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Mohammed A Qadeer, Rehan Ahmad, Mohd Siddique Khan, Tauseef Ahmad Department of Computer Engineering Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India {maqadeer, rehanahmad, siddiquekhan, tauseefahmad}@zhcet.ac.in
Abstract Technological advances allow handheld devices to be equipped with faster processors and wireless interfaces, making the performance comparable to laptop Computers. In this paper, we describe real-time video streaming over heterogeneous networks namely Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and GPRSEDGE. The wireless channel used for communication in different network varies in their Bandwidth, supported Bit rate and Unequal Error Protection coding techniques. In Bluetooth we can create a Bluetooth PAN (Piconet) in which mobile computers can dynamically connect to master and communicate with other slave. In Wi-Fi real-time video streaming over wireless LANs for both unicast and multicast transmission. The wireless channel is modeled as a packeterasure channel at the IP level. The video delivery system in GPRS-EDGE is based on MPEG-4 video simple profile and on the IETF protocols RTSP, RTP, and RTCP for the media delivery and synchronization in compliance with the 3GPP specifications for Packet Streaming services (PSS). Keywords- Bluetooth; Video Streaming; Piconet; Quality of Service; Performance; GPRS-EDGE; IEEE802.11;wireless LANs; MPEG-4; IETF; RTSP; RTP; RTCP; PSS.
file and later the file is save in video format any format you want.
1.2 GPRS-EDGE
The main improvement in services to be offered by 3rd Generation mobile communication systems over those available using current technologies such as GSM is the provision of true multimedia services. This is understood as consisting of a combination of different services such as data, multimedia-rich Web content, media streaming services, conversational video and high-quality audio services. This has two very significant implications upon the design of the end-to-end mobile network architecture. The first is the Quality of Service that must be offered to the client applications running on the mobile terminal. Each service, be it audio, video, Web information etc. requires a different type connection and different connection parameters such as throughput, end-to-end latency, error rates and frame dropping rates. This means that each mobile terminal must have access to a number of bearer channels, each offering a different Quality of Service to the various application-level services being used. The second implication is one of interoperability. The sheer variation in types of services envisaged means that standardized protocols must be employed at both the application layer and as a service interface to the network functions. This use of accepted standards has already led to the success of the Internet. The Internet Protocol is now by far the most widely-used Layer 3 protocol and has allowed an extremely diverse range of terminals and devices to communicate with each other. Similarly, accepted application-layer standards such as the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for Web applications, and de-facto standards such as Real video for video communications have allowed multimedia applications to thrive. The work described in this paper will therefore make use of MPEG-4 video encapsulated into IP packets for transmission over GPRS mobile networks and the Internet.
1.3 WiFi
Audio and video streaming over wired networks, such as the Internet, have been popular now for quite some time.
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However, with the development of broadband wireless networks, attention has only recently turned to delivering video over wireless networks. In this paper, we focus on the wireless Local Area Network (LAN), which can operate at high enough bit rates to allow transmission of high quality video data. Specifically, we investigate the IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN, though the ideas that we present are applicable to other wireless networks as well. The 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g standards, called "physical standards" are amendments to the 802.11 standard and offer different modes of operation, which let them reach different data transfer speeds depending on their range. The 802.11b standard allows for a maximum data transfer speed of 11 Mbps, at a range of about 100 m indoors and up to 200 m outdoors (or even beyond that, with directional antennas.), shown in table 1.
Table 1: variations of 802.11b standard
As is well known, video streaming is very different from data communication due to the inherent delay constraints, as late arriving data is not useful to the video decoder. In fact, it is better to drop such data at the sender rather than attempt to send it after the deadline has passed. For this reason, TCP/IP, which is designed to deliver data reliably (but asynchronously) and works very well for data communication, is not always the best solution for real-time video streaming. To this end, several industrial streaming media architectures (e.g., by Microsoft and Real Networks) have been developed. However, the existing solutions were not designed specifically for the harsh conditions that are prevalent in a wireless channel. With wireless networks gaining prominence and acceptance, especially the LANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standards, it is foreseeable that streaming of audio/video will be a critical part of the wireless digital infrastructure. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, video streaming applications have not been studied extensively for IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks. There are two major challenges for video streaming over wireless LANs: 1) fluctuations in channel quality and 2) high bit-error rates compared with wired links. In addition to wireless channel-related challenges, when there are multiple clients, we have the problem of heterogeneity among receivers, since each user will have different channel conditions, power limitations, processing capabilities, etc., and only limited feedback channel capabilities.
