conversely, during the summer months, when river flows are high but electricity demand is lower, Tajikistan has surplus energy, which it
ADB Portion of Energy Sector Financing
ADB: $257 million 29% $886 million total

Some projects: Lines installed or upgraded


Transmission lines ADB: 141 km 742 km total 19% Distribution lines ADB: 352 km 11% 3,200 km total

Bridging Power Gaps at Home and Abroad


A key challenge facing Tajikistan is the need for a reliable year-round power supply. Hydropower supplies around 98% of the countrys electricity and is the main source of heat and light. However, the Soviet-built electricity generation and transmission systems

Sources: State Committee of Investments and State Property Management; Barki Tojik; ADB enstimates

Opposite: Gender disparities are significant. If this young student proceeds to upper secondary or tertiary education, she will have more boys than girls among her classmates.

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

could export to energy-poor neighboring countries; but it has not been able to do so on a large scale due to a lack of infrastructure and various nontechnical reasons. The government intends to make the country energy independent by rehabilitating and better maintaining existing assets, increasing energy-use efficiency, making tariffs more realistic, and encouraging private sector investment. It also plans to increase energy exports. As Tajikistans largest multilateral development partner in the energy sector, ADB has been helping the country achieve these goals. ADB

has focused on supporting the modernization and expansion of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure; reforming the sector to meet domestic energy needs; and developing regional distribution infrastructure and reforming the sector to meet domestic energy needs, as well as developing regional energy trade under the CAREC Program. Among development partners, ADB led in energy development, with total assistance of $257 million, accounting for over 38% of total development partners, or 29% of total energy investments in the country during

Development Outputs from ADB-Supported Projects in Tajikistan


Indicators by Sector Education Classrooms built or upgraded (number) Teachers trained (number) Students benefiting (number) Energy Transmission lines installed or upgraded (kilometers) Distribution lines installed or upgraded (kilometers) Additional households connected to electricity (number) Finance Microfinance loan accounts opened / end borrowers (number)
ADB = Asian Development Bank. Note: Outputs Achieved refers to periods for which outputs were reported in project completion reports. Sources: ADB project and program completion reports issued from 2004 to 30 June 2013, regional departments, and Strategy and Policy Department.

Outputs Achieved 20042013

Indicators by Sector Transport

Outputs Achieved 20042013

1,770 68,701 173,000

National, provincial, district, and rural roads built or upgraded (kilometers) Beneficiaries from road projects (number) Water Supply and Sanitation

570

1,470,700

141 352 51,600

Water supply pipes installed or upgraded (kilometers) New households connected to water supplies (number) Land improved through irrigation services, drainage, and flood management (hectares)

23 90,848 160,144

93,000

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

A modern 220-kilovolt (kV) switchyard, completed with funding from KfW, is housed in the white rectangular building at the left of the photo. The ADB-supported 500 kV switchyard is under construction on a stable site just to the left. Switchyards based on new technology need only about 2% of the space of the old facilities.

19982013. ADBs energy projects installed or upgraded a total of 141 km of transmission lines, which accounted for 19% of the total length of transmission lines installed or upgraded countrywide during 20042013. ADB projects also installed or upgraded 352 km of distribution lines, or 11% of the total length installed or upgraded during the same period. ADBs first power sector project in Tajikistan, the $34 million Power Rehabilitation Project, focused on the most urgent priority of expanding the power supply to local consumers and making it more reliable. This project, which was completed in 2009, added over 100 gigawatt-hours of

The planned ADB-financed 500-kilovolt (kV) switchyard at the Nurek hydropower plant will look much like the new 220 kV switchyard there (pictured), built with the support of KfW.