reasons including time-varying features, out-of-range devices, and interference with other devices or external sources that make Bluetooth links more challenging for video streaming. To address these challenges for video streaming over Bluetooth links, recent research has been conducted. To present various issues and give a clear picture of the field of video streaming over Bluetooth, we discuss three major areas, namely video compression, Quality of Service (QoS) control and intermediate protocols[3]. Each of the areas is one of the basic components in building a complete architecture for streaming video over Bluetooth. The relations among them can be illustrated in Fig.1. Figure 1 shows functional components for video streaming over Bluetooth links [3]. Moreover, the layer/layers over which a component works is also indicated. The aim of video compression is to remove redundant information form a digitized video sequence. Raw data must be compressed before transmission to achieve efficiency. This is critical for wireless video streaming since the bandwidth of wireless links is limited. Upon the clients request, the media sever retrieves compressed video and the QoS control modules adapts the media bit-streams, or adjusts transmission parameters of intermediate layer based on the current link status and QoS [3] requirements. After the adaptation, compressed video stream are partitioned into packets of the chosen intermediate layer (e.g., L2CAP, HCI, IP), where packets are packetized and segmented. It then sends the segmented packets to Bluetooth module for transmission. On the receiving side, the Bluetooth module receives media packets from air, reassembles them in the intermediate protocols, and sends them to decoder for decompression. As shown in figure 1, QoS control can be further categorized into congestion control and error control [7]. Congestion control in Bluetooth is employed to prevent packet loss and reduce delay by regulating transmission rate or reserving bandwidth according to changing link status and QoS requirements. Error control [7], on the other hand, is to improve video quality in the presence of packet loss.
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driver writing and the internal structures can be looked up in Walter Oneys book Programming the Microsoft Driver Model [8].
What we have explained is clearly shown in Figure 3, since the original USB driver stack is as shown in Figure 2 but the other drivers can not be accessed by the programmer Once the JAVA USB API is installed you are ready to program your own USB ports to detect USB devices as well as read and write through these devices. This JAVA USB API is actually an open source project carried out at Institute for Information Systems, ETH Zrich by Michael Stahl. For details of how to write code for programming, refer to the Java USB API for Windows by Michael Stahl [9]. Basic classes used in this API are listed below DeviceImpl Class: basic methods used are Open Handle Close Handle Get friendly Device Name Get Attached Device Name Get Num Ports Get device Description Get Unique Device ID jUSB class : basic methods used are getDeivcePath JUSBReadControl getConfigurationBuffer doInterruptTransfer Architectural design of the developed design and data flow are shown in figure. 4.
GSM [1][2]. Although, it was initially designed for use in non- delay-critical data applications, two of its features enable it to be used as a suitable medium for video communications. The multi-slotting capability of GPRS effectively allows for the throughput capability of a single terminal to be increased simply by allocating more timeslots (or Packet Data Traffic Channels) to a single terminal. In addition, its native IP support will allow for interworking with Internet multimedia applications. Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of real-time video recording from handhelds (mobiles) and retrieval of pre-stored media over GPRS.
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also carries out header compression and multiplexing of data coming from different sources.
The Logical Link Control Layer operates above the lUC and GSSGP layers in the reference architecture to provide highly reliable logical links between the mobile station and the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). Its main functions are designed towards supporting such a reliable link. As long as the network packet size does not exceed the maximum LLC frame size (1520 octets), each IP packet is mapped onto a single LLC frame. The LLC frames are passed onto the RLCMAC layer where they are segmented into fixed-length RLC/MAC blocks. The MAC protocol then carries out procedures that allow multiple mobile stations to share a common transmission medium which may consist of several physical channels. In GPRS, each timeslot may be multiplexed between up to eight users, while a single user may also use up to eight timeslots. This allows for great flexibility in resource allocation.
The RLC blocks are arranged into GSM bursts for transmission across the radio interface, where the Physical Link Layer is responsible for forward error correction and detection. Rectangular interleaving of radio blocks and procedures for detecting physical link congestion are also carried out in this layer. GPRS data is transmitted over the Packet Data Traffic Channel (PDTCH) and is protected by four different channel protection schemes. CS-1, CS- 2, and CS-3 use convolutional codes and block check sequences of differing strengths so as to give different rates. CS-4 on the other hand only provides error detection functionality and was found in experiments not to be suitable for use for video transmission. The experiments described in this section therefore concentrate on schemes CS-1 to CS-3.
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example when presenting simulation results. Network topology for multiple video streams sharing a single-hop wireless network is shown in fig.7. (a) All streams originate from the same wireless node. (b) The video source nodes are distributed.