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

power-generation capacity by rehabilitating the war-damaged Central hydropower plant in Khatlon Province and the giant 3,000-megawatt (MW) Nurek hydropower plant. The project had also intended to stabilize the ground under the Nurek hydropower plants 220 kilovolt (kV) and 500 kV switchyards, which were sinking and in danger of collapsing at any time, potentially knocking out 70% of the nations power supply. Due to the scope of the work involved, it was later decided to relocate and rebuild the two switchyards using an advanced stateof-the-art gas-insulated technology under two separate projects. Germanys Credit Institute for Reconstruction (Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau, or KfW) financed the reconstruction of the recently commissioned 220 kV switchyard; and ADB is supporting the rebuilding of the other one with a $54.8 million grant, approved in 2008,

for the Nurek 500 kV Switchyard Reconstruction Project. Ali Rahimov, electrician for Integral Company, which is building the new 500 kV switchyard together with other contractors, is glad to be part of such an important project. I like the opportunity to learn new things, he says. We have specialists from several countries working togetherfrom Germany, Kazakhstan, Tajikistanand we learn a lot from each other. Rahimov will have gained valuable transferable skills by the time the work is completed in 2014. ADB is also supporting two power transmission projects to help modernize and expand the countrys transmission network. The projects are intended not only to reduce system losses and improve energy efficiency, but also to facilitate energy trade with neighboring countries.

Power transmission lines and towers built under the Regional Power Transmission Interconnection Project export electricity generated in Tajikistan to Afghanistan.

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

The Regional Power Transmission Interconnection Project, launched in 2006, has constructed 116.5 km of 220 kV double-circuit transmission lines linking hydropower stations on Tajikistans Vakhsh River with the Afghanistan border and a further 163 km to Pul-i-Khumri, in Afghanistan. The power line began exporting Tajikistans 300 MW summer power surplus in 2011 to meet a power shortfall in Afghanistan. The project also helped address a winter power deficit in southern Tajikistan by boosting generation capacity and reducing technical losses, resulting in additional 320 gigawatthours annually. The Tajikistan portion of the project was cofinanced by ADB (through a $21.5 million concessional loan), the Islamic Development Bank, and the Organization of Petroleum

Exporting Countries Fund for International Development (OFID). The $122 million grant-funded Regional Power Transmission Project, launched in 2010, is constructing two 220 kV transmission lines totaling 140 km and rehabilitating two high-voltage substations. The project is also paving the way for reforms in the national utility company, Barki Tojik, by restructuring its operational and business processes and reforming tariffs.

Repairing Roads, Reconnecting the Region


A well-maintained road network is vital if a landlocked country is to reach markets and sources of inputs, and provide its rural population with economic opportunities and social services. Maintenance work on the countrys 31,800 km Soviet-era road network dramatically decreased after the collapse of the Soviet Union; and roads and bridges were subsequently damaged as a result of the civil war, heavy usage, and natural deterioration. ADB and other development partners are supporting the governments strategy of rehabilitating and maintaining the countrys road network and developing an outward-looking trade environment. As the largest multilateral development partner in Tajikistans transport sector, ADB has provided around $440 million in loans and grants between 1998 and end-September 2013. ADBs road assistance accounts for around 46% of total development partners, or 26% of total investments in the road sector. ADBs projects have focused on rehabilitating the countrys major regional links and modernizing border crossings,

ADB Portion of Transportation Sector Financing


ADB: $440 million 26% $1,714 million total

Some projects: National, provincial, district and rural roads supported (kilometers)
ADB: 570 km 46% 1,235 km total

Sources: State Committee of Investments and State Property Management; Ministry of Transport; ADB estimates.

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

while also improving rural roads to help reduce poverty. ADB projects upgraded 570 km of national and rural roads, which account for 46% of Tajikistans total road length rehabilitated during 20042013.

Tajikistans roads are important arteries for the wider region, and its economy is increasingly dependent on external trade. The country is a transit point on four of the six CAREC corridors2, 3, 5, and 6. Upgrading its dilapidated road

Askerbi Hasanov, a truck driver from Bishkek uses the Dushanbe Kyrgyz border road every 2 weeks.

10

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

sections and making its border crossings more efficient are therefore part of the CAREC transport strategy. Cross-border customs and transit arrangements are hugely important in facilitating trade, not least because of the extensive delayssometimes for days and even weeksthat drivers often experience at border-crossing points. The Regional Customs Modernization and Infrastructure Development Project, completed in 2011, improved the efficiency and transparency of customs services and promoted trade and customs cooperation between neighboring states. The project was financed by a $10.7 million ADB loan and a $1.6 million grant from the Government of the United States. Customs processing capacity was improved through the installation of a computerized, unified information system in 72 customs posts. Key border posts were also improved, and vehicles, X-ray machines, and diesel

generators were procured. These measures reduced import clearance time from 10 days in 2005 to 12 days by the end of 2011, and they quadrupled revenue collection. In addition, customs cooperation with the Kyrgyz Republic is being promoted through a comprehensive cross-border transport agreement signed in 2011. Travel on the road between the Tajikistan capital, Dushanbe, and the Kyrgyz Republic border is much improved with the rehabilitation of this 317 km section of CAREC Corridors 3 and 5. Since ADB approved its first assistance for the DushanbeKyrgyz Republic border road in 2003, it has provided over $135 million to repair the road. Traffic volumes on the rehabilitated road increased by 20% annually, and vehicles can now travel at average speeds of 80 km per hour, compared with 50 km per hour on unrehabilitated sections, vastly reducing journey times. Askerbi Hasanov, from Bishkek, Kyrgyz

The newly constructed Karamyk bordercrossing point on the Tajikistan Kyrgyz Republic border, on CAREC Corridor 3.
ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

11

A woman sells fruit to passing traffic along the Dushanbe Uzbek border road.

Republic, who trucks medical supplies from Almaty, Kazakhstan, uses the DushanbeKyrgyz Republic border road every 2 weeks. He says that the rehabilitated road is now faster and safer, and he spends much less on fuel and maintenance. The journey from the Kyrgyz Republics border to Dushanbe, which sometimes took a week, now takes him only about 8 hours. As traffic volumes have grown, so has the number of small-scale enterprises gas stations, restaurants, and grocery stores. Havasmo Ibrogimova, from Kalai Nav village in Faizabad District, owns a small roadside restaurant, and she has seen big changes during her 27 years there. Back when the road was almost impassable, her restaurant was the only one on that stretch. Now that the road is in good condition, there is more passing traffic, but also more competition from newly established cafes and restaurants. I am divorced and have no other source

of income, she says, so I have to keep the restaurant open 24 hours a day to earn enough to support my six children. I worry that when trucks are held up due to problems at the borders, I wont be able to make ends meet. Like the truck drivers, Ibrogimova has found her life is easier when border crossings are smoother. For the local communities, private taxi and minibus services are frequent now, making travel to markets, schools, and hospitals faster and easier. The rehabilitation of the road has helped raise incomes in the area, reducing the poverty incidence from about 70% in 2005 to about 36% in 2012. As road quality improves, maintaining roads at a reasonable cost becomes a serious challenge for Tajikistan, given its mountainous landscapes, extreme climate, and frequent natural hazards. The government has increased road maintenance funding, and with

12

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

ADBs technical assistance, is piloting performance-based road maintenance contracting with the private sector to stretch its funds further. In the meantime, in the west of the country, rehabilitation has begun on the 62 km section of CAREC Corridor 3 from Dushanbe to the Uzbekistan border (at Tursunzade). Started in 2011, the work is being financed by a $120 million grant from ADB and $35 million in parallel financing from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The project will also upgrade the border-crossing facilities and equipment, management, and staffing. These improvements are expected to increase agricultural and industrial production and trade in one of the most productive agricultural regions in the country. A gender component will also enrich and safeguard border communities and help women, who head many households, to create small businesses. The remote Zarafshan Valley, in northern Tajikistan, is the location of the CAREC Corridor 6 (AyniUzbekistan Border Road) Improvement Project, which was launched in 2012 with support from ADB ($100 million grant) and the OPEC Fund for International Development ($14 million loan). The 113 km road is part of the historic Silk Road. Under the project, road upgrading will increase regional connectivity; provide impoverished communities with access to social services and markets; and stimulate the development of agriculture, tourism, and mining. A project does not need to be expensive to have a big impact. A new bridge over the Surhob River, financed by a $2 million grant from the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) under the