4. WIFI
Video streaming over wireless networks is compelling for many applications, and an increasing number of systems are being deployed. A wireless local area network (WLAN) might connect various audiovisual entertainment devices in a home. While video streaming requires a steady flow of information and delivery of packets by a deadline, wireless radio networks have difficulties to provide such a service reliably. The problem is challenging due to contention from other network nodes, as well as intermittent interference from external radio sources such as microwave ovens or cordless phones. For mobile nodes, multi-path fading and shadowing might further increase the variability in link capacities and transmission error rate. For such systems to deliver the best end-to-end performance, video coding, reliable transport and wireless resource allocation must be considered jointly, thus moving from the traditional layered system architecture to a cross-layer design. While most of the issues discussed are general, we use high-definition (HD) video streaming over 802.11a home networks as a concrete
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first, followed by rate allocation among multiple video streams in mesh networks.
REFERENCES
[1] [2] ETSI/SMG, GSM 03.64, 1998 Overall Description of the GPRS Interface Stage 2, V.5.2.0. Brasche G., Walke B., 1997, Concepts, Services and Protocols of the New GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service, IEEE comms Mag., 94-104. Wang Xiaohang, Video Streaming over Bluetooth: A Survey. Specification of Bluetooth System Core vol.1,ver1.1 www.bluetooth.com Schafer R., 1998, MPEG-4: A Multimedia Compression Standard for Interactive Application and Services, IEE J. Electronics & Comms Eng., Dec. 1998 Talluri R.,1998, Error Resilient Video Coding in the ISO MPEG-4 Video Standard. IEEE Comms Mag.,112-119. Nick Feamster and Hari Balakrishnan,Packet Loss Recovery for Streaming Video. http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/projects/videocm/ Walter Oneys, Programming the Microsoft Driver Model . Michael Stahl, Java USB API for Windows, September 18, 2003. Schulzrinne, Casner, Frederick, Jacobsen, RTP: A Transfer Protocol for Real Time Applications and Services, RFC 1889,1998. P. van Beek and M. U. Demicrin, Delay Constrained rate adaptation for robust video transmission over home networks, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP05), Genova, Italy, vol. 2, pp. 173-176, Sept. 2005. L. Haratcherev, J. Taal, K. Langendeon, R. Lagendijk, and H. Sips, Optimised video streaming over 802.11 by cross-layer signalling, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 115-121, Jan. 2006. Ratish J. Punnoose, Richard S. Tseng, and Daniel D. Stancil. Experimental Results for Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b DSSS Systems, IEEE Vehicular Society Conference, October 2001. E. Setton, T. Yoo, X. Zhu, A. Goldsmith, and B. Girod, Cross-layer design of ad-hoc networks for real-time video streaming, IEEE Wireless communications Magazine, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 50-65, Aug. 2005. D. De Couto, D. Aguayo, B. Chambers, and R. Morris, Performance of multihop wireless networks: Shortest path is not enough, Proc. ACM First Workshop of Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-I), Princeton, New Jersey, USA, pp. 83-88, Oct. 2002. Ratish J. Punnoose, Richard S. Tseng, and Daniel D. Stancil. Experimental Results for Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b DSSS Systems, IEEE Vehicular Society Conference, October 2001. M. Fainberg, D. Goodman, Analysis of the interference between IEEE 802.11b and Bluetooth systems, VTC 2001 Fall, vol. 2, p.p. 967-971 Simon N. Fabri, Stewart Worrall, Abdul Sadka, Ahmet Kondoz, Real-Time Video Communications over GPRS, 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, Conference Publication No. 471, 0 IEE 2000 Y.Wu, P. A. Chou, Q. Zhang, K. Jain,W. Zhu, and S-Y. Kung, .Network planning in wireless ad-hoc networks : A crosslayer approach,. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 136.150, Jan. 2005. E. Setton, X. Zhu, and B. Girod, .Congestion-optimized multipath streaming of video over ad hoc wireless networks,. Proc. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME04), Taipei, Taiwan, vol. 3, pp. 1619.1622, July 2004.
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5. Conclusion
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In this paper, we have shown system of real time media streaming over different network technologies. In Bluetooth, we have shown a compression and streaming of live videos. We developed a j2me application on mobile side and j2se application on PC side. Three major aspects are to be taken into consideration namely video compression, Quality of Service( QoS) control and intermediate protocols. Video compression is to remove redundancy to achieve efficiency in a limited bandwidth network. QoS includes congestion control and error control. It is to check packet loss, reduce delay and improving video quality. The server side requires USB port to be programmed for enumeration, monitoring and communicating with USB devices. In GPRS, a real-time multimedia testbed for video was developed. This included implementations of error-resilience-capable versions of the MPEG-4 encoder and decoder. It was seen that the CS-1 code adequately protects video down to a received Eb/No of SdB, whereas the CS-3 code is only useful at Eb/No in excess of 18dB. In WiFi, we have described a cross layered design for high definition (HD) video streaming over 802.11a home network on different network configurations.
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ISBN 978-89-5519-139-4
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