Sustainable Access for Isolated Rural Communities Project, completed in 2010, has improved the quality of life for communities in Rasht Valley. It has also helped them become more selfsufficient by building their capacity to maintain the new bridge, and has upgraded roads in the immediate vicinity. The bridge, which replaced a dilapidated suspension bridge destroyed during a flood, has made the delivery of agricultural products to market centers much easier and cheaper. In the past, I could not sell my apples and pears at all, explains Davlathuja Kulolov, a

Restaurant owner, Havasmo Ibrogimova, depends on the rehabilitated road for business from passing traffic. She says the smoother, faster road has also reduced travel time to the nearest hospital, in the town of Rogun, from 1 hour to just 15 minutes; and there are fewer breakdowns and accidents.

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

13

Left: Davlathuja Kulolov explains that the new bridge (bottom) makes it possible for him to take his fruit to markets.

farmer from Zarangak Village. No vendor came to our village to pick them up, and I was at a loss at how to bring the fruits to market myself. But now it is only 8 km to reach the main market, and the travel is easy. The impact is multiplied across the 47,000 or so villagers in the vicinity of the bridge, including children. The bridge and

linking roads have helped older students reach secondary schools where they can continue their education.

Creating an Environment in which the Private Sector Can Flourish


The government is taking steps to develop the private sector in order to increase foreign direct investment and reduce the economys dependence on migrant worker remittances and on commodities such as aluminum and cotton. Tajikistans accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in March 2013 was a major landmark in this context, as it requires the government to undertake market-oriented legal and regulatory reforms to liberalize trade. ADB is providing a technical assistance project, Strengthening Tajiki-

14

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

stans Trade and Investment Regime. The project will conduct policy research on reforming TajikStandard, the agency that deals with all standardization and metrology; train key officials on policy and regulatory reforms; and support the organization of a trade and investment conference to showcase the governments commitment to improving the environment for trade and business. The government is eying the public private partnership (PPP) as a means to expand investment and help maintain Tajikistans economic and social services. At the governments request, ADB will help improve the policy, legal, and regulatory environment for PPPs through a new technical assistance project: Support Enabling Capacity Building for PublicPrivate Partnerships in Tajikistan. Building on World BankInternational Finance Corporation support for the development of a new PPP law, which was adopted in early 2013, the technical assistance will improve project screening and identify and develop new PPP projects, amend key laws, and increase government capacity to undertake PPP policy reforms.

ADBs work in the sector has been to restore irrigation systems and manage floods. During 1998 end-September 2013, ADB provided assistance totaling $140 million for these purposes. This amount accounted for 44% of the total investment, or around 51% of the total development partners assistance in the agriculture sector during this period. It helped improve irrigation systems on 160,144 hectares of land during 2004 2013, which accounts for 21% of the total area of irrigated land in the country. ADB has provided immediate assistance and longer-term solutions to help flood-affected communities. In 2005, devastating floods inundated Khatlon Province, in the south of the country. Communities lost buildings, bridges, roads, as well topsoil from 4,000 hectares of fields. Mahina Mansurova from Metintugay Village, experienced the

ADB Portion of Agriculture Sector Financing


ADB: $140 million 44% $314 million total

Channeling the Waters: Restoring Irrigation and Managing Floods


The broad, silt-laden rivers that weave across Tajikistans agricultural land are a plentiful source of irrigation water for farming communities. Agriculture is a vitally important sector, as about one-third of the countrys population is food insecure and 70% relies directly or indirectly on farming for livelihood. The risk of severe floods is ever present and is exacerbated by climate change. Given this context, the major thrust of

Some projects: Land improved through irrigation (hectares)


ADB: 160,144 ha 21% 762,590 ha total

Sources: State Committee of Investments and State Property Management; Ministry of Transport; ADB estimates.

ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

15

flood, and described the scene as resembling a warzone, with floodwaters submerging houses and fields. Everyone was out in the streets escaping from the surging waters. We had to run for about 4 kilometers to find a safer place, she says. They lost cows, sheep, gardens, and fields. River embankments and irrigation canals

were destroyed, and drinking water supplies were cut off. ADB responded to the emergency by adding to the scope of two then-ongoing loans, the Agriculture Rehabilitation Project and the Irrigation Rehabilitation Project. The funds were used to rehabilitate damaged embankments along the Pyanj River and to reconstruct

Left: Residents of Metintugay Village, in Khatlon Province, gather to talk about the floods that devastated their community. Below: Flood protection embankments along the Pyanj River, which delineates Tajikistans border with Afghanistan.

16

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

canals, providing protection for 50,000 hectares of land. They were also used for the construction of new infrastructure, such as schools, roads, and hospitals. To make communities in four vulnerable districtsHamadoni, Farkhor, Kulyab, and Vosemore resilient against future floods, ADB provided a $22 million loan for the Khatlon Province Flood Risk Management Project in 2007. Concrete protective embankments were built along 11.6 km of the Pyanj River and 18 spur dikes were constructed to moderate the rivers flow. The project also helped communities plan for emergencies by instituting flood warning systems, flood-risk maps, public education, and evacuation plans. According to Rahmat Bobokalonov, Minister of Water Resources, the structural measures are working: in 2010, the river rose to

a much higher level than in the 2005 flood, but this time it stayed within its embankments. The results speak for themselves, he says. Almost half a million people in four districts are now protected, have water to drink and irrigate their fields with, and can plan their future. Besides addressing the 2005 flood emergency, the Irrigation Rehabilitation Project, completed in 2011, helped repair irrigation and drinking-water infrastructure, which had become seriously degraded throughout the country due to the lack of adequate maintenance following independence. Supported by a $22.7 million ADB loan, 250 km of irrigation canals, 425 km of collector drains, nine pump stations, and nine headworks were rehabilitated in five of the countrys poorest districts. Improved

Pump station Urta-Buz Number 4, Farkhor District, Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. The pump station was partly rehabilitated under the Irrigation Rehabilitation Project, which helped improve agricultural productivity, incomes, and access to clean water for rural communities.
ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

17

water supply schemes also reached 31,620 people in the project areas. As well as being highly predisposed to geological and hydrological hazards, Tajikistan is in the unlucky position of being one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the region, with an increased frequency of floods, droughts, and storms. To help put itself on a more climate-resilient path, Tajikistan is participating in the Pilot Program for

Climate Resilience, in partnership with ADB, EBRD, and the World Bank. The $50 million program, launched in 2010, pilots approaches to integrate climate risks into development planning. ADB is supporting a capacity development technical assistance project for climate resilience, and an investment project aimed at building climate resilience in the Pyanj River Basin. Both projects are jointly funded by the Strategic Climate

18

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

Fund and ADBs Technical Assistance Special Fund.

Renovating Schools, Pulling Up Standards


Independence from the Soviet Union and the ensuing civil war left Tajikistans schools physically damaged, underfunded, and poorly staffed. The education component of the ADB-supported

$20 million Social Sector Rehabilitation Project, approved in 1999, began to repair the damage, rehabilitating 1,200 classrooms, including roofs, water supply systems, and heating; printing 2.3 million updated copies of 27 textbooksenough for 90% of the countrys secondary school students; and training 63,017 teachers. This was followed by the $7.5 million Education Sector Reform Project, completed in 2010, which supported the Ministry of Education in piloting educational reforms in five districts. Facilities and equipment were improved in the 76 most needy schools, and in a further 50 schools to a lesser degree, benefiting about 112,500 students; and 5,684 teachers were trained. Between 2005 and 2009, gross enrollment rate for grades 111 increased by 6.4% on average in the pilot districts, compared with 2.1% nationally; and girls enrollment in grades 1011 improved by 51% in the pilot districts, compared with 18% nationally. Students average grades in the pilot districts improved by 27% in Tajik language and by 19% in math. Linked to this project, the School Improvement Project, a $1.075 million JFPR grant funded schools with established parentteacher associations and school-improvement plans to cover minor repairs, teaching aids, basic equipment, school attendance and retention schemes, and school-managed livelihood projects.

These boys study at Secondary School Number 31 in Mirapok Village, Kulyab District, which was partially rehabilitated under ADBs Education Sector Reform project.
ADBs Contribution to Development and Poverty Reduction

19

20

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

Operational Effectiveness: Improving Efficiency and Performance


The Success Rate of ADBs Operations in Tajikistan
Between 2004 and 2012, ADB completed 15 projects. Of these, 93% (all except one project) were rated either successful or highly successful, making Tajikistan the fourth-best performer among all of ADBs developing member countries. ADBs one exception, The Power Rehabilitation Project was rated partly successful because of design weaknesses, reduced outputs, cost overruns, and delays. Of the 15 projects, 4 were also rated less likely sustainablethe Irrigation Rehabilitation Project, the Agricultural Rehabilitation Project, the Social Sector Rehabilitation Project, and the Road Rehabilitation Project. In all four assessments, the key problem highlighted was the lack of funds, staff, and equipment to maintain the rehabilitated classrooms, irrigation structures, and roads. To try to resolve operation and maintenance problems in the road network, the government has allocated $4 million for a pilot initiative supported by ADB to outsource maintenance work on the DushanbeKyrgyz Republic border road to private contractors using performance-based selection criteria. This is the first venture by a Central Asian country into contracting out to the private sector. The Ministry of Transport intends to replicate this promising approach elsewhere and is also exploring PPP arrangements to expand road maintenance. Of 14 completed technical Project design and assistance projects, only 8 (57%) were implementation are done rated successful or jointly by headquarters and highly successful during 20082012. resident mission staff, and Of the six partly this change is strengthening successful projects, four suffered from the quality-at-entry and overambitious overall performance of the or inappropriate project design, country portfolio. and two received inadequate government support or ownership for some components. To improve the success rate and address design and ownership issues, ADB, together with the government, has implemented several initiatives. Better and more regular consultations and monitoring generally produce good results. So, project design and implementation are now done jointly Opposite: The by headquarters and resident mission Pamir Mountain staff, and this change is strengthening Range is known the quality-at-entry and overall perforas the roof of the world. mance of the country portfolio.

Operational Effectiveness: Improving Efficiency and Performance

21

Speeding Up Disbursement
The speedy disbursement of funds is essential for efficient project implementation and timely delivery of results. In the past, fund withdrawal applications submitted by implementing agencies were often of poor quality, and thus rejected and sent back by ADB headquarters. The Tajikistan Resident Mission staff now prescreens all withdrawal applications to ensure that they are free of inconsistencies, mistakes, and omissions; and the resident mission has successfully piloted an electronic document storage-and-retrieval system to speed up the submission of withdrawal applications. These pragmatic steps reduced average processing time for direct payment claims from 2040 days in 2008 to 35 days in 2012, resulting in faster project implementation. And they helped reduce the average time between approval and first disbursement from 14 months in 2010 to 8 months in 2012; that was 4 months faster than the ADB results framework target.

Coordination and Partnerships


Coordination. More than 80 development partners are present in Tajikistan, leading to potential coordination headaches. ADB has played an important role in promoting country-level initiatives to improve the alignment of aid with ongoing reforms and the governments policy objectives, particularly through the Development Coordination Council (DCC). This body was established in 2007 to strengthen coordination and consolidate donor ef-

forts on needed reforms, and to facilitate regular, structured dialogue and interaction between the government and development partners, and among development partners. ADB chaired the DCC in 20102011, and has led development agencies in pursuing aid effectiveness objectives. The DCC has formalized coordination through working groups chaired by bilateral and multilateral development partners, with ADB currently chairing the energy and transport groups. To showcase Tajikistans development coordination, which is now among the best in the region, representatives of development partners and the government shared lessons from their coordination and partnership experience under the DCC at the High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea in 2011. The government, ADB, and the World Bank have also been conducting joint results-based country portfolio performance reviews since 2004 to find solutions to common and systemic issues. Participation of civil society organizations. Nongovernment organizations (NGOs) have been directly involved in implementing several ADB-financed projects in Tajikistan. For example, an NGO system has been established to execute community participatory disaster and flood awareness and mitigation, early response, and recovery introduced by the Community Participatory Flood Management Project, approved in 2008. In the Microfinance Systems Development Program, approved in 2003, more than 50 NGOs elected to become licensed microfinance institutions to help provide the countrys poor with access to financial products. Nine local NGOs received

22

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

training to build their capacity to implement the HIV/AIDS prevention component of the DushanbeKyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation Project. Aside from participating in project implementation, civil society organizations can also help communities achieve the results they want. In 2012, Kalam, a local NGO, represented parents and teachers who had lodged an official complaint with ADBs Office of the Special Project Facilitator about the limited scope of rehabilitation works in five schools in Roshtkala District. These schools had been partially renovated under the Education Sector Reform Project. The NGOs constructive role led to further school improvements being made, to the satisfaction of all parties.

Future Challenges
Tajikistans economy remains highly exposed to external shocks due to its narrow economic base and heavy dependence on remittances. Although economic growth is expected to remain strong, it will continue to be vulnerable to fluctuations in the international prices of cotton and aluminum, its major export commodities. Growth is affected by the fortunes of Tajikistans main trading partner and migrant destination, the Russian Federation. The health of the economy also depends on regional trade and cargo transit, and on political and social stability. Persistent winter power shortages remain the countrys biggest growth constraint, causing hardship for the population and industry. ADB will continue to help the government improve its energy security by rehabilitating and constructing physical infrastructure, developing renewable

energy, promoting regional power trade initiatives and investments, and improving the performance of the power monopoly. Tajikistans transport challenges are daunting, and ADB will continue to prioritize road rehabilitation operations, faster cross-border transit, and the sustainability of rehabilitated infrastructure. Promoting a booming and innovative private sector is integral to achieving the countrys development goals, and will therefore be a key area for ADB over the next few years. ADB will continue supporting public management reforms and measures to create a climate conducive to investment, including improvements in the financial sector. The banking system is severely underdeveloped, with average borrowing costs at 30% for small and mediumsized enterprises. Unusually for a developing country, Tajikistans older generation is more highly educated than the growing young working-age population. The youth also lack the skills relevant to the evolving economy. More assistance in technical and vocational education and training is necessary to correct skill mismatches and create a larger pool of skilled workers. Food insecurity is a pressing problem that is likely to become more serious as growing climate change damages agricultural production. The government is committed to ensuring food security by designating the agriculture sector as one of its strategic priorities. ADB will consider increasing support in this area when it prepares its new country partnership strategy.

Operational Effectiveness: Improving Efficiency and Performance

23

Appendix: ADB Loans and Grants in Tajikistan, 19982013


Project Agriculture and Natural Resources Building Climate Resilience in the Pyanj River Basin* Community Participatory Flood Management Khatlon Province Flood Risk Management* Rural Development* Rural Development* Sustainable Cotton Subsector Sustainable Cotton Subsector Irrigation Rehabilitation Agriculture Rehabilitation Tajikistan Rural Poverty Reduction Emergency Restoration of Yavan Water Conveyance System Education School Improvement Education Sector Reform Energy Regional Power Transmission* Nurek 500 kV Switchyard Reconstruction* Regional Power Transmission Interconnection 13 Aug 2010 17 Nov 2008 19 Dec 2006 Grant Grant Loan 122.0 54.8 21.5 8.5 (OFID) 10.0 (IsDB) 13 Jan 2004 17 Dec 2003 Grant Loan 7.5 2.0 (JFPR) 25 Jun 2013 8 Sep 2008 5 Oct 2007 29 Jan 2007 29 Jan 2007 3 Nov 2006 3 Nov 2006 10 Dec 2004 18 Dec 2002 30 Oct 2001 8 Aug 2001 Grant Grant Loan Loan Grant Loan Grant Loan Loan Grant Loan 3.6 22.0 8.8 8.3 5.5 6.5 22.7 35.0 1.8 (Beneficiaries) 2.9 (JFPR) 3.50 (GEF) 1.1 (Beneficiaries) 21.55 (SCF 1) 3.0 (JFPR) Approval Date Type ADB Financing ($ million) Cofinancing ($ million)

24

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

Project Community-Based Rural Power Supply Regional Power Transmission Modernization Emergency Baipaza Landslide Stabilization Power Rehabilitation

Approval Date 15 Mar 2006 17 Dec 2002 10 Sep 2002 20 Dec 2000

Type Grant Loan Loan Loan

ADB Financing ($ million)

Cofinancing ($ million) 2.0 (JFPR)

20.0 5.3 34.0

2.4 (OFID)

9.3 (IsDB) 6.0 (Swiss Govt)

Finance Access to Green Finance* Microfinance Systems Development (Program Loan) Microfinance Systems Development (Project Loan) Health Community Participation and Public Information Campaign for Health Improvement Health Sector Reform Industry and Trade Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Regional Improvement of Border Services* Regional Customs Modernization and Infrastructure Development Regional Trade Facilitation and Customs Cooperation Multisector Improved Maternal and Child Health through Connectivity* Strengthening Public Resource Management* Crisis Recovery Support 7 Mar 2013 12 Apr 2011 6 Jul 2009 Grant Grant Grant 45.0 40.0 2.5 (JFPR) 1 Apr 2013 Grant 9.2 22 Jan 2004 Grant 1.0 (JFPR) 25 Jun 2013 26 Jun 2003 26 Jun 2003 Grant Loan Loan 10.0 4.0 4.0 0.7 (NGOs/MFIs) 0.2 (Clients)

17 Dec 2003

Loan

7.5

26 Nov 2004 29 Oct 2002

Loan Loan

10.7 10.0

1.6 (US Govt)

Appendix

25

Project Emergency Flood Rehabilitation Social Sector Rehabilitation Postconflict Infrastructure Rehabilitation Transport Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridors 3 and 5 Enhancement* Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 6 (Ayni Uzbekistan Border Road) Improvement* CAREC Corridor 3 (DushanbeUzbekistan Border) Improvement* CAREC Regional Road Corridor Improvement* CAREC Regional Road Corridor Improvement* DushanbeKyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation (Phase II) (Supplementary) Sustainable Access for Isolated Rural Communities DushanbeKyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation (Phase II) DushanbeKyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation (Phase II) Community-Based Rural Road Maintenance DushanbeKyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation (Phase I) Road Rehabilitation

Approval Date 2 Dec 1999 26 Oct 1999 10 Dec 1998

Type Loan Loan Loan

ADB Financing ($ million) 5.0 20.0 20.0

Cofinancing ($ million)

19 Sep 2013

Grant

70.0

11 Sep 2012

Grant

100.0

18 Jan 2011 24 Oct 2007 24 Oct 2007 24 Jul 2009

Grant Loan Grant Grant

120.0 40.9 12.5 20.0

23 Oct 2007 17 Nov 2005 17 Nov 2005 4 Nov 2005 18 Dec 2003 20 Dec 2000

Grant Loan Grant Grant Loan Loan 15.0 20.0 29.5 0.5

2.0 (JFPR)

1.8 (JFPR) 6.0 (OFID) 4.0 (OFID)

ADB = Asian Development Bank, GEF = Global Environment Facility, IsDB = Islamic Development Bank, JFPR = Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction, MFI = microfinance institution, NGO = nongovernment organization, OFID = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Fund for International Development, Swiss govt. = Government of Switzerland, US Govt = Government of the United States. *Ongoing projects. Source: ADB.

26

Development Effectiveness BriefTajikistan

Tajikistan: 15 Years of Partnership with the Asian Development Bank Development Effectiveness Brief The Asian Development Bank (ADB) welcomed Tajikistan as a member in 1998. During 15 years of partnership with the country, ADB has helped improve the welfare of the Tajik people. The partnership has promoted social development, restored or built new infrastructure, expanded agriculture production, and encouraged regional cooperation and trade.

About the Asian Development Bank ADBs vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the regions many successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the worlds poor: 1.7 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 828 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.

Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org
Printed on recycled paper Printed in the Philippines

Вам также может понравиться